<p>Huntington’s disease (HD) is a devastating autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no disease modifying treatments. Owing to this are the multiple biological functions of the huntingtin protein and the lack of understanding of the exact pathways being affected in HD. It is clear that the huntingtin protein normally provides anti-apoptotic support and that there are underlying energetic problems and cell stress defects associated with disease. Work from our group has shown that huntingtin acts as a stress sensor and translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus upon cell stress. We therefore hypothesized that huntingtin has a nuclear function in the cell stress response; which would tie together what is currently known about huntingtin, its pro-apoptotic function and the energetic defects of neurodegeneration. In this thesis we describe huntingtin as having a role in the nuclear cofilin-actin rod stress response. Cofilin is an actin binding protein normally involved in actin treadmilling. During stress, cofilin saturates F-actin leading to rod formation which functions to alleviate ATP. We show that this response is impaired in the presence of mutant huntingtin and that the aberrations in this response can be mediated through the enzyme tissue transglutaminase. Little is known about the physiological role and requirement of the cofilin-actin rod response. Therefore we created a system to test if rod formation was required in cells during stress, which indicates if and how targeting this pathway will be possible. We additionally looked at targeting the nuclear import and export properties of the cofilin protein, which directly affect rod formation and may be targetable in cofilin modifying drug discovery efforts. Overall, this work has described a specific and relevant pathway affected by mutant huntingtin and started the process of assessing this pathway as a therapeutic avenue for Huntington’s disease.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Autophagy is a conserved biological stress response in mammalian cells that is responsible for clearing damaged proteins and organelles from the cytoplasm and recycling their contents via the lysosomal pathway. In cases where the stress is not too severe, autophagy acts as a survival mechanism. In cases of severe stress, it may lead to programmed cell death. Autophagy is abnormally regulated in a wide-range of diseases, including cancer. To integrate the existing knowledge about this decision process into a rigorous, analytical framework, we built a mathematical model of cell fate decision mediated by autophagy. The model treats autophagy as a gradual response to stress that delays the initiation of apoptosis to give the cell an opportunity to survive. We show that our dynamical model is consistent with existing quantitative measurements of time courses of autophagic responses to cisplatin treatment. To understand the function of this response in cancer cells we have provided a systems biology experimental framework to study dynamical aspects of autophagy in single cancer cells using live-cell imaging and quantitative uorescence microscopy. This framework can provide new insights on function of autophagic response in cancer cells. / Ph. D.

Enfermer le porteur de l’information génétique dans le noyau a obligée la cellule a créé un système de transport complexe, qui permet l’export d’un ARNm du noyau au cytoplasme. Le mécanisme général de l’export des ARNm est encore mal connu, même si les facteurs principaux ont été découverts il y a longtemps. De récents progrès en microscopie nous ont permis d’étudier directement le comportement des ARNm durant le processus d’export. Durant ma maitrise, nous avons été capables de localiser et suivre des ARNm en temps réel pour la première fois chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nous avons créé un gène rapporteur en mettant le gène GLT1 sous le contrôle du promoteur GAL1. Nous avons aussi marqué l’ARNm de GLT1 avec plusieurs boucles PP7. L’ARNm sera visible après l’attachement de plusieurs protéines PP7-GFP aux boucles. En utilisant la technique d’imagerie en cellules vivantes, nous sommes capable de visualiser et suivre chaque ARNm, depuis son relâchement du site de transcription jusqu’à l’export. Une fois relâché du site de transcription, l’ARNm diffuse librement dans le nucléoplasme, mais une fois à la périphérie nucléaire, il commence à « scanner » l’enveloppe nucléaire avant d’être exporté. Nous avons trouvé que le « scanning » dépend de la présence des Myosin Like Proteins (Mlp1p et Mlp2p), protéines qui forment le panier nucléaire, car suite à la délétion de MLP1 et MLP2, les ARNm n’étaient plus capable de « scanner ». Nous avons également trouvé que la partie C-terminale de Mlp1p était nécessaire au « scanning ». De plus, suite à la délétion du gène TOM1, gène codant pour une ubiquitine ligase, les ARNm ont un comportement similaire aux ARNm d’une souche ∆mlp1/mlp2, suggérant que le « scanning » permet à Tom1p d’ubiquitiner Yra1p, ce qui causera son relâchement de l’ARNm. Également, nous avons montré que les ARNm endogènes MDN1 et CBL2 scannent aussi la périphérie nucléaire. Ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que le scanning est un processus par lequel passent tout les ARNm nucléaire lorsqu’ils se retrouvent à la périphérie du noyau, pour initier plusieurs étapes de réarrangements nécessaires à leurs export. De plus, nous avons examiné le rôle de Yhr127p, une protéine nouvellement identifiée qui se lie à l’ARN. Après avoir marqué cette protéine avec la GFP, nous avons montré qu’elle forme des foci dans le noyau et que ces derniers vont disparaitre suite à l’arrêt de la transcription. La délétion de YHR127 à conduit à une augmentation de la transcription de quelques gènes spécifiques, mais n’affecte pas la capacité de la cellule à exporter les ARNm. Nos résultats suggèrent que cette protéine joue un rôle dans la régulation de la transcription et/ou dans la stabilité de l’ARNm. / In eukaryotic cells, the processes of RNA and protein synthesis are spatially separated into two distinct compartments. With this division, a complex pathway of nucleocytoplasmic RNA export has evolved, which to date remains poorly understood. Recent advances in single-molecule microscopy have enabled direct studies focused on investigating the dynamics and kinetics of RNA export. In this Master thesis, we present the first real time visualization of mRNA export in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We first generated a GLT1 reporter under the control of the inducible GAL1 promoter, in which the GLT1 mRNA was tagged with an array of PP7 repeats and detected by exogenous PP7-GFP binding protein. Using a single-molecule live cell imaging approach, we were able to visualize and track the behavior of individual mRNAs from the site of transcription to the point of export. Interestingly, we found that once released from the transcription site, single mRNAs diffuse freely in the nucleoplasm, but once they reach the nuclear periphery, they scan the periphery before being exported to the cytoplasm. This scanning behavior was dependent on Myosin Like Proteins (Mlp1p and Mlp2p), which form the basket of the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), as mRNAs were not retained at the periphery and were rapidly released into the nucleoplasm in mlp1p/mlp2p double mutant cells. Specifically, we found that the C-terminal part of Mlp1p was important for scanning. Furthermore, mRNAs from cells depleted of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TOM1 had a similar phenotype to mRNAs in mlp1p/mlp2p double mutant cells, suggesting a role for scanning in the Tom1p-mediated release of Yra1p from the RNA. Lastly, we confirmed that endogenous MDN1 and CBL2 mRNAs also exhibit scanning behaviour. Taken together, our results suggest that mRNAs scanning the nuclear periphery is a general behaviour for all mRNAs to initiate the mRNA export process, allowing mRNP arrangement required for export to occur at the nuclear periphery. In addition, we investigated the role of YHR127, a newly identified RNA binding protein, in RNA biogenesis. Notably, we show that GFP-tagged YHR127p formed distinct foci in the nucleus, which were lost upon transcription arrest. Deletion of YHR127 led to an increase in transcript levels of specific genes, but not to a global accumulation of mRNAs in the nucleus, suggesting a role for this protein in regulating transcription and/or mRNA stability.

Dynamische zelluläre Prozesse wie Zellzyklus, Signaltransduktion oder Transkription zu analysieren wird Live-cell-imaging mittels Zeitraffermikroskopie verwendet. Um nun aber Zellabstammungsbäume aus einem Zeitraffervideo zu extrahieren, müssen die Zellen segmentiert und verfolgt werden können. Besonders hier, wo lebende Zellen über einen langen Zeitraum betrachtet werden, sind Fehler in der Analyse fatal: Selbst eine extrem niedrige Fehlerrate kann sich amplifizieren, wenn viele Zeitpunkte aufgenommen werden, und damit den gesamten Datensatz unbrauchbar machen. In dieser Arbeit verwenden wir einen einfachen aber praktischen Ansatz, der die Vorzüge der manuellen und automatischen Ansätze kombiniert. Das von uns entwickelte Live-cell-Imaging Datenanalysetool ‘eDetect’ ergänzt die automatische Zellsegmentierung und -verfolgung durch Nachbearbeitung. Das Besondere an dieser Arbeit ist, dass sie mehrere interaktive Datenvisualisierungsmodule verwendet, um den Benutzer zu führen und zu unterstützen. Dies erlaubt den gesamten manuellen Eingriffsprozess zu rational und effizient zu gestalten. Insbesondere werden zwei Streudiagramme und eine Heatmap verwendet, um die Merkmale einzelner Zellen interaktiv zu visualisieren. Die Streudiagramme positionieren ähnliche Objekte in unmittelbarer Nähe. So kann eine große Gruppe ähnlicher Fehler mit wenigen Mausklicks erkannt und korrigiert werden, und damit die manuellen Eingriffe auf ein Minimum reduziert werden. Die Heatmap ist darauf ausgerichtet, alle übersehenen Fehler aufzudecken und den Benutzern dabei zu helfen, bei der Zellabstammungsrekonstruktion schrittweise die perfekte Genauigkeit zu erreichen. Die quantitative Auswertung zeigt, dass eDetect die Genauigkeit der Nachverfolgung innerhalb eines akzeptablen Zeitfensters erheblich verbessern kann. Beurteilt nach biologisch relevanten Metriken, übertrifft die Leistung von eDetect die derer Tools, die den Wettbewerb ‘Cell Tracking Challenge’ gewonnen haben. / Live cell imaging based on time-lapse microscopy has been used to study dynamic cellular behaviors, such as cell cycle, cell signaling and transcription. Extracting cell lineage trees out of a time-lapse video requires cell segmentation and cell tracking. For long term live cell imaging, data analysis errors are particularly fatal. Even an extremely low error rate could potentially be amplified by the large number of sampled time points and render the entire video useless. In this work, we adopt a straightforward but practical design that combines the merits of manual and automatic approaches. We present a live cell imaging data analysis tool `eDetect', which uses post-editing to complement automatic segmentation and tracking. What makes this work special is that eDetect employs multiple interactive data visualization modules to guide and assist users, making the error detection and correction procedure rational and efficient. Specifically, two scatter plots and a heat map are used to interactively visualize single cells' visual features. The scatter plots position similar results in close vicinity, making it easy to spot and correct a large group of similar errors with a few mouse clicks, minimizing repetitive human interventions. The heat map is aimed at exposing all overlooked errors and helping users progressively approach perfect accuracy in cell lineage reconstruction. Quantitative evaluation proves that eDetect is able to largely improve accuracy within an acceptable time frame, and its performance surpasses the winners of most tasks in the `Cell Tracking Challenge', as measured by biologically relevant metrics.

Dans la foulée des avancées en médecine nucléaire, l’imagerie moléculaire par résonance magnétique a pris son essor ces dernières années car elle constitue un enjeu contemporain en vue d’améliorer le diagnostic et le suivi thérapeutique de pathologies comme le cancer ou la maladie d’Alzheimer. Cependant, cette technique d’imagerie médicale souffre à la fois de la petite quantité de récepteurs disponibles in vivo et de la faible sensibilité de l’IRM pour la détection d’agents de contraste exogènes. De ce fait, la littérature montre un intérêt croissant pour le développement de nouveaux agents de contraste pouvant porter plusieurs milliers de contrastophores et de nouvelles techniques sont nécessaires pour évaluer l’efficacité de ces derniers. Ainsi, lorsqu’un agent de contraste fonctionnalisé est injecté in vivo, ce dernier va subir de nombreux processus biochimiques (extravasation, fixation spécifique sur les récepteurs, internalisation dans les cellules…) qui peuvent rendre les mécanismes de prise de contraste difficile à appréhender. De ce fait, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode in vitro d’observation cellulaire permettant de caractériser les agents de contraste par IRM en modélisant expérimentalement certains des mécanismes ayant lieu in vivo, tout en s’affranchissant des problèmes liées à l’expérimentation sur petit animal (résolution, Rapport signal sur bruit, reproductibilité inter-animale,…). Notre approche a reposé sur la conception d’un dispositif de microhistologie par IRM qui permet de détecter une monocouche de cellules d’une dizaine de microns d’épaisseur dans un environnement microfluidique. Après avoir totalement caractérisé notre méthode avec des cellules ayant internalisé un agent de contraste commercial (Dotarem), nous l’avons utilisé pour évaluer la capture dynamique d’un nouvel agent de contraste développé à Guerbet : une émulsion paramagnétique fonctionnalisée avec des peptides RGD destinée à l’imagerie de l’angiogénèse tumorale. Dans un canal microfluidique, nous avons préparé une monocouche confluente de cellules endothéliales et appliqué un flux d’agent de contraste au-dessus de ces dernières. Par IRM, nous avons pu réaliser un suivi dynamique de la capture de l’agent de contraste par les récepteurs membranaires des cellules. En plus de démontrer la spécificité de l’agent de contraste comme le font les méthodes traditionnelles, notre technique nous a permis d’évaluer les constante cinétiques d’association et de dissociation et la constante d’affinité de l’agent de contraste pour les récepteurs dans des conditions physiologiques proches de celles existant in vivo, notamment en termes de disposition des cellules et de la vitesse et de la concentration de l’agent de contraste. / Following the recent advances in nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging has rapidly become an emerging technique for molecular imaging since it constitutes a contemporary issue for the improvement of the diagnosis and the post-treatment follow-up of pathologies such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. However, this technique suffers from both the weak amount of in vivo receptors and the low sensitivity of MRI for the detection of exogenous contrast agents. Thus, the literature shows an increasing interest for the development of novel contrast agents which can carry several thousands of contrastophores and new techniques are needed to evaluate the efficiency of these contrast agents. Indeed, when a targeted contrast agent is injected intraveneously, many biochemical process can occur simultaneously (extravasation, specific binding on receptors, internalization inside cells, …), which can make the contrast uptake mechanisms difficult to investigate. Hence, we developed a new method of cellular observation allowing to characterize the contrast agent by MRI, by imitating some of the in vitro mechanisms that occur in vivo. Using this technique, we also avoided problems that are linked to the experimentation on small animal in terms of resolution, signal to noise ratio and inter-animal reproducibility.Our approach was based on the design and fabrication of a microhistological device that allows to detect a living cells’ monolayer - whose thickness is above 10 microns - in a microfluidic environment. After having fully characterized our method with cells that had internalized a commercial contrast agent (Dotarem), we used it to evaluate the dynamic uptake of a new contrast agent developed and synthetized in Guerbet : a paramagnetic nanoemulsion functionalized with RGD peptides to target the avb3 integrins that play a capital role in the tumor angiogenesis process. In a microfluidic channel, we prepared an endothelial cell monolayer and applied a flow of contrast agent over the cell layer. We were able to follow-up by MRI the uptake of the contrast agent by the cell surface receptors. Besides demonstrating the specificity of the contrast agent as well as traditional in vitro techniques, our technique provides an additional information level since it is able to evaluate the kinetic constants and the affinity of the contrast agents toward the receptors. These experiments were done under physiological conditions close to the ones existing in vivo in terms of cell arrangement, concentration and flow velocity of the contrast agent.

Le récepteur de la progestérone (PR) est un facteur de transcription hormono-régulé qui joue un rôle crucial dans la coordination de tous les aspects de la fonction de reproduction chez la femme. Pour activer ses gènes cibles, PR recrute de façon dynamique, séquentielle et combinatoire différents partenaires moléculaires : les corégulateurs transcriptionnels. Les coactivateurs de la famille p160 (Steroid Receptor Coactivators : SRC-1, -2, -3), dont l’expression est augmentée dans certains cancers hormono-dépendants, sont les partenaires privilégiés de PR. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons étudié les mécanismes d’interaction entre le récepteur de la progestérone et ses corégulateurs ainsi que leurs conséquences fonctionnelles sur l’activité de PR. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence l’importance de la dégradation des complexes PR/SRC-1 par le protéasome sous l’effet du ligand agoniste de PR, et le caractère nécessaire de cette régulation négative pour l’activation de la transcription des gènes cibles de PR. Nous avons également identifié un candidat possiblement impliqué dans la dégradation des complexes PR/coactivateurs p160 : le corégulateur transcriptionnel Jab1. En effet, il a été décrit comme un coactivateur des complexes PR-SRC-1 au laboratoire, et nous avons pu observer que, hors du cadre de l’activation par l’hormone, Jab 1 régule les niveaux d’expression de SRC-1 et SRC-2. En revanche, ce corégulateur reste sans effet sur SRC-3. Enfin, nous avons mis au point les conditions expérimentales de l’étude de la dynamique des interactions entre PR et ses corégulateurs par la techninique de FRET.Les évidences croissantes de l’implication de PR et de ses cofacteurs (SRC-1, SRC-3, Jab1) dans le développement et les métastases des cancers du sein font de la compréhension de leurs mécanismes d’action un élément important dans la recherche de nouvelles thérapies. La détermination du rôle exact des corégulateurs de PR dans ces processus permettra une éventuelle redéfinition des cibles pharmacologiques dans le traitement de ces maladies, qui représentent un véritable enjeu de santé publique. / The progesterone receptor (PR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor playing a crucial role in female reproduction. To regulate gene expression, PR recruits several coregulators to target gene promoters, in a cyclic and combinatorial manner. Among these coregulators, PR recruits most notably members of the p160 family coactivators (Steroid Receptor Coactivators SRC-1, -2 and -3) which have recently been implicated in several hormono-dependent cancers.Here, we studied the mechanisms of interaction between PR and its coregulators as well as their functional consequences on PR transcriptional activity. We have demonstrated that PR activity is paradoxically coupled to the agonist ligand-dependent down-regulation of PR/SRC-1 complexes. Two degradation motifs found in SRC-1 were identified as signals involved in this proteasome- and ubiquitin-mediated process. We also identified a putative candidate implicated in the degradation of these complexes, namely the transcriptional coregulator Jab1. Indeed, Jab1 has previously been described in our laboratory as a coactivator of PR/SRC-1 complexes. We observed that it can specifically regulate SRC-1 and SRC-2 expression in absence of hormone. Finally, we optimized the experimental conditions of FRET experiments to get new insights on the dynamic interactions between PR and its coregulators. Collectively our findings are consistent with the emerging role of proteasome-mediated proteolysis in the gene-regulating process. Understanding PR mechanisms of action is an important step in the development of new therapies, due to growing evidences of PR and its coregulators implication in breast carcinogenesis and metastasis. Deciphering precisely the role of PR coregulators in these processes will permit to define new pharmacological targets for the treatment of these diseases, which represent a serious public health problem.

In the field of regenerative medicine, there is a need to develop technologies that can increase the overall efficiency of imaging and expanding cells in culture and in complex heterogeneous arrangements necessary for tissue construction. Long-term live cell imaging has the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of intercellular signaling pathways and the dependence of phenotype on cell arrangement. A transdisciplinary approach has been taken to bridge the fields of cell biology, robotics, and photonics to create a long-term live cell imaging system capable of single cell handling as well as the acquisition of multiple types of data needed for data mining and a general informatics approach to cell culture. A Bio-Assembly Mosaic Builder and Informatics (BAMBI) system was designed and developed using custom software to control a 3-axis stage manufactured by Galil Inc, and custom 1-axis micromanipulator for robotic operations. The software also employs a Sony charged-coupled device sensor for real-time image feedback and data acquisition. The system is mounted on a Carl Zeiss Axiovert 200 inverted microscope. Custom-built environmental controls are used to maintain the temperature, humidity, and gas conditions for extended live cell work. The software was designed using Visual C++ for the Windows PC platform using an object orientated and modular design methodology to allow the BAMBI software to continue to grow with new tasks and demands as needed. The modular approach keeps functional groups of code within context boundaries allowing for easy removal, addition, or changes of functions without compromising the usability of the whole system. BAMBI has been used to image cells within a novel cell culture chamber that constricts cell growth to a true monolayer for high-resolution imaging. In one specific application, BAMBI was also used to characterize and track the development of individual Colony Forming Units (CFU) over the five-day culture period in 5-day CFU-Hill colony assays. The integrated system successfully enabled the tracking and identification of cell types responsible for the formation of the CFU-Hill colonies (a putative endothelial stem cell). BAMBI has been used to isolate single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) candidate cells, accumulate long-term live cell images, and then return these cells back to the in-vivo environment for further characterization. From these results, further data mining and lineage informatics suggested a novel way to isolate and purify HSCs. Studies such as these are the fundamental next step in developing new therapies for regenerative medicine in the future.

Mathematical modeling has made great strides since the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey models. Newer models attempt to describe sub-cellular signal transduction pathways, such as the JAK-STAT and NF-κB pathways. However, the tools to accurately determine reaction and translocation rates in these pathways still have a number of drawbacks, including the effects of concentration scale on determining reaction rates and the effects of bulky additions to translocation rates. One method of overcoming these problems in signal transduction rate determination is to sample and stain cells from a full population at specific time points. However, fixed cell methods can only generate an average population rate. This could become an issue if the rate depends on the genotype of one of the proteins in the pathway. Another method of overcoming these problems in signal transduction rates is to use unmarked nuclei in live-cell imaging techniques. However, live cell imaging methods poses different problems, primarily how to find and track nuclei and cytoplasm when cells are actively moving and the nuclear and cytoplasmic intensities are by necessity fluctuating. To date, there is only one software package designed for tracking cells under these conditions - Cell Tracker (Shen et al., 2006). Cell Tracker is designed to handle the tracking of live cell images for protein translocation studies. They recommend using a separate color channel to mark the nucleus, although results can be obtained using unmarked nuclei. The results from Cell Tracker with unmarked nuclei are often less than optimal. We have developed a novel segmentation scheme and variation of the particle filter algorithm to allow more accurate tracking in time series with unmarked nuclei. The proposed segmentation scheme uses a non-parametric level set algorithm to refine a fast initial thresholding step. The tracking scheme uses a dense optical flow calculation to assist the particle filter algorithm in continuing to follow the true positions of the nuclei. To test the proposed algorithm, a novel mimicry of cell movement has been developed using random perturbations of a triangular mesh structure through the use of the finite element method.

In the field of regenerative medicine, there is a need to develop technologies that can increase the overall efficiency of imaging and expanding cells in culture and in complex heterogeneous arrangements necessary for tissue construction. Long-term live cell imaging has the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of intercellular signaling pathways and the dependence of phenotype on cell arrangement. A transdisciplinary approach has been taken to bridge the fields of cell biology, robotics, and photonics to create a long-term live cell imaging system capable of single cell handling as well as the acquisition of multiple types of data needed for data mining and a general informatics approach to cell culture. A Bio-Assembly Mosaic Builder and Informatics (BAMBI) system was designed and developed using custom software to control a 3-axis stage manufactured by Galil Inc, and custom 1-axis micromanipulator for robotic operations. The software also employs a Sony charged-coupled device sensor for real-time image feedback and data acquisition. The system is mounted on a Carl Zeiss Axiovert 200 inverted microscope. Custom-built environmental controls are used to maintain the temperature, humidity, and gas conditions for extended live cell work. The software was designed using Visual C++ for the Windows PC platform using an object orientated and modular design methodology to allow the BAMBI software to continue to grow with new tasks and demands as needed. The modular approach keeps functional groups of code within context boundaries allowing for easy removal, addition, or changes of functions without compromising the usability of the whole system. BAMBI has been used to image cells within a novel cell culture chamber that constricts cell growth to a true monolayer for high-resolution imaging. In one specific application, BAMBI was also used to characterize and track the development of individual Colony Forming Units (CFU) over the five-day culture period in 5-day CFU-Hill colony assays. The integrated system successfully enabled the tracking and identification of cell types responsible for the formation of the CFU-Hill colonies (a putative endothelial stem cell). BAMBI has been used to isolate single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) candidate cells, accumulate long-term live cell images, and then return these cells back to the in-vivo environment for further characterization. From these results, further data mining and lineage informatics suggested a novel way to isolate and purify HSCs. Studies such as these are the fundamental next step in developing new therapies for regenerative medicine in the future.

Regenerative medicine is a rapidly developing field, merging engineering and biological life sciences to create biological replacements for damaged tissue and organ function. Development of cellular based therapies has the potential of curing present untreatable diseases and conditions, such as diabetes. The identification of protein expression patterns, that guide undifferentiated cells to different lineages, can provide important information about the progression of cellular differentiation at various stages. This research project utilizes proteomics and in vitro live-cell microscopy to investigate two distinct cellular systems: (1) the signaling pathways of calmodulin (CaM) in the differentiation of a human glioblastoma cell line; and (2) the effect of islet neogenesis associated protein (INGAP) on human islet-derived progenitor cells (hIPCs). Using a proteomic readout with a long term live-cell imagining approach, it was hypothesized that highly specific binding proteins of a CaM-mutant, and proteins in hIPCs perturbed by INGAP, could be identified and studied in vitro, characterizing specific signaling pathways which control the function of CaM in brain tumour cells and the mechanism(s) of INGAP in islet-derived progenitor cells. This thesis presents the utility of a proteomics and an in vitro cell microscopy approach to investigate therapeutic proteins, such as INGAP, on cell culture systems. The results have established the limitations and the utility of DIGE, differential binding of a CaM-mutant versus calcium-CaM, and the cell specific uptake feasibility of using the TAT-binding domain. In the hIPC system, proteomic, phenotypic, motility, proliferation and nuclear effects of INGAP were determined. Specifically, hIPCs exposed to INGAP had 50% decrease in average nuclear speed, the translocation of two identified proteins caldesmon and tropomyosin and INGAP was found to bind specifically to hIPCs. However, hIPCs had no changes in insulin specific hormone expression.