Excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to cell loss in many diseases, e.g., contributing to endothelial cell loss after spinal cord injury. Here, we determined whether ER stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction could be explained by interruption of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-mitochondrial STAT3 pathway we recently discovered. ER stress was induced in brain-derived mouse bEnd5 endothelial cells by thapsigargin or tunicamycin and caused apoptotic cell death over a 72 h period. In concert, ER stress caused mitochondrial dysfunction as shown by reduced bioenergetic function, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitophagy. ER stress caused a reduction in mitochondrial phosphorylated S727-STAT3, known to be important for maintaining mitochondrial function. Normal activation or phosphorylation of the upstream cytoplasmic FAK was also reduced, through mechanisms that involve tyrosine phosphatases and calcium signaling, as shown by pharmacological inhibitors, bisperoxovanadium (bpV) and 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (APB), respectively. APB mitigated the reduction in FAK and STAT3 phosphorylation, and improved endothelial cell survival caused by ER stress. Transfection of cells rendered null for STAT3 using CRISPR technology with STAT3 mutants confirmed the specific involvement of S727-STAT3 inhibition in ER stress-mediated cell loss. These data suggest that loss of FAK signaling during ER stress causes mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing the protective effects of mitochondrial STAT3, leading to endothelial cell death. We propose that stimulation of the FAK-STAT3 pathway is a novel therapeutic approach against pathological ER stress.

Several types of cell death including apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagic cell death play diverse roles in different biological processes. In addition to its essential roles in development and metabolism, programmed cell death is indispensable for host immunity. Interestingly, current research shows that these processes are connected but the nature and extent of the crosstalk between host defense and programmed cell death still remains an area of great interest. The NFkB factor Relish is best characterized as a crucial component of Drosophila Imd pathway, which generates immune responses by producing antimicrobial peptides following Gram-negative bacterial infection. In this dissertation, I demonstrate a novel role of Relish in developmentally programmed cell death. During metamorphosis, Drosophila salivary glands are degraded by the collective actions of caspase-dependent and autophagic cell death. Here I show that Relish mutants displayed improper salivary gland degradation and the persistence of salivary gland cell fragments. Expression of Relish in salivary glands rescued this phenomenon. Among the upstream components of the Imd pathway, mutants in the bacterial peptidoglycan receptors, PGRP-LC and-LE also exhibited similar defects in gland degradation, but surprisingly none of the other Imd pathway components examined had any such effect. As both Relish and PGRPs are critical for host defense against bacterial infection, our next concern was the role of host microflora in salivary gland degradation. However, observation of normal salivary gland cell death in axenic flies ruled out the possible involvement of microbiota. Robust genetic analyses proved that Relish-mediated cell death occurs in caspase-independent but autophagy-dependent manner. Moreover, expressions of either active version of Relish or PGRP-LC resulted in the premature gland degradation and induction of autophagy. Finally, I show that Relish controls autophagy by regulating the expression of Atg1, a core component of the autophagy pathway. Together these findings suggest the existence of a novel pathway, which connects immune response factors to developmentally programmed cell death.

Autophagy delivers cytoplasmic material to the lysosome for degradation, and has been implicated in many cellular processes, including stress, infection, survival, and death. Although the regulation and role that autophagy plays in stress, infection, and survival is apparent, its involvement during cell death remains relatively unclear. In this thesis I summarize what is known about the roles autophagy can play in cell death, and the differences between the utilization of autophagy during nutrient deprivation and cell death. Utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, the roles autophagy plays in both of these contexts can be studied. The goal of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that distinguish between autophagy as a survival mechanism and autophagy as a cell death mechanism. From my studies I was able to determine that microRNAs can regulate autophagy in vivo, and that the microRNA miR-14 controls autophagy specifically during the destruction of the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster. I found that miR-14 regulates autophagy through modulation of IP3 and calcium signaling, and this miR-14 control of IP3 and calcium signaling does not influence the induction of autophagy during nutrient deprivation. Therefore, this knowledge demonstrates how autophagy can be regulated to distinguish its use during cell survival and death providing insight into how autophagy can used to treat diseases.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Drought is a major stress that affects the productivity of plants across the globe. The consequences of drought are posed to continue reducing agricultural productivity as world climate changes. This makes it imperative to improve tolerance of staple food crops to drought. Under drought stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate, which may lead to oxidative damage of DNA, proteins and lipids.

Partial hepatectomy (PH) is a treatment of choice for patients suffering from early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ablation of large proportion of the liver is rendered possible because of the ability of the liver to regenerate. Yet, a significant number of patients will experience recursion of the disease. Such relapses are unfortunately rather frequent and constitute a bad prognosis. The development of new strategies aiming at reducing the risk of recursion of HCC is thus a paramount element of the surgery-based treatment. Some previous studies have proposed that the regenerative process as well as the fate of the immune cells during the liver regeneration process is linked to this recurrence phenomenon.In this study, we investigated the impact of PH on HCC development in a pre-clinical murine model. We implanted Hepa1-6 hepatocarcinoma cells (a murine hepatocarcinoma cell line) directly in the liver of mice and compared a non-resected group with a group undergoing 40% PH one week following tumor implantation. Analysis were relying on bioluminescence imaging and flow cytometry. We demonstrated that liver regeneration increases tumoral proliferation. This proliferation was associated with a reduction in the number of liver resident macrophages, i.e. Kupffer cells (KC). KC anti-tumoral activity was also proved using conditional ablation model. We further studied the mechanisms leading to this disappearance and demonstrated that, under normal regeneration conditions, PH-induced KC number reduction was dependent on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3 and caspase-8 activation whereas interleukin (IL)-6 acted as a KC pro- survival signal. In mice with previous Hepa 1-6 encounter, the KC reduction changed toward a TNF-α-RIPK3-caspase-1 activation. This data suggest a switch from apoptosis to pyroptosis induction in KC following PH. Moreover, KC disappearance associated with caspase-1 activity induced the recruitment of monocyte derived cells that are beneficial for tumor growth while caspase-8 dependent reduction did not, underlying the importance of macrophages activated death-pathway in regulating the anti-tumoral immune response. Our results show the necessity for comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment approach following PH and propose new targets in order to reduce the relapse of the disease occurring after surgery. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le cannibalisme d’une cellule vivante par une autre cellule vivante représente une nouvelle modalité de mort cellulaire non autonome. Mes travaux de thèse ont permis d’identifier et de caractériser les acteurs impliqués et d’apprécier l’influence de ce processus sur le devenir de la cellule cannibale. Nous avons ainsi révélé que l’activation d’une signalisation cellulaire impliquée dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire va causer une libération d’ATP qui stimulera les récepteurs purinergiques P2Y2 de la cellule de manière autocrine. Cette étape sera suivie d’une augmentation de l’exposition de la protéine d’adhérence E-cadhérine à la membrane plasmique et de réarrangements du cytosquelettes médiés par la kinase ROCK, et permettra ainsi à une cellule vivante de cannibaliser une autre cellule vivante. Ce phénomène aussi connu sous le nom de « cellule dans une cellule » est fréquemment observé dans les biopsies tumorales. De plus, nous révélons au cours de ces travaux la capacité des cellules internalisées à être éliminées par un processus qui implique la protéine de l’autophagie ATG5 et les protéines pro-apoptotiques BAK et BAX. Ce processus est associé au déclenchement d’une instabilité génétique et d’un stress oxydatif au niveau des cellules cannibales et va déclencher la sénescence de ces cellules que nous avons appelé « entescence ». Cette nouvelle modalité d’induction de la sénescence participe à la suppression des tumeurs in vivo et semble prédire la réponse des patients aux traitements néoadjuvants anticancéreux. À l’opposé, l’échappement à l’entescence favorise la progression tumorale et est associé à une mauvaise réponse des patients aux traitements. L’ensemble de ces travaux met en lumière l’existence d’une nouvelle modalité d’induction de la sénescence cellulaire qui survient à la suite du cannibalisme cellulaire. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans son déclenchement et son exécution pourrait selon nous participer au développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques afin de lutter contre le cancer. / Cannibalism of live cells by other live cells is a new modality of non-autonomous cell death. This investigation led to the characterization of the molecular mechanisms implicated as well as the identification of the consequences of this process on the fate of the cannibal cell.We revealed that the activation of a signaling pathway involved in the regulation of the cell cycle can trigger a release of ATP that will stimulate the activity of the P2Y2 purinergic receptor in an autocrine manner. These events will lead to the increase of E-cadherin membrane exposition and change the organisation of the cytoskeleton in a ROCK-dependent manner, allowing this live cell to eat another live cell. This process called "cell in cell structure" is frequently observed in tumoral biopsies. Then, we revealed that the internalized cell will be eliminated by a process dependent on the autophagy protein ATG5 and the pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BAK. These events are associated to the triggering of genomic instability and an oxidative stress in the cannibal cell leading these cells to a new senescence program that we called "entescence".This new senescence program seems to be a tumor suppressor mechanisms in vivo and is correlated to a better response of patient to neoadjuvant anticancer treatments. Moreover, escaping entescence seems to favor tumor growth and is associated to a bad response to anticancer treatments.Taken together, these results highlight the existence of a new senescence program that is initiated by cellular cannibalism. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating its initiation and its execution may lead to develop new innovative anticancer therapeutical approaches.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a major regulatory mechanism employed during development and homeostasis. The term PCD was coined to describe the death of the intersegmental muscles (ISMs) of moths at the end of metamorphosis. The timing of ISM death in the Tobacco Hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, is regulated by a fall in the titer of the steroid molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) late on day 17of pupal-adult development. This triggers the release of the peptide hormone, Eclosion Hormone (EH), which mediates its effects via the secondary messenger cGMP. It has been previously demonstrated that ISM death requires de novo gene expression. One induced gene in the ISMs encodes the novel protein Acheron. However, Acheron’s role in PCD is unknown. Acheron is a novel member of the Lupus-Antigen family of RNA binding proteins. In humans, Acheron is expressed in many tissues including the myoepithelial cells in mammary ducts. Analysis of the mammary gland revealed that Acheron mRNA levels were elevated in some basal-like breast cancers in women. Ectopic expression of Acheron in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells results in dramatic elevations in proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, Acheron expressing MDA-MB-231 cells in mouse xenographs resulted in tumors that were five times larger than control cell tumors. These data suggests that Acheron enhances the growth of some human breast cancers. This thesis describes two primary studies. The first tested the hypothesis that Acheron functions as a survival protein for cells in vitro. MDA-MB-231 cells engineered to express Acheron were challenged with various death-inducing treatments, which act via different signaling pathways, to determine if Acheron expression confers survival. Acheron protects cells from apoptosis induced by nutrient withdrawal, proteosome inhibition, heat stress, mitochondrial toxins, inhibiting cellular respiration, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. The second study tested the hypothesis that Acheron is phosphorylated by a cGMP-dependent kinase in the ISMs when the cells initiate death following adult eclosion. Using a non-radioactive in-vitro kinase assay I observed that Acheron is phosphorylated via a cGMP-dependent kinase, presumed via kinase binding motif predictions to be Protein Kinase G. Furthermore I show that phosphorylation is coupled to Acheron degradation.

The nonapoptotic form of regulated cell death known as ferroptosis is an attractive target for combating numerous diseases. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent death of cells by lipid peroxidation. Pharmacological inhibition of anti-ferroptotic pathways is a promising therapeutic avenue for treatment of cancer, and death by ferroptosis has been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative and ischemia-reperfusion-driven diseases. Therefore, demystifying the dynamics of lipid peroxidation in this cell death process opens a window to understanding disease processes and how to treat them. This dissertation makes use of ferroptosis-modulating compounds as chemical probes to elucidate the roles of different subcellular membranes in ferroptotic lipid peroxidation. Chapters two and three explore the structure-activity-distribution relationship of fatty acids and the ferroptosis inducer FINO2, respectively, and together demonstrate the endoplasmic reticulum as a driver of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis. Chapter two makes use of stimulated Raman scattering imaging, while chapter three uses confocal fluorescence imaging. Chapter four shifts gears to focus on development of FINO2 as a drug lead, performing structure activity relationship analysis to increase the potency and pharmacological properties of the analogs. Altogether, this work answers questions about how cells die by ferroptosis, and provides footwork for how we can better modulate ferroptosis against cancer and other illnesses.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Excitotoxicity, a major hallmark of neurodegeneration associated with cerebral ischemia, is a result of accumulation of extracellular glutamate. This excess glutamate leads to hyperactivation of glutamate receptors such as the N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) following the activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor (AMPARs). Excessive activation of NMDARs causes an influx of calcium, which can eventually activate apoptotic pathways and lead to death of neurons. Regulation of NMDAR subunit composition, localization, surface expression, and activity can balance cell survival via activation of either pro-death or pro-survival pathways after a course of an ischemic insult. Specifically, phosphorylation of different NMDAR subunits defines their activity and downstream signaling pathways. NMDARs are phosphorylated by multiple kinases and dephosphorylated by different phosphatases. Besides phosphatases and kinases, per se, phosphorylation of synaptic proteins that regulate kinase or phosphatase targeting and activity also mediate NMDAR phosphorylation. Spinophilin, a major synaptic scaffolding and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) targeting protein, mediates substrate phosphorylation via its ability to bind PP1. Our studies focus on delineating the role of spinophilin in the regulation of phosphorylation and function of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor as well as the role of spinophilin in modulating glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Interestingly, our data demonstrate that spinophilin sequesters PP1 away from GluN2B thereby enhancing phosphorylation of GluN2B at Ser-1284. These changes impact GluN2B protein interactions, subcellular localization, and surface expression, leading to alterations in the amount of calcium entering the neuron via GluN2B-containing NMDARs. Our data show that spinophilin biphasically regulates GluN2B function. Specifically, Ser-1284 phosphorylation enhances calcium influx through GluN2B containing NMDA receptors, but spinophilin leads to dramatic decreases in the surface expression of the receptor independent of Ser-1284 phosphorylation. Moreover, in spinophilin knockout mice, we observe less PP1 binding to GluN2B and less phosphorylation of Ser-1284, but more surface expression of GluN2B and greater levels of caspase activity. Together, these observations suggest a potential neuroprotective role for spinophilin by decreasing GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor-dependent surface expression and thereby decreasing intracellular calcium and neuronal cell death.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20223号 / 医博第4182号 / 新制||医||1019(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 一路, 教授 岩田 想, 教授 松本 智裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM