The hydrolysis kinetics of bacterial cellulose and its derivatives by Trichoderma reesei cellulases was studied. The cellulose surface erosion model was introduced to explain the gradual and strong retardation of the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. This model identifies the decrease in apparent processivity of cellobiohydrolases during the hydrolysis as a major contributor to the decreased rates. Both enzyme-related (non-productive binding) and substrate-related (erosion of cellulose surface) processes contribute to the decrease in apparent processivity. Furthermore, the surface erosion model allows, in addition to conventional endo-exo synergism, the possibility for different modes of synergistic action between cellulases. The second mode of synergism operates in parallel with the conventional one and was found to be predominant in the hydrolysis of more crystalline celluloses and also in the synergistic action of two cellobiohydrolases. A mechanism of substrate inhibition in synergistic hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose was proposed whereby the inhibition is a result of surface dilution of reaction components (bound cellobiohydrolase and cellulose chain ends) at lower enzyme-to-substrate ratios. The inhibition of cellulases by the hydrolysis product, cellobiose, was found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the substrate. The hydrolysis of a low molecular weight model substrate, such as para-nitrophenyl cellobioside, by cellobiohydrolase I is strongly inhibited by cellobiose with a competitive inhibition constant around 20 μM, whereas the hydrolysis of cellulose is more resistant to inhibition with an apparent inhibition constant around 1.5 mM for cellobiose.

Cellulose in particular and wood in general are valuable biomaterials for humanity, and cellulose is now also in the spotlight as a starting material for the production of biofuel. Understanding the processes of wood formation and cellulose biosynthesis could therefore be rewarding, and genomics and proteomics approaches have been initiated to learn more about wood biology. For example, the genome of the tree Populus trichocarpa has been completed during 2006. A single-gene approach then has to follow, to elucidate specific patterns and enzymatic details. This thesis depicts how a gene encoding a membrane-anchored cellulase was isolated from Populus tremula x tremuloides Mich, how the corresponding protein was expressed in heterologous hosts, purified and characterized by substrate analysis using different techniques. The in vivo function and modularity of the membrane-anchored cellulase was also addressed using overexpression and complementation analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Among 9 genes found in the Populus EST database, encoding enzymes from glycosyl hydrolase family 9, two were expressed in the cambial tissue, and the membrane-anchored cellulase, PttCel9A1, was the most abundant transcript. PttCel9A1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris, and purified by affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. The low yield of recombinant protein from shake flask experiments was improved by scaling up in the fermentor. PttCel9A1 was however highly heterogenous, both mannosylated and phosphorylated, which made the protein unsuitable for crystallization experiments and 3D X-ray structure determination. Instead, a homology model using a well-characterized, homologous bacterial enzyme was built. From the homology model, interesting point mutations in the active site cleft that would highlight the functional differences of the two proteins could be identified. The real-time cleavage patterns of cello-oligosaccharides by mutant bacterial enzymes, the wildtype bacterial enzyme and PttCel9A1 were studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and compared with results from HPAEC-PAD analysis. The inverting stereochemistry for the hydrolysis reaction of the membrane-anchored poplar cellulase was also determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and it was concluded that transglycosylation in vivo is not a possible scenario. The preferred in vitro polymeric substrates for PttCel9A1 were shown to be long, low-substituted cellulose derivatives, and the endo-1,4--glucanase activity was not extended to branched or mixed linkage substrates to detectable levels. This result indicates an in vivo function in the hydrolysis of “amorphous” regions of cellulose, either during polymerization or crystallization of cellulose. In addition, overexpressing PttCel9A1 in A. thaliana, demonstrated a correlation with decreased crystallinity of cellulose. The significance of the different putative modules of PttCel9A1 was investigated by the construction of hybrid proteins, that were introduced into a knock-out mutant of A. thaliana, and the potential complementation of the phenotype was examined. A type B plant cellulase catalytic domain could not substitute for a type A plant cellulase catalytic domain, although localization and interaction motifs were added to the N- and C-terminus. / QC 20100802

Aquaculture represents a sustainable alternative to natural fisheries for provision of high quality, animal protein. Crustaceans make a significant contribution to global aquaculture production, of which decapods are the most economically important group. Among freshwater crayfish, the genus Cherax includes several species that have emerged as important culture species. A suite of favourable biological attributes, including fast growth and an omnivorous feeding habit, have contributed to establishment of successful culture of Cherax quadricarinatus (redclaw) in many countries. Aspects of redclaw production, however, remain relatively undeveloped, in particular feed formulation. To better understand the digestive processes and nutritional requirements of redclaw, this study examined the relationship between diet composition and digestive enzyme activity, growth performance and diet digestibility coefficients. The extent to which redclaw can efficiently utilise complex polysaccharides, such as cellulose, has been speculated on by authors who reported endogenous cellulase activity in this species. I evaluated the use of insoluble α-cellulose by redclaw, demonstrated that high dietary levels (30%) can significantly reduce the specific activity of selected digestive enzymes (amylase and cellulase), while also lowering apparent digestibility coefficients. Inclusion of α-cellulose above 12% also significantly reduced survival rate, specific growth rate and feeding efficiency in this organism which corresponds with low tolerance for insoluble fibre by other decapods. Even though redclaw possess endogenous cellulases, they appear to have only a limited capacity to utilise insoluble fibre in their diets. Further, I assessed the impact of different nutrient profiles on digestive enzyme activity, growth and tail muscle composition in redclaw. Purified diets containing varying levels of dietary protein significantly affected activity of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and cellulase) and the composition of the tail muscle tissue. Redclaw have a relatively low protein requirement, which was reflected here, as little significant difference was observed in growth rates and the feed conversion ratio was only significantly affected by the lowest protein diet. Manipulation of the non-protein energy component in purified diets (protein to lipid ratio) had no effect on growth performance indices in redclaw. Digestive enzyme activity (protease) was however, strongly influenced by both the amount of protein and lipid in the diet and a significant correlation was observed between protease activity and growth performance indices. The findings here, provide preliminary data for consideration of digestive enzymes such as proteases as potential growth indicators for freshwater crayfish. These enzymes are already recognised as reliable biological indicators for comparison of digestive efficiency and potential growth rate in fish. The relationship between diet composition and digestive enzyme expression observed here, stress the need for further empirical evaluation of specific ingredients in artificial diets for redclaw. A range of single cell, plant and animal-based, agricultural products were assessed for their potential use in diets formulated for redclaw. Analysis of dietary supplements revealed that apparent digestibility of crude protein was generally higher for diets containing plant-based ingredients. A similar outcome was observed for digestibility coefficients of test ingredients. Ingredient type also had a significant effect on digestive enzyme activity. Importantly, a significant correlation was observed for enzyme activity and apparent digestibility coefficients. It appears that redclaw have the capacity to utilise nutrients from a broad range of dietary ingredients successfully including animal, single cell and in particular, plant matter in their diet. Taken together, the results presented here demonstrate that digestive enzyme activities in redclaw are significantly influenced by diet composition. I show clearly that the ability of redclaw to utilise various nutrients (measured as digestibility coefficients) is highly correlated with digestive enzyme activity. Finally, protease activity demonstrated a potential for use as an indicator of redclaw growth performance. The data presented here will contribute to development of better and cheaper feed formulations for use in redclaw aquaculture and have broader applications to freshwater crustacean culture. In particular, the potential for use of plant-based ingredients in aqua-feeds for redclaw will contribute to a more economically and environmentally sustainable redclaw culture.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2540.pdf: 2404853 bytes, checksum: 5e1d90d2a3d16f30a431e16e644da26d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The sugarcane weevil, Sphenophorus levis, is an important pest in sugarcane culture in São Paulo state, Brazil. To complete its life cycle, S. levis may depends on microorganisms that inhabit its intestinal tract and play an important key in the insect physiology and nutrition. In this study we report the characterization of the intestinal microbiota from population of insect larvae from field and laboratory. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences revealed a total of fourteen genera, one group from Candidatus category and two uncultivable groups represented by Alfa-Proteobacteria, Beta-Proteobacteria, Gamma-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phylum. Microorganisms isolated through culture-dependent methods were classified according morphological parameters and using 16S rDNA molecular marker. In addition to bacteria, four filamentous fungi were isolated. It was observed a slightly higher bacterial diversity in field than in laboratory according to Shannon index (Field H'= 3,36; Laboratory H'= 3,26). It is also our objective in this work to search for microorganisms capable to degrade cellulose, an important event in the insect attack. From the cultivable microorganisms, five genera of bacteria and two filamentous fungi presented cellulolytic activity. This is the first study about S. levis microbiota which may contribute to understand the interaction plant-pathogen and also be useful for future development of new strategies for control of S. levis in sugarcane cultivation. / A cana-de-açúcar é uma das mais importantes culturas no Brasil. No entanto, muitas pragas atacam esta cultura causando prejuízos econômicos. O gorgulho da cana-deaçúcar, Sphenophorus levis, é uma importante praga na cultura canavieira no Estado de São Paulo. Para completar o seu ciclo de vida, S. levis parece depender de microorganismos que habitam o seu trato intestinal e desempenham um importante função na fisiologia e nutrição do inseto. Neste estudo, nós realizamos a caracterização da microbiota intestinal de população de larvas de inseto campo e de laboratório. As análises das seqüências de 16S rDNA revelaram um total de catorze gêneros, um grupo da categoria Candidatus e dois grupos nãocultiváveis representados pelos filos Alfa-Proteobacteria, Beta-Proteobacteria, Gamma- Proteobacteria, Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes tanto em larvas do campo quanto nas do laboratório. Os microrganismos isolados através dos métodos dependentes de cultura foram agrupados de acordo com parâmetros morfológicos e através do marcador moléculas 16S rDNA. Além das bactérias também foram isolados quatro fungos filamentosos. Observou-se uma diversidade bacteriana levemente superior no campo do que no laboratório de acordo com o índice de Shannon (Campo H '= 3,36; Laboratório H' = 3,26). É também nosso objetivo neste trabalho encontrar microorganismos capazes de degradar celulose, um importante evento no ataque do inseto. Dos microorganismos cultiváveis, cinco gêneros de bactérias e dois fungos filamentosos apresentaram atividade celulolítica. Este é o primeiro estudo sobre a microbiota do S. levis que pode contribuir para a compreensão da interação planta-patógeno e também ser útil para o futuro desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controle de S. levis no cultivo da cana-de-açúcar.

São objetivos deste trabalho: (1) avaliar a produção de celulases pelo fungo termofílico Myceliophthora sp. M77, isolado no âmbito do programa BIOTA-FAPESP, cultivando-o em meios compostos por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (B) e farelo de trigo (T) ou farelo de soja (S), portanto, cultivos em estado sólido; (2) avaliar a eficácia das enzimas na hidrólise de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e celulose cristalina. Nos cultivos em frascos Erlenmeyer, o maior valor de concentração de celulases foi obtido em meio SB (10:90) (porcentagem em massa) com 80% de umidade inicial, 10,3 FPU.gms-1 após cinco dias de cultivo, valor este 120% superior ao valor de 4,8 U.gms-1, que foi a maior concentração de celulases registrada no cultivo em meio TB (20:80) com 60% de umidade inicial. O uso de aeração forçada no cultivo de Myceliophthora sp. M77 em meio SB (10:90) com 80% de umidade inicial, em reator de leito fixo, resultou aumento de 30% na concentração de celulase e na máxima produtividade em relação aos cultivos em frasco Erlenmeyer. Ensaios de hidrólise nas temperaturas de 50°C, 60°C e 70°C foram realizados para determinação da melhor temperatura de ação das celulases produzidas pelo fungo Myceliophthora sp. M77. Utilizou-se extrato obtido a partir do cultivo de Myceliophthora sp. M77 em meio SB (10:90) com umidade inicial de 60% a 45°C por 3 dias. Após 48h de hidrólise de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado por explosão a vapor, a conversão de celulose a glicose foi de 15% para T=50°C, 8% para T=60°C e 1,5% para T=70°C. Os resultados indicam que pode ocorrer desnaturação térmica a 60°C e 70°C para períodos superiores a 6 h e 2 h de hidrólise, respectivamente. Ensaios de hidrólise de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado por explosão a vapor, a 50°C, com adição de 10 FPU.gms-1 de celulases produzidas por Myceliopthora sp. M77 em meio SB (10:90) resultaram conversão de celulose a glicose 50% maior do que para o ensaio de hidrólise nas mesmas condições com enzimas produzidas em meio TB (40:60), indicando que a composição dos extratos enzimáticos produzidos em meio TB e SB são diferentes. A concentração inicial de glicose de 1 g.L-1 no extrato produzido em meio TB pode ter inibido a ação da enzima b-glicosidade. Já os extratos produzidos em meio SB apresentaram concentrações de glicose inicial inferiores a 0,15 g.L-1. Ensaios de hidrólise com enzimas aderidas ao meio de cultura sólido foram realizados com a finalidade de avaliar essa metodologia em comparação à hidrólise usual com enzimas extraídas do meio. Após 48 h, as conversões de celulose a glicose das hidrólises de celulose cristalina ou bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado por explosão à vapor com enzimas aderidas ao meio de cultura foram ou superiores ou iguais àquelas obtidas nas hidrólises com enzimas extraídas do meio de cultura. Esse resultado mostra que existe a possibilidade de aplicação direta da enzima não extraída do meio de cultura sólido, com consequente redução do custo do processo de hidrólise do material celulósico para liberação de açúcares fermentescíveis. / The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the production of cellulases by a thermophilic fungus, Myceliophthora sp. M77, isolated by the BIOTA-FAPESP program. The microorganism was cultivated in media composed by sugarcane bagasse (B) and wheat bran (T) or soybean meal (S), thus, solid state cultivation; (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of these enzymes in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and crystalline cellulose. The highest cellulases concentration in Erlenmeyer flasks cultures was achieved in medium SB (10:90) (w/w) with initial moisture of 80%, 10.3 FPU.gdm-1 after five days of cultivation, a value 120% higher than 4.8 U.gdm-1, which was the highest recorded cellulases concentration in culture using TB (20:80) with 60% of initial moisture. Applying forced aeration in the cultivation of Myceliophthora sp. M77 in medium SB (10:90) with 80% initial moisture, in fixed bed reactor, cellulases concentration and maximum productivity raised 30% relative to cultivation in Erlenmeyer flask. Hydrolysis assays at temperatures of 50°C, 60°C and 70°C were performed to evaluate the optimal temperature for application of cellulases produced by the fungus Myceliophthora sp. M77, since it is a thermophilic fungus. It was used the enzymatic extract produced from cultures in medium SB (10:90) with 60% initial moisture, at 50°C, for three days. After 48 h of hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion, the conversion of cellulose to glucose was 15% for T = 50 ° C, 8% for T = 60 ° C and 1.5% T = 70 ° C. These results indicated that thermal denaturation may occur in hydrolysis at 60°C and 70°C for periods longer of 6 h and 2 h, respectively. Hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion at 50°C with addition of 10 FPU.gdm-1 of cellulases produced by Myceliopthora sp. M77 in medium TB (40:60), resulted in conversion of cellulose to glucose 50% lower than hydrolysis with enzymes produced in medium SB (10:90), under the same conditions, indicating that the composition of enzyme extracts produced in TB and SB medium are different. The initial glucose concentration of 1 g.L-1 in the enzyme extract produced in TB medium can inhibit the action of the enzyme b-glucosidade. On the other hand, initial glucose concentration in the extract produced in medium SB was lower than 0.15 g.L-1. Hydrolysis using enzymes adhered to the solid culture medium were performed in order to compare this method to the usual hydrolysis with enzymes extracted from the medium. After 48 h, the cellulose conversion to glucose in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion or crystalline cellulose were either greater than or equal to those obtained by hydrolysis with enzymes extracted from the culture medium. This result shows that there is the possibility of direct application of the enzyme still adhered to the solid culture medium, with consequent reduction of the process cost of cellulosic materials hydrolysis to release fermentable sugars.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produção de \'H IND.2\' a partir da degradação de papel sulfite com a utilização de consórcio microbiano obtido do fluido ruminal, na presença e ausência da celulase. Para obtenção de consórcio de bactérias essencialmente produtoras de \' H IND.2\', fluido de rúmen in natura, utilizado como inóculo, foi submetido a tratamento ácido (pH 3 por 24 h), e posteriormente enriquecido em meio de cultura Del Nery modificado em diluições seriais. Nos ensaios de produção de \'H IND.2\' foi utilizado 10% (v/v) desse inóculo em reatores com diferentes concentrações de papel e celulase, e em reatores controle, nos quais não houve adição de celulase. Reator anaeróbio em batelada, em triplicata, com papel sulfite e meio Del Nery modificado, foi mantido a 37 ºC, pH inicial 7,0, com headspace preenchido com \'N IND.2\' (100%) para os seguintes ensaios: (1) 0,5 g papel/L e 4 mL celulase/L; (2) 2,0 g papel/L e 15 mL celulase/ L; (3) 4,0 g papel/L e 30 mL celulase/L; (CT 1) 0,5 g papel/L; (CT 2) 2,0 g papel/L; (CT 3) 4,0 g papel/L. Os rendimentos de \'H IND.2\' foram 42, 26,6 e 24 mmol\' H IND.2\'/g papel para os ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Não houve produção de \'H IND.2\' nos reatores controle. O consumo de substrato, avaliado como glicose, foi de 56%, 56,6% e 65,4% para os ensaios 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Nos reatores controle não foi detectado consumo de papel. Em todos os reatores com celulase foi detectado principalmente ácido butírico, além de ácido acético e álcoois. Nos reatores controle foram detectados principalmente ácido acético e ácido iso-butírico. Para os ensaios 1, 2, 3, CT 1, CT 2 e CT 3, os valores de pH final foram 4,6; 3,7; 3,5; 6,8; 6,6 e 6,5, respectivamente. Bacilos Gram positivos e formadores de endósporos foram predominantes em todos os reatores. A partir da análise de PCR/DGGE foi possível observar alteração de 78% entre a comunidade original do fluido de rúmen e a comunidade microbiana presente ao final dos ensaios. Por meio da clonagem e sequenciamento do gene RNAr 16S, verificou-se similaridade de 95% a 99% com Clostridium no consórcio bacteriano do reator com papel e celulase. A produção biológica de \'H IND.2\' nos reatores com celulase foi provavelmente devido as bactérias que estiveram presentes nas condições estudadas, identificadas, principalmente, como Clostridium sp., reconhecidas como produtoras de \'H IND.2\', ácidos voláteis e álcoois. A adição de celulase foi essencial para a hidrólise do papel em carboidratos solúveis, permitindo a produção de H2 pelas bactérias presentes no consórcio microbiano. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of \'H IND.2\' from office paper degradation by using a microbial consortium obtained from rumen fluid, in the presence and absence of cellulase. In order to obtain a microbial consortium consisting mainly of hydrogen producing bacteria, rumen fluid, used as inoculum, was subjected to acid pretreatment (pH 3 for 24 h), and subsequently enriched in the modified Del Nery medium in serial dilutions. In hydrogen production assays there was used 10% (v/v) of the pretreated inoculum in reactors with different concentrations of paper and cellulase, and in control reactors, without cellulase. Anaerobic batch reactor (5 L), in triplicate, with office paper and modificated Del Nery medium, was kept in 37 ºC and initial pH 7,0, with headspace filled with \'N IND.2\' (100%), for the following assays: (1) 0,5 g paper/L e 4mL cellulase/L; (2) 2,0 g paper/L e 15 mL cellulase/ L; (3) 4,0 g paper/L e 30 mL cellulase/L; (CT 1) 0,5 g paper/L; (CT 2) 2,0 g paper/L; (CT 3 ) 4,0 g paper/L. Hydrogen yields were 42, 26,6 and 24 mmol \'H IND.2\'/g paper for the assays 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Hydrogen production was not detected in the control reactors. Substrate consumption percentage, measured as glucose, was 56%, 56,6% and 65,4%, respectively for the assays 1, 2 and 3. Paper consumption was not detected in the control reactors. Butyric acid, low concentration of acetic acid, and alcohols were detected in the reactors with cellulase. In the control reactor it was observed mainly acetic and iso-butyric acids. Final pH values were 4,6; 3,7; 3,5; 6,8; 6,6 and 6,5 for the assays 1, 2, 3, CT 1, CT 2 and CT 3, respectively. It was observed a predominance of Gram positive endospore-forming rods. From PCR/DGGE analysis it was possible to observe an alteration of 78% between the original microbial community of the ruminal fluid and the microbial community present at the end of the assays. From cloning and sequencing analysis of RNAr 16S gene, there was verified similarity of 95-99% with Clostridium in the microbial consortium. The biological hydrogen production in the assays with cellulase was probably due to bacteria present in the conditions studied, mainly identified as Clostridium sp., known as producers of hydrogen, organic acids and alcohols. The addition of cellulase was essential to promote paper breakdown into soluble carbohydrates, which allowed hydrogen production by bacteria present in the consortium.

<p>Tri soja gljive bukovače, P. ostreatus NS 77, P. ostreatus NS 355 i P. ostreatus 244,<br />gajena su na supstratima četiri biljne vrste, p&scaron;enica, kukuruz, soja i suncokret, kao<br />samostalni supstrati i u kombinaciji sa p&scaron;eničnom slamom. Nakon plodono&scaron;enja<br />vr&scaron;ena su ispitivanja odgajivačkih, morfolo&scaron;kih, hemijskih, svojstva gljiva, kao i<br />hemijske i mikrobiolo&scaron;ke&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; sirovim supstratima u odnosu na sadržaj celuloze u<br />supstratima nakon plodono&scaron;enja sojeva, dok je kod sadržaja pepela obrnuto, u sirovim<br />supstratima je niži u odnosu na supstrate nakon plodono&scaron;enja. Koncentracija ukupnog<br />broja mikroorganizama, brojnost amonifikatora i brojnost saprofitnih gljiva na<br />nesterilisanim supstratima je niža nego na iskori&scaron;tenim supstratima. Dehidrogenazna<br />aktivnost&nbsp; je najvi&scaron;a na supstratima nakon plodono&scaron;enja soja NS 244, dok kod<br />enzimskog kompleksa celulaza varira u zavisnosti od soja i supstrata Kod sva tri soja<br />maksimalni prinosi su bili na supstratu Soja (S5), a minimlni na supstratu P&scaron;enica<br />(S1). Na osnovu morfolo&scaron;kih osobine konstatovana je velika varijabilnist između<br />sojeva. Supstrat Kukuruz (S6) se pokazao kao najbolji, sa aspekta vodnog režima, dok<br />se Suncokret (S7) pokazao kao najlo&scaron;iji. Na supstratu Kukuruz (S6) je najvi&scaron;i, a na<br />supstratu P&scaron;enica (S1) je najniži sadržaj pepela. Sadržaj natrijuma u nožici je veći od<br />sadržaja u &scaron;e&scaron;iru, &scaron;to je obrnuto u odnosu na druge mikroelemente i makroelemente.<br />Sadržaj celuloze je vi&scaron;i u svim&nbsp; sirovim supstratima, dok&nbsp; je kod sadržaja pepela<br />obrnuto. Brojnost svih mikroorgnaizma na nesterilisanim supstratima je niža nego na<br />iskori&scaron;tenim supstratima.&nbsp; Dehidrogenazna&nbsp; je najvi&scaron;a na supstratima nakon<br />plodono&scaron;enja soja NS 244, dok kod enzimskog kompleksa celulaza varira u zavisnosti<br />od soja i supstrata.</p> / <p>Three strains of oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus NS 77, NS 355, and 244) were grown on substrates made from four crops (wheat, maize, soybean, and sunflower), as individual substrates or in combination with wheat straw. After fruit maturity,&nbsp; mushroom growing, morphological, and chemical properties were analysed, as well as chemical and microbiological analyses of fresh and used substrates. All three strains showed maximum yields on soybean substrate (S5), and minimum yields on wheat substrate (S1). A large variability among the strains was observed based on the morphological properties. The strain NS 77 has caps of the smallest weight,&nbsp; width and length, the largest number of fruiting bodies, and the longest stalks. The&nbsp; strain NS 244 have caps of the largest weight, width and length, the lowest number of fruiting bodies and stalk length, but the largest width of the stalks. Regarding water regime, maize substrate (S6) was the best, while sunflower (S7) was the poorest. Ash content was the highest in maize substrate (S6) and the lowest in wheat&nbsp; substrate (S1). Potassium content in the stalk was higher than in the cap, which is opposite from other micro- and macro elements. Cellulose content was higher in all fresh substrates than in the used substrates after the strains have fruited, while ash content was higher in the used substrates. Concentration of total number of microorganisms, abundance of ammonifiers and saprophytic fungi in the unsterilized substrates were lower than in the used ones. Dehydrogenase activity was the highest in substrates after fruiting of NS 244, while cellulose enzyme complex varied regarding the strain and substrate.</p>

The diploma thesis is focused on production possibilities of bioethanol from waste paper by yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. Waste cardboard was used as a potential substrate for bioethanol production. Several methods for cardboard preparation were introduced and compared as well as methods of fermentation. Simultaneous sacharification and fermentation and separate hydrolysis and fermentation of preprepared cardboard paper were performed in different pH buffer (4,8-7). Simultaneous sacharification and fermentation was held at a temperature of 45°C. Hydrolysis in separate hydrolysis and fermentation was performed at 50°C and fermentation at 25°C. Procedures outputs were obtained by sampling in specific time intervals and samples were analyzed by HPLC for presence and concentration glucose and ethanol. The results of the analysis have shown that the highest concentration of glucose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis was achieved by using microwaves, 2% H2SO4 and 2% NaOH pretreated paperboard at pH 4,8. The highest yield of ethanol was obtained by separate hydrolysis and fermentation of pulp pretreated by microwaves, 2% H2SO4 and 2% NaOH in pH 5,4 buffer. The method SHF proved to be more effective for the production of ethanol than SSF.

Depuis longtemps, le bois est utilisé comme combustible, matériau de construction et dans la fabrication de pâtes à papier. Actuellement des procédés thermochimiques, biochimiques et microbiologiques permettent une valorisation du bois conduisant à l'obtention d'intermédiaires chimiques directement utilisables dans l'industrie. L'hydrolyse enzymatique de la cellulose est l'une de ces méthodes. Elle conduit à l'obtention du glucose, point de départ de nombreuses synthèses chimiques dans l'industrie chimique. L'immobilisation de l'enzyme sur support insoluble permet une utilisation répétée de l'enzyme. Cette étude met en évidence le comportement de la cellulase immobilisée vis-à-vis de son substrat. La cellulose est rendue amorphe et soluble par un traitement chimique préalable. Ensuite les différents paramètres influençant l'activité de l'enzyme immobilisée sont étudiés afin de déterminer les conditions optimales de fonctionnement d'un tel système

O mundo se depara atualmente com a perspectiva de um significativo aumento na demanda por etanol combustível. O bagaço de cana está entre os maiores subprodutos agroindustriais no Brasil, sendo uma das alternativas na utilização para a produção do etanol de segunda geração. A degradação do bagaço de cana requer a ação de muitas enzimas diferentes que são reguladas transcripcionalmente. Considerando-se que o custo de celulases e hemicelulases contribuem substancialmente no preço do bioetanol, novos estudos visando o entendimento da eficiência e produtividade de celulases são de grande importância. Para entender como melhorar coquetéis de enzimas que podem hidrolizar o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado, uitlizou-se um experimento de genômica para investigar-se quais genes e vias são transcripcionalmente moduladas durante o crescimento de A. niger em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Neste trabalho foram identificados genes que codificam celulases e hemicelulases com aumento da expresão durante o crescimento em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Foi também realizada a determinação do acúmulo de mRNA de diversos genes que codificam transportadores para verificar se estes eram induzidos por xilose e por depedência de glicose. Foram identificados 18 genes que corresponde a 58% de celulases preditas em A. niger e 21 genes que correponde a 58% de hemicelulases preditas em A. niger os quias foram altamente expressos durante o crescimento em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Foi investigado também o papel central realizado pelas proteínas quinases e fosfatases não essenciais (NPKs e NPPs, respectivamente) quando em presença de celulose como fonte de carbono, no sensoriamento do estado energético e na subsequente via de sinalização no fungo filamentoso modelo Aspergillus nidulans. O estudo com A. nidulans identificou 11 quinases e 7 fosfatases não essências, NPKs e NPPs, respectivamente, envolvidas na produção de celulases e em alguns casos, na produção também de hemicelulases. O envolvimento destas NPKs identificadas na resposta induzida por avicel e na desrepressão foram acessados pela análise do transcriptoma da cepa selvagem e por microscopia de fluorescência através da cepa de fusão CreA::GFP expressa no selvagem e no background dos mutantes de NPKs. A ausência das quinases snfA e schA reduziu dramaticamente a resposta transcricional induzida por celulose incluindo a expressão de enzimas hidrolíticas e transportadores, enquanto que a ausência de snfA resultou em uma quase completa modulação gênica induzida por celulose. O mecanismo pelo qual essas duas quinases controlam a transcrição gênica foi identificado, onde os dois mutantes de quinases foram capazes de desbloquear o CreA mediante a repressão catabólica do carbono (CCR), sob condições de desrepressão, como em baixa presença de carbono ou crescimento em celulose. Desta forma, este trabalho abriu novas possibilidades para o entendimento da sacarificação do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar por hidrolases de A. niger e para a construção de coquetéis de enzimas mais eficientes para a obtenção do etanol de segunda geração. Também possibilitou a identificação de muitas quinases e fosfatases envolvidas no sensoriamento do carbono e do estado energético, as quais demonstraram papéis sobrespostos e distintos de snfA e schA na regulação da desrepressão de CreA e na produção de enzimas hidrolíticas em A. nidulans. / The world today is faced with the prospect of a significant increase in demand for fuel ethanol. Sugarcane bagasse is among the largest agro-industrial by-products in Brazil, one of the alternatives in use for the production of second generation ethanol. Degradation of sugarcane bagasse requires the action of many different enzymes which are transcriptionally regulated. Considering that the costs of cellulases and hemicellulases contribute substantially to the price of bioethanol, new studies aimed at understanding and improving cellulase efficiency and productivity are of paramount importance. To understand how to improve enzymatic cocktails that can hydrolyze pretreated sugarcane bagasse, we used a genomics approach to investigate which genes and pathways are transcriptionally modulated during growth of A. niger on steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse. We also sought to determine whether the mRNA accumulation of several steam-exploded sugarcane bagasseinduced genes encoding putative transporters is induced by xylose and dependent on glucose. We identified 18 genes that corresponds to 58% of A. niger predicted cellulases and 21 genes that correspond to 58% of A. niger predicted hemicellulases, that were highly expressed during growth on sugarcane bagasse. The central role performed by nonessential protein kinases (NPK) and phosphatases (NPP) when grown on cellulose as a sole carbon source, in the sensing energetic status and the subsequent signalling pathways was assessed in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. This study identified multiple kinases and phosphatases (NPKs and NPPs, respectively) involved in the sensing of carbon or energetic status, while demonstrating the overlapping and distinct roles of snfA and schA in the regulation of CreA derepression and hydrolytic enzyme production in A.nidulans. The involvement of the identified NPKs in avicel-induced responses and CreA derepression was assessed by genome-wide transcriptomics and fluorescent microscopy of a CreA::GFP fusion proteinexpressed in the wild-type and NPK-deficient mutant backgrounds. The absence of either the schA or snfA kinase dramatically reduced cellulose-induced transcriptional responses including the expression of hydrolytic enzymes and transporters, while the absence snfA resulted in a near complete loss of wild-typecellulose-induced gene modulation. The mechanism by which these two NPKs controlled gene transcription was identified, as neither of NPK-deficient mutants were able to unlock CreA-mediated carbon catabolite repression, under derepressing conditions, such as carbon starvation or growth on cellulose. Our presently reported work opens new possibilities for understanding sugarcane biomass saccharification by A. niger hydrolases and for the construction of more efficient enzymatic cocktails for second-generation bioethanol. This work also enable the identification of multiple kinases and phosphatases involved in the sensing of carbon or energetic status, while demonstrating the overlapping and distinct roles of snfA and schA in the regulation of CreA derepression and hydrolytic enzyme production in A.nidulans.