During cell activation the tightly compacted DNA is made available to DNA-binding proteins allowing the induction of gene transcription. In the resting cell, DNA is packaged into chromatin whose fundamental subunit is the nucleosome, composed of an octamer of four core histones (H) 3, 4, 2A and 2B. During the induction of gene transcription, modification of histones, by acetylation, methylation etc., results in unwinding of the DNA, permitting access of large DNAbinding proteins, such as RNA polymerase II, and subsequent induction of gene transcription. This investigation initially examined the effects of pro-inflammatory stimuli LPS and TNF-a on the production of IL-8 in a macrophage cell line (U937 cells) and in two T-cell lines (Jurkat and HUT-78 cells) as a marker of NF-KB-directed inflammatory gene expression. The ability of dexamethasone (Dex) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) (synthetic glucocorticoid agonists) to suppress expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8 and to regulate histone acetylation was also investigated in these cells. LPS and TNF-a caused an increase in IL-8 expression, which was further enhanced by the histone deacetylases inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), suggesting a role for histone acetylation in IL-8 production in these cells. Dex and TA, repressed LPS- and TNF-a -induced IL-8 expression in all three cell lines. This effect of both Dex and TA was attenuated by TSA in all cell lines studied, where the effect of TSA was greater in TA stimulated cells. Stimulation of all cell lines with LPS and TNF-a induced acetylation of H4 lysine residues (K5, 8, 12 and 16), the highest elevation of which was for K8 and K12. Also demonstrate is a K5 and K16 specificity of acetylation by glucocorticoids, apparent in all cell lines studied. Dex and, to a greater extent, TA suppressed LPS- and TNFa-induced K8 and K12 acetylation. TSA attenuated the inhibitory effect of the glucocorticoids for all three cell lines. An inCrease in HDAC activity with GCs was observed and ChiP assay showed these events occur on the native IL-8 promoter via histone acetylation. Further studies investigated whether there were any links between histone acetylation and the regulation of apoptosis. It was showed that TSA induced apoptosis in cells previously stimulated with the inducer of oxidative stress hydrogen peroxide (H20 2). Studies into the activation of caspase 3 in LPS- and TNF-a stimulated cells revealed that the combinatory effect of Dex or TA with TSA Significantly enhanced expression of the marker in all three cell lines. In resting cells, Dex, and TA, in the presence of TSA downregulated caspase 3 expression. These findings support the notion that glucocorticoid actions on apoptosis is mediated, at least in part, through an action on histone acetylation. Finally, histone acetylation was investigated in vivo in two rat models of inflammation and in human subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The results showed an increase in histone H4 acetylation lysine specificity of acetylation on K8 and K12 in inflamed tissue and Peyer's patches in animal models and in IBD patients. Whereas H3 acetylation was not elevated to the same extent in tissue and was restricted to the mantle zone of Peyer's patches. In general, the present studies on histone acetylation and inflammation (in animal models and IBD patients) underlined the possibility of a general mechanism linking activation of the transcription factor NFKB with histone acetylation. The ultimate objective of this work is to aid in the understanding of the mechanisms of how deregulation of chromosome structure leads to progression of the disease state. This knowledge may aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches or improved glucocorticoids.

The effect of temperature on the sensitivity of poikilothennic cells to toxicant exposure was investigated, with particular attention to the relationship between temperature induced changes in cellular activity, and cell sensitivity to toxicants. Temperature was shown to have a significant influence on the metabolic activity and sensitivity to toxicants ofthree types ofpoikilothenns: E. coli, a consortium of cells isolated from activated sludge (ASBC), and a genetically modified bioluminescent fish cell line (BF-2Ilucl). The influence of temperature on the ASBC and BF-21/ucl cell sensitivity to toxicants appeared to be related to its effects on toxicant uptake and reactivity. However temperature induced changes in E. coli metabolic activity were shown to have a pronounced influence on its sensitivity to toxicants. The increased metabolic rate supported by higher temperatures was associated with decreases in E. coli sensitivity to narcotic toxicants as were the increases in E. coli metabolic activity that resulted from changes in respiratory substrate solution composition. Subsequent biosensor and growth assays demonstrated that E. coli responded to low concentrations of phenolic toxicants by increasing it respiration rate at the expense of growth. This suggests that the protective effect ofincreased metabolic activity at higher temperatures was related to the energetic costs of toxicant exposure. Additionally an impedance spectroscopy assay was developed and showed that 3,5-DCP caused only limited disruption ofE. coli membrane integrity. This study demonstrated for the first time that temperature effects on E. coli metabolic activity and on E. coli sensitivity to toxicants are directly linked. Further work is needed to develop a fuller understanding ofhow E. coli metabolic activity influences its sensitivity to toxicants.

Os gliomas apresentam comportamento amplamente infiltrativo e a invasão para o tecido cerebral sadio adjacente ao tumor o tornam um grande desafio para intervenções clínicas agressivas. Estudos recentes dos mecanismos de invasão de gliomas sugerem que as metaloproteinases (MMPs) desempenham papel crítico neste processo. As MMPs são super-expressas em quase todos os tumores humanos e vastos dados pré-clínicos as apontam como contribuintes do desenvolvimento maligno; portanto, a inibição de atividade de MMPs poderia ser adotada como uma estratégia de terapêutica anti-câncer. A atividade inibitória de MMP-2 e MMP-9 do extrato liofilizado da raiz de P. umbellata foi avaliada em estudos prévios de nosso laboratório por Ropke e colaboradores. Assim, esta dissertação teve como objetivo, primeiramente, explorar a citotoxicidade do extrato de P. umbellata e posteriormente, a avaliar o efeito do 4-neroridilcatecol (o princípio ativo isolado do extrato) quanto à citotoxicidade e potencial de inibição de MMPs durante o processo de invasão de duas linhagens de glioma humano, caracterizadas pelos diferentes níveis de invasividade. Os resultados revelam os índices de citotoxicidade do extrato bruto da raiz de P. umbellata e do composto 4-NC presente nesse extrato. Ensaios de invasão tumoral in vitro em concentrações não citotóxicas mostraram que há forte inibição desse processo pelo composto. Interessantemente, o 4-NC não alterou significativamente a atividade e expressões gênicas e protéicas de MMPs envolvidas na invasão deste tipo de tumor, nem de seus reguladores. O ensaio de fragmentação do DNA nos indica que a morte das células é, em parte, devido à apoptose, além da participação do processo autofágico. Ensaios analisando a expressão de proteínas e genes envolvidos na via de autofagia mostraram que há indução deste processo pelo composto estudado. Quando este processo é inibido farmacologicamente há incremento na morte celular causada pelo 4-NC. Considerando que em câncer, a autofagia é um processo essencial na modulação da resistência a quimioterápicos, descrevemos aqui, que 4-NC, a exemplo de seu poder citotóxico em melanomas, atua no processo invasivo de gliomas e induz morte celular além de desencadear o processo autofágico. / Gliomas present extensive invasive behavior and the invasion to healthy adjacent neural tissue makes this type of tumor a great challenge for aggressive clinical intervention. Recent studies concerning glioma invasion mechanisms suggest that metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a critical role in this process. MMPs are overexpressed in almost all types of human tumors and many pre-clinical data point to them as functional enhancers to malignant development; then, the inhibition of MMP activity could be adopted as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. P. umbellate root extract inhibitory activity over MMPs-2 and 9 was previously evaluated in studies from our group by Ropke et al. Thus, this dissertation has as an objective to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of 4-nerolidylcatechol (a compound purified from the P. umbellate extract), and its potential for MMP inhibition during the invasive process of two human glioma cell lines, characterized for their different invasive levels. Our results show the cytotoxic levels of the crude extract from the root of P. umbellate and from the 4-NC isolated from the extract. In vitro tumor invasion assay in non-cytotoxic drug concentrations indicate a strong inhibition of this process by the compound. Interestingly, 4-NC did not significantly alter enzyme activity, genetic or proteic expression of the MMPs involved in glioma invasion, or its regulators. The DNA fragmentation assay shows that cells die, in part, due to apoptosis, but autophagy pathway is also involved in cell death. Assays showing expression of proteins and genes involved in the autophagy pathway showed an increase of this process by the compound studied. Pharmacological inhibition of this process leads to an increase in cell death caused by 4-NC. Considering that in cancer, autophagy plays an essential role in the modulation of chemoresistance, we describe here that 4-NC, as described previously for melanomas, acts on glioma invasive process, induces cell death and is capable of up-regulating autophagic process.

Os gliomas apresentam comportamento amplamente infiltrativo e a invasão para o tecido cerebral sadio adjacente ao tumor o tornam um grande desafio para intervenções clínicas agressivas. Estudos recentes dos mecanismos de invasão de gliomas sugerem que as metaloproteinases (MMPs) desempenham papel crítico neste processo. As MMPs são super-expressas em quase todos os tumores humanos e vastos dados pré-clínicos as apontam como contribuintes do desenvolvimento maligno; portanto, a inibição de atividade de MMPs poderia ser adotada como uma estratégia de terapêutica anti-câncer. A atividade inibitória de MMP-2 e MMP-9 do extrato liofilizado da raiz de P. umbellata foi avaliada em estudos prévios de nosso laboratório por Ropke e colaboradores. Assim, esta dissertação teve como objetivo, primeiramente, explorar a citotoxicidade do extrato de P. umbellata e posteriormente, a avaliar o efeito do 4-neroridilcatecol (o princípio ativo isolado do extrato) quanto à citotoxicidade e potencial de inibição de MMPs durante o processo de invasão de duas linhagens de glioma humano, caracterizadas pelos diferentes níveis de invasividade. Os resultados revelam os índices de citotoxicidade do extrato bruto da raiz de P. umbellata e do composto 4-NC presente nesse extrato. Ensaios de invasão tumoral in vitro em concentrações não citotóxicas mostraram que há forte inibição desse processo pelo composto. Interessantemente, o 4-NC não alterou significativamente a atividade e expressões gênicas e protéicas de MMPs envolvidas na invasão deste tipo de tumor, nem de seus reguladores. O ensaio de fragmentação do DNA nos indica que a morte das células é, em parte, devido à apoptose, além da participação do processo autofágico. Ensaios analisando a expressão de proteínas e genes envolvidos na via de autofagia mostraram que há indução deste processo pelo composto estudado. Quando este processo é inibido farmacologicamente há incremento na morte celular causada pelo 4-NC. Considerando que em câncer, a autofagia é um processo essencial na modulação da resistência a quimioterápicos, descrevemos aqui, que 4-NC, a exemplo de seu poder citotóxico em melanomas, atua no processo invasivo de gliomas e induz morte celular além de desencadear o processo autofágico. / Gliomas present extensive invasive behavior and the invasion to healthy adjacent neural tissue makes this type of tumor a great challenge for aggressive clinical intervention. Recent studies concerning glioma invasion mechanisms suggest that metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a critical role in this process. MMPs are overexpressed in almost all types of human tumors and many pre-clinical data point to them as functional enhancers to malignant development; then, the inhibition of MMP activity could be adopted as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. P. umbellate root extract inhibitory activity over MMPs-2 and 9 was previously evaluated in studies from our group by Ropke et al. Thus, this dissertation has as an objective to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of 4-nerolidylcatechol (a compound purified from the P. umbellate extract), and its potential for MMP inhibition during the invasive process of two human glioma cell lines, characterized for their different invasive levels. Our results show the cytotoxic levels of the crude extract from the root of P. umbellate and from the 4-NC isolated from the extract. In vitro tumor invasion assay in non-cytotoxic drug concentrations indicate a strong inhibition of this process by the compound. Interestingly, 4-NC did not significantly alter enzyme activity, genetic or proteic expression of the MMPs involved in glioma invasion, or its regulators. The DNA fragmentation assay shows that cells die, in part, due to apoptosis, but autophagy pathway is also involved in cell death. Assays showing expression of proteins and genes involved in the autophagy pathway showed an increase of this process by the compound studied. Pharmacological inhibition of this process leads to an increase in cell death caused by 4-NC. Considering that in cancer, autophagy plays an essential role in the modulation of chemoresistance, we describe here that 4-NC, as described previously for melanomas, acts on glioma invasive process, induces cell death and is capable of up-regulating autophagic process.

A proteína de fase aguda, amilóide sérica A (SAA), exerce função importante na resposta inflamatória, estimulando a expressão e a liberação de TNF-α, IL-8 e IL-1β em neutrófilos e células mononucleares (1, 2, 3, 4). Visando obter mais informação sobre o processo, estudamos as vias de sinalização envolvidas na liberação dessas citocinas, após as células serem estimulas com SAA. Para tal, avaliamos o efeito de alguns inibidores da cascata de sinalização e evidenciamos indiretamente a participação das proteínas quinases ativadas por mitógenos (MAPK) e da fosfatidil inositol 3 quinase (PI3K) (2, 3). Com a utilização de inibidores específicos, observamos que há inibição da liberação de IL-8 quando utilizamos um antagonista da proteína Gi e observamos também a participação do fator de transcrição, NF-KB na liberação de IL-8 e TNF-α promovida por SAA. Utilizando pacientes deficientes no sistema NADPH oxidase, ou seja, portadores da doença granulomatosa crônica (DGC) mostramos que não havia a participação desse sistema na síntese e liberação dessas citocinas, visto que observamos hiper-sensibilidade nos neutrófilos desses pacientes, com uma maior produção de TNF-α e de IL-8, tanto em células estimuladas e não estimuladas (5). As concentrações séricas de SAA e IL-8 nos pacientes estudados apresentaram-se também aumentados em relação ao grupo controle. Adicionalmente SAA apresenta outro efeito pró-inflamatório, demonstramos que ela é capaz de tornar neutrófilos mais responsivos a estímulo opsonizado (6). Este conjunto de dados nos levou a acreditar na possibilidade da SAA exercer uma função importante na progressão de doenças crônicas, que se caracterizam pelo aumento permanente da SAA sérica. Neste sentido estudamos o efeito da SAA no diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e mostramos que neutrófilos e células mononucleares desses pacientes quando estimuladas por SAA têm um aumento na liberação de IL-8 e IL-1β e um aumento na quimiotaxia quando comparadas com células do grupo controle. Desta forma acreditamos que SAA contribua na manutenção do estado inflamatório crõnico no diabetes e no aparecimento de complicações vasculares. / We previously described that the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is a potent stimulus for the expression and release of TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-1β(1, 2, 3, 4). The signaling involved in this process was here studied through the effect of signaling inhibitors. The participation of MAPK, PI-3K pathways, Gi protein coupled receptors and the NF-kB on the signaling cascade was indirect evidenced (2, 3). The NADPH oxidase system seems to be not required in the release of cytokines promoted by SAA because neutrophils from patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD - NADPH system deficiency) also responded to SAA. Indeed neutrophils from CGD patients release larger amounts of IL-8 and TNF-α than neutrophils from control individuals, under basal and stimulated conditions (5). Moreover SAA showed to be a priming agent rendering the neutrophils more responsive to opsonized particles (6). These data reinforce our hypothesis that SAA has a participation in the progression of chronic diseases in wich the serum concentration of this protein is permanently increased. To evaluate the proinflammatory character of SAA we choosen diabetes mellitus type 2. This study makes the novel observation that neutrophils and mononuclear cells of diabetics were more responsive to SAA in the induction of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the proangiogenic and chemotactic protein IL-8 secretion. Cell migration wa also increased. It is well known that patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased prevalence of vascular disease and correlation exists between the increased prevalence of vascular disease and cytokine production. Thus, we believe that the hyperresponsivity of leukocytes to SAA may be relevant to the proinflammatory conditions associated to vascular complications in diabetic patients.

Foram avaliados: morte celular, conteúdo intracelular de NO e produção de ERO, em células endoteliais (ECV-304). Foram estudados os ácidos graxos: esteárico (SA) a 150 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM, oléico (OA) a 300 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM e linoléico (LA), gama-linolênico (<font face=\"Symbol\">gA), EPA e DHA a 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM. O SA induziu morte em 17,8 % das células, aumentou 99,2 % as ERO e não alterou o NO. O SA com os AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 não alterou a morte induzida pelo SA. O DHA a 50 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM com o SA diminuiu 58 % o NO e EPA a 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM reduziu 78,4 % e 50%, respectivamente. O SA com DHA e EPA a 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM diminuiu as ERO em 20 %. Os AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 (LA e <font face=\"Symbol\">gA) aboliram a morte induzida pelo SA. O LA a 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM aumentou o NO em 32,5 % e esse a 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">m M reduziu 50 % e 67 %, respectivamente, as ERO. O OA não alterou a viabilidade celular e as ERO, mas diminuiu o NO em 57 %. O OA com os AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 e <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 causou morte em 84 % das células, reduziu o NO em 60 % sem alterar as ERO. Assim, AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 protegem contra a morte induzida por AG saturado. O OA não é tóxico mesmo em altas concentrações. Contudo, quando associado aos AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 e <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 pode causar citotoxicidade. / The parameters examined were: cell death, intracellular content of NO and production of ROS, on endothelial cells (ECV-304). The fatty acids studied were: stearic (SA) at 150 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM, oleic (OA) at 300 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM, linoleic (LA), gamma-linolenic (<font face=\"Symbol\">gA), EPA and DHA at 50 and 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM. SA led 17.8% of cells to death, increased by 99.2% ROS and did not alter the NO. SA with <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 PUFA did not alter dead cells induced by SA. DHA at 50 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM plus SA decreased NO by 58% and EPA at 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM reduced by 78.4% and 50%, respectively. SA with DHA or EPA at 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM decreased ROS at 20 %. <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 PUFA, LA and <font face=\"Symbol\">gA, abolished cell death induced by SA. LA at 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM increased NO by 32.5% and this PUFA at 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM decreased ROS by 50% and 67%, respectively. OA did not alter cell viability and ROS but decreased the NO by 57%. OA with <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 and <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 PUFA increased dead cells to 84 %, decreased NO by 60 % and did not alter ROS. Thus, <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 PUFA protect against cell death induced by saturated FA. OA is not toxic even at high concentrations. However, when associated with PUFA (<font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 e <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6) OA causes cytotoxicity.

A proteína de fase aguda, amilóide sérica A (SAA), exerce função importante na resposta inflamatória, estimulando a expressão e a liberação de TNF-&#945;, IL-8 e IL-1&#946; em neutrófilos e células mononucleares (1, 2, 3, 4). Visando obter mais informação sobre o processo, estudamos as vias de sinalização envolvidas na liberação dessas citocinas, após as células serem estimulas com SAA. Para tal, avaliamos o efeito de alguns inibidores da cascata de sinalização e evidenciamos indiretamente a participação das proteínas quinases ativadas por mitógenos (MAPK) e da fosfatidil inositol 3 quinase (PI3K) (2, 3). Com a utilização de inibidores específicos, observamos que há inibição da liberação de IL-8 quando utilizamos um antagonista da proteína Gi e observamos também a participação do fator de transcrição, NF-KB na liberação de IL-8 e TNF-&#945; promovida por SAA. Utilizando pacientes deficientes no sistema NADPH oxidase, ou seja, portadores da doença granulomatosa crônica (DGC) mostramos que não havia a participação desse sistema na síntese e liberação dessas citocinas, visto que observamos hiper-sensibilidade nos neutrófilos desses pacientes, com uma maior produção de TNF-&#945; e de IL-8, tanto em células estimuladas e não estimuladas (5). As concentrações séricas de SAA e IL-8 nos pacientes estudados apresentaram-se também aumentados em relação ao grupo controle. Adicionalmente SAA apresenta outro efeito pró-inflamatório, demonstramos que ela é capaz de tornar neutrófilos mais responsivos a estímulo opsonizado (6). Este conjunto de dados nos levou a acreditar na possibilidade da SAA exercer uma função importante na progressão de doenças crônicas, que se caracterizam pelo aumento permanente da SAA sérica. Neste sentido estudamos o efeito da SAA no diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e mostramos que neutrófilos e células mononucleares desses pacientes quando estimuladas por SAA têm um aumento na liberação de IL-8 e IL-1&#946; e um aumento na quimiotaxia quando comparadas com células do grupo controle. Desta forma acreditamos que SAA contribua na manutenção do estado inflamatório crõnico no diabetes e no aparecimento de complicações vasculares. / We previously described that the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is a potent stimulus for the expression and release of TNF-&#945;, IL-8 and IL-1&#946;(1, 2, 3, 4). The signaling involved in this process was here studied through the effect of signaling inhibitors. The participation of MAPK, PI-3K pathways, Gi protein coupled receptors and the NF-kB on the signaling cascade was indirect evidenced (2, 3). The NADPH oxidase system seems to be not required in the release of cytokines promoted by SAA because neutrophils from patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD - NADPH system deficiency) also responded to SAA. Indeed neutrophils from CGD patients release larger amounts of IL-8 and TNF-&#945; than neutrophils from control individuals, under basal and stimulated conditions (5). Moreover SAA showed to be a priming agent rendering the neutrophils more responsive to opsonized particles (6). These data reinforce our hypothesis that SAA has a participation in the progression of chronic diseases in wich the serum concentration of this protein is permanently increased. To evaluate the proinflammatory character of SAA we choosen diabetes mellitus type 2. This study makes the novel observation that neutrophils and mononuclear cells of diabetics were more responsive to SAA in the induction of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1&#946; and the proangiogenic and chemotactic protein IL-8 secretion. Cell migration wa also increased. It is well known that patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased prevalence of vascular disease and correlation exists between the increased prevalence of vascular disease and cytokine production. Thus, we believe that the hyperresponsivity of leukocytes to SAA may be relevant to the proinflammatory conditions associated to vascular complications in diabetic patients.

Foram avaliados: morte celular, conteúdo intracelular de NO e produção de ERO, em células endoteliais (ECV-304). Foram estudados os ácidos graxos: esteárico (SA) a 150 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM, oléico (OA) a 300 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM e linoléico (LA), gama-linolênico (<font face=\"Symbol\">gA), EPA e DHA a 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM. O SA induziu morte em 17,8 % das células, aumentou 99,2 % as ERO e não alterou o NO. O SA com os AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 não alterou a morte induzida pelo SA. O DHA a 50 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM com o SA diminuiu 58 % o NO e EPA a 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM reduziu 78,4 % e 50%, respectivamente. O SA com DHA e EPA a 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM diminuiu as ERO em 20 %. Os AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 (LA e <font face=\"Symbol\">gA) aboliram a morte induzida pelo SA. O LA a 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM aumentou o NO em 32,5 % e esse a 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">m M reduziu 50 % e 67 %, respectivamente, as ERO. O OA não alterou a viabilidade celular e as ERO, mas diminuiu o NO em 57 %. O OA com os AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 e <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 causou morte em 84 % das células, reduziu o NO em 60 % sem alterar as ERO. Assim, AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 protegem contra a morte induzida por AG saturado. O OA não é tóxico mesmo em altas concentrações. Contudo, quando associado aos AG <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 e <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 pode causar citotoxicidade. / The parameters examined were: cell death, intracellular content of NO and production of ROS, on endothelial cells (ECV-304). The fatty acids studied were: stearic (SA) at 150 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM, oleic (OA) at 300 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM, linoleic (LA), gamma-linolenic (<font face=\"Symbol\">gA), EPA and DHA at 50 and 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM. SA led 17.8% of cells to death, increased by 99.2% ROS and did not alter the NO. SA with <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 PUFA did not alter dead cells induced by SA. DHA at 50 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM plus SA decreased NO by 58% and EPA at 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM reduced by 78.4% and 50%, respectively. SA with DHA or EPA at 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM decreased ROS at 20 %. <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 PUFA, LA and <font face=\"Symbol\">gA, abolished cell death induced by SA. LA at 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM increased NO by 32.5% and this PUFA at 50 e 100 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM decreased ROS by 50% and 67%, respectively. OA did not alter cell viability and ROS but decreased the NO by 57%. OA with <font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 and <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 PUFA increased dead cells to 84 %, decreased NO by 60 % and did not alter ROS. Thus, <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6 PUFA protect against cell death induced by saturated FA. OA is not toxic even at high concentrations. However, when associated with PUFA (<font face=\"Symbol\">w-3 e <font face=\"Symbol\">w-6) OA causes cytotoxicity.