Diploma thesis deals with use of Zymomonas mobilis for the production of bioethanol from waste paper. There were used three kinds of substrate (cardboard, drawing and office paper) to optimize of bioethanol production. Individual papers were subjected to the same pre treatment, namely a milling, a combination of microwave irradiation and NaOH, a combination of microwave irradiation and H2SO4 and combination microwave irradiation, H2SO4 and NaOH. The substrates were decomposed by enzymatic hydrolysis after pre treatment to evaluate the best pre-treatment. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was carried out for each substrate (with two of the best pre-treatment). The samples were taken during the hydrolysis and the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and were determined by HPLC. Growth curves of Zymomonas mobilis were constructed, as the most appropriate for SSF was chosen temperature of 40 ° C in which the exponential phase took place at the time of 6 15 hours. During hydrolysis was monitored glucose concentration in the solution. The maximum concentration of glucose was in the cardboard (microwaves + H2SO4 + NaOH) 16.46 gdm-3, a drawing (microwaves + H2SO4 + NaOH) 31.78 gdm-3, and office paper (microwaves + H2SO4) 25.04 gdm-3. The concentration of ethanol for SSF was highest in the same cases as in the hydrolysis. The cardboard was the maximum concentration of bio ethanol 9.5 gdm-3, for the drawing 16.1 gdm-3 and for the office paper 12.13 gdm-3.

No description available.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erfolgte am Beispiel von Weizenstroh die Entwicklung und Optimierung eines Prozesses zur Produktion von Bioethanol. Die Synergie aus effizienter Vorbehandlung mit NaOH, Reaktortyp (Freifallmischer) und einem effizienten Enzymkomplex aus Penicillium verruculosum ermöglichte die Herstellung von bis zu 13 Vol.-% Ethanol. Die Hydrolyse und Fermentation wurden simultan durchgeführt (SSF-Prozess), woraus eine Vermeidung der Produktinhibierung sowie eine Erhöhung der Ethanolproduktivität um 94 % resultierten. Eine in situ-Ethanolentfernung mittels Stripping gewährleistete einen kontinuierlichen SSF-Prozess und ermöglichte die Folgekonversion des Bioethanols mittels katalytischer Dehydratisierung zu Bioethylen. Dadurch wurde eine Wertsteigerung des Ethanols erzielt und eine energie- und kostenintensive Abtrennung, Reinigung und Konzentrierung des Ethanols umgangen. Außerdem gelang eine Übertragung des Prozesses zur Ethanolproduktion vom Labormaßstab (2 L) in den Technikumsmaßstab (200 L). Auch die Anwendung auf andere Biomassen (Miscanthus, Luzerne) sowie Rohstoffe (Weizenkleie) wurde erfolgreich gezeigt.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第18606号 / エネ博第302号 / 新制||エネ||62(附属図書館) / 31506 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 坂 志朗, 教授 杉山 淳司, 准教授 河本 晴雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Bacillus sp VLSH08 screened from sea wetland in Nam Dinh province produces an extracellular endo-1,4-beta-glucanase. According to the results of the classified Kit API 50/CHB as well as sequence of 1500 bp fragment coding for 16S rRNA gene of the Bacillus sp VLSH 08 strain showed that the taxonomical characteristics between the strain VLSH 08 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciene JN999857 are similar of 98%. Culture supernatant of this strain showed optimal cellulase activity at pH 5.8 and 60 Celsius degree and that was enhanced 2.03 times in the presence of 5 mM Co2+. Moreover, the gene encoding endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from this strain was cloned in Escherichia coli using pCR2.1 vector. The entire gene for the enzyme contained a 1500-bp single open reading frame encoding 500 amino acids, including a 29-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme is very close to that of an EG of Bacillus subtilis (EU022560.1) and an EG of Bacillus amyloliquefaciene (EU022559.1) which all belong to the cellulase family E2. A cocktail of enzyme containing this endo-1,4-beta-glucanase used for biomass hydrolysis indicated that the cellulose conversion attained to 72.76% cellulose after 48 hours. / Chủng vi khuẩn Bacillus sp VLSH08 được tuyển chọn từ tập hợp chủng vi khuẩn phân lập ở vùng ngập mặn tỉnh Nam Định có khả năng sinh tổng hợp enzyme endo-1,4-beta-glucanase ngoại bào. Kết quả phân loại chủng vi khuẩn Bacillus sp VLSH08 bằng Kit hóa sinh API 50/CHB cũng như trình tự gen mã hóa 16S rRNA cho thấy độ tương đồng của chủng Bacillus sp VLSH08 và chủng Bacillus amyloliquefaciene JN999857 đạt 98%. Dịch lên men của chủng được sử dụng làm nguồn enzyme thô để nghiên cứu hoạt độ tối ưu của enzyme ở pH 5,8 và nhiệt đô 60oC. Hoạt tính enzyme tăng 2,03 lần khi có mặt 5 mM ion Co2+. Đồng thời, gen mã hóa cho enzyme endo-1,4-betaglucanase cũng được tách dòng trong tế bào Escherichia coli sử dụng vector pCR 2.1. Gen mã hóa cho enzyme này có chiều dài 1500 bp, mã hóa cho 500 axit amin, bao gồm 29 axit amin của chuỗi peptid tín hiệu. So sánh cho thấy trình tự gen endo-1,4-beta-glucanase của chủng Bacillus sp VLSH08 có độ tương đồng cao với enzyme này của chủng Bacillus subtilis (EU022560.1) và của chủng Bacillus amyloliquefaciene (EU022559.1). Tất cả các enzyme nhóm này đều thuộc họ cellulase E2. Enzyme của chủng này cũng đã được phối trộn với các enzyme khác tạo thành cocktail để thủy phân sinh khối cho kết quả cellulose bị thủy phân 72,76% sau 48 giờ.

Fossil fuel is an important energy source, but is unavoidabiy running out. Since the cellulosic material is the most abundant source of organic matter, the ethanol, which is produced from cellulosic waste materials, is gaining more and more attention. These materials are cheap, renewable and their availability makes them superior compared to other raw materials. The cellulose must be hydrolyzed to glucose before it can be fermented to ethanol. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose using cellulase enzymes is the most widely used method. The production cost of cellulase enzymes is the major cost in ethanol manufacture. To optimize the cost of ethanol production, enzyme stability needs to be improved through maintaining the activity of the enzymes and by optimizing the production of the cellulase. The aim of researchers, engineers and industrials is to get more biomass for the same cost. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei has a long history in the production of the cellulase enzymes. This production can be influenced strongly by varying the growth media and culture conditions (pH, temperature, DO, agitation,... ). At present, it is my opinion that no modelling study has included both the hydrodynamic and kinetic aspects to investigate the effect of shear and mass transfer on the morphology of microorganisms that influence the rheology of the broth and production of cellulase. This thesis presents the development of a mathematical model for cellulase production and the growth of biomass in an airlift bioreactor. The kinetic model is coupled with the methodology of two-phase flow using mathematical models based on the bubble break-up and coalescence to predict mass transfer rate, which is one of the critical factor in the fermentation. A comparison between the results obtained by the developed model and the experimental data is given and discussed. The design proposed for the airlift geometry by Ahamed and Vermette enables us to get a high mass transfer and production rate. The results are very promising with respect to the potential of such a model for industrial use as a prediction tool, and even for design.

São objetivos deste trabalho: (1) avaliar a produção de celulases pelo fungo termofílico Myceliophthora sp. M77, isolado no âmbito do programa BIOTA-FAPESP, cultivando-o em meios compostos por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (B) e farelo de trigo (T) ou farelo de soja (S), portanto, cultivos em estado sólido; (2) avaliar a eficácia das enzimas na hidrólise de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e celulose cristalina. Nos cultivos em frascos Erlenmeyer, o maior valor de concentração de celulases foi obtido em meio SB (10:90) (porcentagem em massa) com 80% de umidade inicial, 10,3 FPU.gms-1 após cinco dias de cultivo, valor este 120% superior ao valor de 4,8 U.gms-1, que foi a maior concentração de celulases registrada no cultivo em meio TB (20:80) com 60% de umidade inicial. O uso de aeração forçada no cultivo de Myceliophthora sp. M77 em meio SB (10:90) com 80% de umidade inicial, em reator de leito fixo, resultou aumento de 30% na concentração de celulase e na máxima produtividade em relação aos cultivos em frasco Erlenmeyer. Ensaios de hidrólise nas temperaturas de 50°C, 60°C e 70°C foram realizados para determinação da melhor temperatura de ação das celulases produzidas pelo fungo Myceliophthora sp. M77. Utilizou-se extrato obtido a partir do cultivo de Myceliophthora sp. M77 em meio SB (10:90) com umidade inicial de 60% a 45°C por 3 dias. Após 48h de hidrólise de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado por explosão a vapor, a conversão de celulose a glicose foi de 15% para T=50°C, 8% para T=60°C e 1,5% para T=70°C. Os resultados indicam que pode ocorrer desnaturação térmica a 60°C e 70°C para períodos superiores a 6 h e 2 h de hidrólise, respectivamente. Ensaios de hidrólise de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado por explosão a vapor, a 50°C, com adição de 10 FPU.gms-1 de celulases produzidas por Myceliopthora sp. M77 em meio SB (10:90) resultaram conversão de celulose a glicose 50% maior do que para o ensaio de hidrólise nas mesmas condições com enzimas produzidas em meio TB (40:60), indicando que a composição dos extratos enzimáticos produzidos em meio TB e SB são diferentes. A concentração inicial de glicose de 1 g.L-1 no extrato produzido em meio TB pode ter inibido a ação da enzima b-glicosidade. Já os extratos produzidos em meio SB apresentaram concentrações de glicose inicial inferiores a 0,15 g.L-1. Ensaios de hidrólise com enzimas aderidas ao meio de cultura sólido foram realizados com a finalidade de avaliar essa metodologia em comparação à hidrólise usual com enzimas extraídas do meio. Após 48 h, as conversões de celulose a glicose das hidrólises de celulose cristalina ou bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado por explosão à vapor com enzimas aderidas ao meio de cultura foram ou superiores ou iguais àquelas obtidas nas hidrólises com enzimas extraídas do meio de cultura. Esse resultado mostra que existe a possibilidade de aplicação direta da enzima não extraída do meio de cultura sólido, com consequente redução do custo do processo de hidrólise do material celulósico para liberação de açúcares fermentescíveis. / The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the production of cellulases by a thermophilic fungus, Myceliophthora sp. M77, isolated by the BIOTA-FAPESP program. The microorganism was cultivated in media composed by sugarcane bagasse (B) and wheat bran (T) or soybean meal (S), thus, solid state cultivation; (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of these enzymes in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and crystalline cellulose. The highest cellulases concentration in Erlenmeyer flasks cultures was achieved in medium SB (10:90) (w/w) with initial moisture of 80%, 10.3 FPU.gdm-1 after five days of cultivation, a value 120% higher than 4.8 U.gdm-1, which was the highest recorded cellulases concentration in culture using TB (20:80) with 60% of initial moisture. Applying forced aeration in the cultivation of Myceliophthora sp. M77 in medium SB (10:90) with 80% initial moisture, in fixed bed reactor, cellulases concentration and maximum productivity raised 30% relative to cultivation in Erlenmeyer flask. Hydrolysis assays at temperatures of 50°C, 60°C and 70°C were performed to evaluate the optimal temperature for application of cellulases produced by the fungus Myceliophthora sp. M77, since it is a thermophilic fungus. It was used the enzymatic extract produced from cultures in medium SB (10:90) with 60% initial moisture, at 50°C, for three days. After 48 h of hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion, the conversion of cellulose to glucose was 15% for T = 50 ° C, 8% for T = 60 ° C and 1.5% T = 70 ° C. These results indicated that thermal denaturation may occur in hydrolysis at 60°C and 70°C for periods longer of 6 h and 2 h, respectively. Hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion at 50°C with addition of 10 FPU.gdm-1 of cellulases produced by Myceliopthora sp. M77 in medium TB (40:60), resulted in conversion of cellulose to glucose 50% lower than hydrolysis with enzymes produced in medium SB (10:90), under the same conditions, indicating that the composition of enzyme extracts produced in TB and SB medium are different. The initial glucose concentration of 1 g.L-1 in the enzyme extract produced in TB medium can inhibit the action of the enzyme b-glucosidade. On the other hand, initial glucose concentration in the extract produced in medium SB was lower than 0.15 g.L-1. Hydrolysis using enzymes adhered to the solid culture medium were performed in order to compare this method to the usual hydrolysis with enzymes extracted from the medium. After 48 h, the cellulose conversion to glucose in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion or crystalline cellulose were either greater than or equal to those obtained by hydrolysis with enzymes extracted from the culture medium. This result shows that there is the possibility of direct application of the enzyme still adhered to the solid culture medium, with consequent reduction of the process cost of cellulosic materials hydrolysis to release fermentable sugars.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produção de \'H IND.2\' a partir da degradação de papel sulfite com a utilização de consórcio microbiano obtido do fluido ruminal, na presença e ausência da celulase. Para obtenção de consórcio de bactérias essencialmente produtoras de \' H IND.2\', fluido de rúmen in natura, utilizado como inóculo, foi submetido a tratamento ácido (pH 3 por 24 h), e posteriormente enriquecido em meio de cultura Del Nery modificado em diluições seriais. Nos ensaios de produção de \'H IND.2\' foi utilizado 10% (v/v) desse inóculo em reatores com diferentes concentrações de papel e celulase, e em reatores controle, nos quais não houve adição de celulase. Reator anaeróbio em batelada, em triplicata, com papel sulfite e meio Del Nery modificado, foi mantido a 37 ºC, pH inicial 7,0, com headspace preenchido com \'N IND.2\' (100%) para os seguintes ensaios: (1) 0,5 g papel/L e 4 mL celulase/L; (2) 2,0 g papel/L e 15 mL celulase/ L; (3) 4,0 g papel/L e 30 mL celulase/L; (CT 1) 0,5 g papel/L; (CT 2) 2,0 g papel/L; (CT 3) 4,0 g papel/L. Os rendimentos de \'H IND.2\' foram 42, 26,6 e 24 mmol\' H IND.2\'/g papel para os ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Não houve produção de \'H IND.2\' nos reatores controle. O consumo de substrato, avaliado como glicose, foi de 56%, 56,6% e 65,4% para os ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Nos reatores controle não foi detectado consumo de papel. Em todos os reatores com celulase foi detectado principalmente ácido butírico, além de ácido acético e álcoois. Nos reatores controle foram detectados principalmente ácido acético e ácido iso-butírico. Para os ensaios 1, 2, 3, CT 1, CT 2 e CT 3, os valores de pH final foram 4,6; 3,7; 3,5; 6,8; 6,6 e 6,5, respectivamente. Bacilos Gram positivos e formadores de endósporos foram predominantes em todos os reatores. A partir da análise de PCR/DGGE foi possível observar alteração de 78% entre a comunidade original do fluido de rúmen e a comunidade microbiana presente ao final dos ensaios. Por meio da clonagem e sequenciamento do gene RNAr 16S, verificou-se similaridade de 95% a 99% com Clostridium no consórcio bacteriano do reator com papel e celulase. A produção biológica de \'H IND.2\' nos reatores com celulase foi provavelmente devido as bactérias que estiveram presentes nas condições estudadas, identificadas, principalmente, como Clostridium sp., reconhecidas como produtoras de \'H IND.2\', ácidos voláteis e álcoois. A adição de celulase foi essencial para a hidrólise do papel em carboidratos solúveis, permitindo a produção de H2 pelas bactérias presentes no consórcio microbiano. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of \'H IND.2\' from office paper degradation by using a microbial consortium obtained from rumen fluid, in the presence and absence of cellulase. In order to obtain a microbial consortium consisting mainly of hydrogen producing bacteria, rumen fluid, used as inoculum, was subjected to acid pretreatment (pH 3 for 24 h), and subsequently enriched in the modified Del Nery medium in serial dilutions. In hydrogen production assays there was used 10% (v/v) of the pretreated inoculum in reactors with different concentrations of paper and cellulase, and in control reactors, without cellulase. Anaerobic batch reactor (5 L), in triplicate, with office paper and modificated Del Nery medium, was kept in 37 ºC and initial pH 7,0, with headspace filled with \'N IND.2\' (100%), for the following assays: (1) 0,5 g paper/L e 4mL cellulase/L; (2) 2,0 g paper/L e 15 mL cellulase/ L; (3) 4,0 g paper/L e 30 mL cellulase/L; (CT 1) 0,5 g paper/L; (CT 2) 2,0 g paper/L; (CT 3 ) 4,0 g paper/L. Hydrogen yields were 42, 26,6 and 24 mmol \'H IND.2\'/g paper for the assays 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Hydrogen production was not detected in the control reactors. Substrate consumption percentage, measured as glucose, was 56%, 56,6% and 65,4%, respectively for the assays 1, 2 and 3. Paper consumption was not detected in the control reactors. Butyric acid, low concentration of acetic acid, and alcohols were detected in the reactors with cellulase. In the control reactor it was observed mainly acetic and iso-butyric acids. Final pH values were 4,6; 3,7; 3,5; 6,8; 6,6 and 6,5 for the assays 1, 2, 3, CT 1, CT 2 and CT 3, respectively. It was observed a predominance of Gram positive endospore-forming rods. From PCR/DGGE analysis it was possible to observe an alteration of 78% between the original microbial community of the ruminal fluid and the microbial community present at the end of the assays. From cloning and sequencing analysis of RNAr 16S gene, there was verified similarity of 95-99% with Clostridium in the microbial consortium. The biological hydrogen production in the assays with cellulase was probably due to bacteria present in the conditions studied, mainly identified as Clostridium sp., known as producers of hydrogen, organic acids and alcohols. The addition of cellulase was essential to promote paper breakdown into soluble carbohydrates, which allowed hydrogen production by bacteria present in the consortium.

La protéine humaine EED appartient à la famille des «Polycomb». Elle intervient dans la régulation génique. Elle jouerait aussi un rôle dans le cycle du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH-1) en participant au transport du complexe de préintégration et en facilitant la réaction d'intégration. EED a été surproduite afin d'être cristallisée seule et en complexe avec les protéines virales IN, MA et Nef. Un modèle de EED a été construit par homologie structurale. D'après nos expériences de « phage display », les régions susceptibles d'interagir avec les partenaires viraux se situent sur des boucles de ce modèle.<br />La bactérie psychrophile P. haloplanktis produit la cellulase Cel5G. Les structures de cette cellulase seule et en complexe avec le cellobiose, ont été déterminées à haute résolution par remplacement moléculaire. La cellulase Cel5A de la bactérie mésophile E. chrysanthemi a été utilisée comme modèle. Nos résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les déterminants structuraux responsables de l'adaptation des enzymes aux basses températures.

<p>The hydrolysis kinetics of bacterial cellulose and its derivatives by <i>Trichoderma reesei</i> cellulases was studied. The cellulose surface erosion model was introduced to explain the gradual and strong retardation of the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. This model identifies the decrease in apparent processivity of cellobiohydrolases during the hydrolysis as a major contributor to the decreased rates. Both enzyme-related (non-productive binding) and substrate-related (erosion of cellulose surface) processes contribute to the decrease in apparent processivity. Furthermore, the surface erosion model allows, in addition to conventional endo-exo synergism, the possibility for different modes of synergistic action between cellulases. The second mode of synergism operates in parallel with the conventional one and was found to be predominant in the hydrolysis of more crystalline celluloses and also in the synergistic action of two cellobiohydrolases. </p><p>A mechanism of substrate inhibition in synergistic hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose was proposed whereby the inhibition is a result of surface dilution of reaction components (bound cellobiohydrolase and cellulose chain ends) at lower enzyme-to-substrate ratios. </p><p>The inhibition of cellulases by the hydrolysis product, cellobiose, was found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the substrate. The hydrolysis of a low molecular weight model substrate, such as para-nitrophenyl cellobioside, by cellobiohydrolase I is strongly inhibited by cellobiose with a competitive inhibition constant around 20 μM, whereas the hydrolysis of cellulose is more resistant to inhibition with an apparent inhibition constant around 1.5 mM for cellobiose.</p>