Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_Tese_Homero_Scalon_Filho.pdf: 7423772 bytes, checksum: da7fe41b8adc20ffaebc71dac1a85c5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-04 / Limited information is available on the floristic composition of ecosystem and population surveys are time consuming and expensive, and sampling a considerable alternative. The objective of this work was the completion of the census of five native tree species in the forest area of savanah, and subsequent implementation and evaluation of sampling methods employed in phytosociological surveys. The characteristics of frequency, density and dominance absolutes were estimated and observed the dispersion of juveniles relative to the nearest matrix. An area of 75,000 m2 was previously selected in the Santa Madalena farm, district of Itahum, city of Dourados, MS, Brazil, located at coordinates 22o09'07.57" S and 54o59'55.43" O to 483 m high, and divided into 30 smaller areas of 50 x 50 meters to facilitate the identification, marking, counting, measuring and checking of tree evaluated. Species considered due to the high extraction for presenting therapeutic capabilities, were Anadenanthera falcata (Bth) Speg (angico-preto-do-cerrado), Bauhinia holophyla (Bong.) Stend (falsa-pata-de-vaca), Dimorfanda mollis Benth (faveiro-do-cerrado), Duguetia furfuraceae (St. Hil.) B. et H. (araticum-do-cerrado) and Tabebuia aurea (Manso) B. et H. (para-tudo). Were collected Circumference at Breast Height - CBH, canopy diameter and georeferenced position. The diameter of the canopy was estimated from the average of the largest diameter and the other transverse to it, allowing the estimation of the mean radius, which was then transformed into area pantries to estimate the coverage area CA of each species. The CBH was used for calculation of dominance parameter affect the basal area. The frequency was calculated as the number of individuals observed and the number of areas in which the species occurred, and the density was expressed as number of individuals per unit area (acres). Values of frequency, density and dominances relatives were used to calculate the Importance Value Index - IVI. The data georeferencing were launched in Software AutoCad generated six maps in scale 1:400, being a general map and five, one for each species evaluated. The maps were divided into quadrants for analysis of dispersion and sampling strategies from them were established with variation of the area sampled to evaluate the effectiveness of different sampling systems used in phytosociological surveys in forest savannah. 549 individuals were found with CBH above 0.02 m being the species with the highest number araticum (155 individuals), and falsa-pata-de-vaca the lowest occurrence (9 individuals). The CA was generated by five species of 922.959 m2 ha-1, this being 476.832 m2 ha-1 refers to angico and only 3.289 m2 ha-1 for the falsa-pata-de-vaca. The angico still showed higher dominance (1.212) and IVI (103.560), and falsa-pata-de-vaca only 0.003 of dominance and IVI of 5.22. CBH values were transformed in diameter at breast height - DBH and distributed into five classes in order to investigate their distribution according to age groups, and it was found that the class of younger subjects, there was suppression of the species, indicating strong impacting action and electing distribution in age classes as an important tool for understanding the phenological state of the forest. Treatments faced with the census sampling methods were composed of varying areas. Most methods differ significantly in phytosociological parameters of the sense performed. For the evaluation of the number of individuals para-tudo the method of sample plots was efficient. For estimates the phytosociological parameters any of sampling methods can be recommended for forest savannah, in the conditions that this study was conducted / Existe pouca informação sobre a composição florística dos ecossistemas e levantamentos populacionais são demorados e caros, sendo a amostragem uma alternativa considerável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a realização do censo populacional de cinco espécies arbóreas em área nativa de mata de cerrado, e posterior aplicação e avaliação de métodos de amostragem empregados em levantamentos fitossociológicos. Foram estimadas as características frequência, densidade e dominância absolutas e observada a dispersão dos indivíduos jovens em relação à matriz mais próxima. Uma área útil de 75.000 m2 foi previamente selecionada na fazenda Santa Madalena, distrito de Itahum, município de Dourados, MS, situada nas coordenadas 22o09 07.57 S e 54o59 55.43 O a 483 metros de altitude, e dividida em 30 áreas menores de 50 x 50 metros para facilitar a identificação, marcação, contagem, medição e conferência dos indivíduos avaliados. As espécies consideradas em função do alto extrativismo, por apresentarem capacidades terapêuticas segundo mateiros locais, foram a Anadenanthera falcata (Bth) Speg (angico-preto-docerrado), Bauhinia holophyla (Bong.) Stend (falsa-pata-de-vaca), Dimorfanda mollis Benth (faveiro-do-cerrado), Duguetia furfuraceae (St. Hil.) B. et H. (araticum-do-cerrado) e Tabebuia aurea (Manso) B. et H. (para-tudo). Os dados coletados foram circunferência à altura do peito CAP, diâmetro de copas e posição georreferenciada. O diâmetro das copas foi estimado a partir da média entre o maior diâmetro e outro transversal a este, permitindo a estimativa do raio médio que em seguida foi transformado em área de copas para estimativa da área de cobertura AC de cada espécie. A CAP foi utilizada para os cálculos de dominância, parâmetro afeto à área basal. A frequência foi calculada em função do número de indivíduos observados e o número de áreas em que ocorreu a espécie, e a densidade foi expressa em número de indivíduos por unidade de área (hectares). Dos valores de frequências, densidades e dominâncias relativas foi calculado o Índice de Valor de Importância IVI. Os dados de georreferenciamento foram lançados no Software AutoCad que gerou seis mapas em escala de 1:400, sendo um mapa geral e outros cinco, um para cada espécie avaliada, que foram divididos em quadrantes para análises de dispersão e a partir deles foram estabelecidas estratégias amostrais, com variação da área amostrada visando avaliar a eficácia dos diferentes sistemas amostrais utilizados em levantamentos fitossociológicos em mata de cerrado. Foram encontrados 549 indivíduos com CAP acima de 0,02 m sendo a espécie com maior número o araticum (155 indivíduos), e a falsa-pata-de-vaca a de menor ocorrência (9 indivíduos). A AC gerada pelas cinco espécies foi de 922,959 m2 ha-1, sendo desta 476,832 m2 ha-1 referente ao angico e apenas 3,289 m2 ha-1 pela falsa-pata-de-vaca. O angico ainda apresentou maior dominância (1,212) e IVI (103,560), e a falsa-pata-de-vaca apenas 0,003 de dominância e IVI de 5,22. Os valores de CAP foram transformados em Diâmetro à Altura do Peito - DAP e distribuídos em cinco classes para averiguação de sua distribuição conforme grupos de idade, e foi verificado que na classe dos indivíduos mais jovens houve supressão das espécies, evidenciando forte ação impactante e elegendo a distribuição em classes de idades como ferramenta importante para o entendimento do estado fenológico da mata. Os tratamentos confrontados com o censo foram compostos por métodos amostrais com variação nas áreas. Para a avaliação do número de indivíduos do para-tudo os métodos foram eficientes exceção feita à parcela de 5 x 10 m e o transecto em duas direções. Os métodos diferiram significativamente, em todos os parâmetros fitossociológicos, do senso realizado. Para estimativas dos parâmetros fitossociológicos nenhum dos métodos amostrais avaliados pode ser recomendado para mata de cerrado, nas condições em que este estudo foi conduzido

This thesis is about the negotiations of inclusion of Afro-Colombians in multiculturalism, understood as a form of government of populations based on cultural difference, but in which the limits of that difference that is recognized and managed politically are in permanent reconfiguration. Using the ethnographic approach (as a method of research and text description) I take various senses about the Afro-Colombian cultural difference, and how they are re-signified and mobilized in three universes where it is possible to approach the particularities of the multicultural project in Colombia: the negotiations for the categories in the censuses, the negotiations around the policy of reparation to victims, and the negotiations about their afropacific music. In each universe I identify the social actors that converge, the articulations, tensions and sonorities that come from these interactions, in order to identify the senses about Afro-Colombian ethnicity that are (re)configured and the associated socio-political dynamics. The analysis of this three proposed ethnographic universes allows me to conclude with a critical look on the Colombian multicultural project in the current post-conflict scenario, and how the anthropological practice is inscribed in this context. / Esta tesis trata sobre las negociaciones por la inclusión de los afrocolombianos al multiculturalismo, comprendido como una forma de gobierno de las poblaciones basada en la diferencia cultural, pero donde los límites de esa diferencia que se reconoce y gestiona políticamente están en permanente reconfiguración. Empleando el enfoque etnográfico (como método de investigación y descripción textual) sigo los diversos sentidos sobre la diferencia cultural afrocolombiana, y cómo son resignificados y movilizados en tres universos donde es posible aproximarse a las particularidades del proyecto multicultural en Colombia: las negociaciones por las categorías en los censos, las negociaciones en torno a la política de reparación a víctimas, y las negociaciones sonoras de la música afropacífica. En cada universo identifico los actores sociales que convergen, las articulaciones, tensiones y sonoridades que surgen de esas interacciones, para así identificar los sentidos sobre la etnicidad afrocolombiana que son (re)configurados y las dinámicas sociopolíticas asociadas. El análisis de los tres universos etnográficos propuestos, me permite concluir con una mirada crítica sobre el proyecto multicultural colombiano en el escenario actual de postconflicto, y cómo se inscribe la práctica antropológica en este contexto.

A urbanização é uma das ações antrópicas que mais crescem no mundo atual. Por este motivo pesquisas ecológicas são realizadas nas cidades com o objetivo de reconhecer seus impactos, e as aves são utilizadas como uma das ferramentas para diagnóstico ambiental. Assim, o presente estudo avaliou o método de levantamento de aves por ponto fixo, método amplamente utilizado em estudos com aves em diversos ambientes. Foram analisados três pontos que podem influenciar a amostragem de aves através deste método: 1) o habitat onde o levantamento é realizado, observando a composição dos elementos urbanos existentes na cidade; 2) o intervalo de tempo adotado em cada ponto fixo para a coleta de dados; 3) os fatores potencialmente prejudiciais a observação de aves, tais como o ruído sonoro urbano e a presença de conversas causadas por pessoas curiosas. Com a área de estudo estratificada a partir da quantidade de cobertura arbórea existente nos bairros abrangidos, 90 unidades amostrais foram selecionadas. Nestes, foram quantificados os elementos urbanos presentes, a riqueza, o número de contato de aves, os ruídos sonoros e a presença de conversas. Os resultados demonstraram que a reunião de um número maior de espécies e contatos pode ser favorecida pelas áreas de cobertura arbórea, enquanto áreas construídas e pisos impermeáveis podem prejudicar o número de espécies, sendo o número de contato prejudicado apenas pelas áreas de pisos impermeáveis. O número de espécies observadas não foi significativamente diferente após nove minutos de coleta de dados, entretanto o número de contatos continuou crescendo, demonstrando haver recontagens de indivíduos após este intervalo. A riqueza de espécies foi significativamente diferente entre os dados coletados no período seco e no período chuvoso. Conforme houve a maior presença do ruído sonoro urbano menor foi o número de espécies e contatos obtidos nos pontos. A incidência de conversas ocasionadas por pessoas curiosas foi baixa não prejudicando as coletas de dados. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que: o levantamento de aves no meio urbano através do ponto fixo deve considerar a composição do ambiente, já que a riqueza e o número de contato podem variar de acordo com a presença dos diferentes elementos; sejam adotados intervalos de tempo por ponto não superiores a nove minutos; quando possível diferentes épocas do ano devem ser utilizadas para as coletas de dados, visto que podem ser encontradas diferenças entre as estações; sejam escolhidos locais e momentos para as coletas de dados com baixo ruído sonoro. Por fim, o método de ponto fixo foi considerado eficaz para amostragem de aves urbanas, desde que tais cuidados sejam considerados. / The urbanization is one of the anthropic activities with the highest growth rate in the world. Due to this reason, ecological research are conducted in the cities with the goal of recognizing its impacts, using birds as one of the tools to assess the environmental diagnosis. Therefore, the present study assessed the samples by point counts method, which is broadly used for bird census in many environments. Three issues that might affect the sampling of the birds by using this method were analyzed: 1) the habitat where the sampling is performed, observing the urban elements presented in the city; 2) the period of point count duration spent in each sample; 3) the potential factors which disturb the birds detectability, as urban noise and presence of curious citizens who can talk to the researcher in the point count. The research area was stratified from the amount of tree canopies in the selected suburbs, where 90 sample units were selected. In these units, the presence of urban elements, the richness, the number of birds contacts, the noise and the presence of conversations were quantified. The results showed that the number of species and contacts can be benefited from the tree canopy area, while build up areas and impermeable grounds may harm the number of species, although the contact number is harmed only by the impermeable grounds. The number of observed species did not differ significantly after nine minutes of sample period, however the number of contacts kept increasing, demonstrating a repeated counting birds after this interval. The species richness was significantly different between the samples collected in dry and wet seasons. As the urban noise increased, a lower number of species and birds contacts was acknowledged. The incidence of conversation performed by curious people was low, not being able to harm the sample collection. The results suggest that: the bird survey inside the cities by point counts should consider the composition of environment, since the richness and the number of birds contacts can vary according to the presence of different elements; the time of interval should not exceed nine minutes; when possible, different annual seasons should be used for sampling, since differences may be found among them; places and moments for the sampling should be chosen with a low noise. Finally, the point counts method was considered efficient for the sampling of urban birds, provided that such care are considered.

The high-elevation forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains have been impacted and rearranged by a tiny introduced pest from Europe, known as the Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceaea), creating a concern for conservation. Breeding bird censuses, along with botanical surveys, have been conducted periodically on an established 60-acre plot since 1967 on the virgin forested slopes of Mount Guyot, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, with the last census being completed in 2015. Breeding bird populations are shown to rise and fall in response to the forest’s changes over the last 48 years. Comparisons are made between all studies in order to assess how bird populations are being affected by the changed forest dynamics.

The need for a better understanding of journey to work behavior has never before been so important. Many transportation corridors are functioning at unacceptable levels of service and many at times to their capacity. This phenomenon is more pronounced during peak period when majority of the population is making their work trip. This research builds on the recent developments in structural equations modeling technique for identifying the socio-demographic influences on the commute behavior of the population in Florida. Towards this purpose a series of five structural equations models are estimated using aggregate level data from Census 2000. Each of these models has a set of journey to work characteristics that are observed for their behavior against prevalent sociodemographic characteristics. The journey to work characteristics identified are exhaustively studied for various relationships to the socio-demographic characteristics. The model estimation led to the identification of relations between various journey to work characteristics and the socio-demographic characteristics at the Census Tract level. Some of the results obtained supported other studies performed earlier. It is hoped that the findings of this research would broaden the horizon in understanding journey to work behavior of the population of Florida.

The first goal of this dissertation is to investigate the status of the fetus in Swedish law. The second goal is to contribute to the debate concerning attitudes toward mankind, attitudes toward the fetus, and the value of human life as these are expressed in our everyday concepts of law. The tbird goal is to contribute to greater uniformity in the future in the laws which touch upon human beings in the early phases of life (the fertilized egg, the blastula and the fetus). The study is based on an analysis of printed official government documents and records, instructions, motions, bills, minutes of the Riksdag, replies to official queries from experts and affected parties, and laws and government studies made prior to the drafting of legislation, such as SOU and Ds. The areas of the law which are analyzed include (i) the Abortion Act, (ii) the Transplant Act, (iii) the Act concerning Measures for Purposes of Research or Treatment Involving Fertilized Human Ova (LBÄ), (iv) the Act on the Treatment of Alcoholics and Drug Abusers (LVM) in certain cases, (v) the Inheritance Code, (vi) the National Registration Act, and (vii) the Burial Legislation. There are divergent views of the fetus in the various laws and statutes. This is partly due to the dissimilar purposes of the different laws, and partly due to the fact that the fetus is seldom or never the actual subject of these laws. The laws have also come into being at different points in time. The result is that the fetus is not regarded in the same way legally and morally in the divergent laws and statutes. In the conclusion the acceptability of these discrepancies is discussed. Special attention is paid to the debate concerning the underlying values. the divergence among them, and the extent to which such differences are acceptable. Finally, a discussion follows about what might be done, which leads into an appeal for an unbiased study of the need for uniform legal protection for the fetus in Swedish law.

This thesis is about measuring social acceptance of the American public on the increasing trend of intermarriage in the United States. It outlines U.S. Census data in the areas of population, educational attainment, regional data, and marriage data. It analyzes popular and influential media from 1960 to 2011 including: marriage of Guy Smith and Peggy Rusk, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, Star Trek, Jungle Fever, The Joy Luck Club, and modern television shows such as Grey's Anatomy, Scandal, Modern Family, and New Girl.

ABSTRACT Where do we get our ideas about the concept of `race'? The conceptualization of `race' has long been a topic of interest in the social sciences and society in general. The word `race' has been used and defined in different ways and different purposes throughout U.S. history. The definition of `race' therefore is arbitrary, changing according to the situation, but the consequences of how the word `race' is used are concrete and effect peoples lives daily. This research, in accord with much of the literature on the topic, shows that public schools play a major role in the conceptualization of `race'. Furthermore, what children are learning about `race;' in schools is not in an academic fashion but rather through inferences by the media, textbooks, and interactions with friends, teachers and school staff. I have conducted both qualitative (semi-structured interviews) and quantitative (questionnaires) research in order to explore where young adults say that they began to conceptualize `Race'. The results show that public schools, the home and neighborhoods of the young adults are the places that have influenced their `racial' conceptualization the most. I posit that we should provide the most up to date, accurate and pedagogically appropriate information as possible in public schools to aid our children in their process the conceptualization of the concept of `race'.

Until the mid 1970s, the image of the Irish Diaspora in Canada in the nineteenth century was that of a dichotomous group consisting of Irish Protestants, who worked their way up the economic ladder into mainstream society, and Irish Catholics, who never found their way out of poverty. However, with the emergence of quantitative analysis, this perception of the Irish came to be regarded as simplistic and anachronistic. New research found that the Irish in nineteenth century Canada were more diverse and complex than previously thought. In order to unravel this diversity and complexity, comprehensive analysis needed to be done at a regional level. In the late nineteenth century prior to the coming of the railway, British Columbia was a 'distinct society': a geographically isolated province anchored not by agriculture but rather resource extraction industries that attracted a largely adult male settler population. As such it provided a unique opportunity in which to study the Irish. My quantitative analysis of the Irish in British Columbia through the Canadian Census of 1881 suggests that within this 'distinct' settler society, Irish Catholics were 'ghettoized' in the workplace, in large part due to their religious affiliation.

Today, population census results are not only fundamental for population counting but also for providing various information to many organizations and people who make research and take decisions about human-related issues. However, statistics produced on the basis of administrative divisions in Turkey are inadequate to meet the needs of most In this study, a new census geography is aimed for Turkey using Geographic Information Systems and Multi Criteria Decision Making methodologies. This new census geography is for statistical purposes only, independent from legal boundaries and generated by the concept of small area statistics. New rules and methodologies are created by taking the United States and the United Kingdom systems as models to reach to the main aim, and then they are applied on a case study area, &Ccedil / ankaya District in Ankara. Through this application process, firstly all the collected graphical and nongraphical raw data are geo-referenced and combined in a common geodatabase. Secondly, this geodatabase is used to understand the differentiation of quality of life indicators across the case study area. This pattern is then used to draw the boundaries of small statistical units of the new census geography in terms of the previously defined population sizes. In conclusion, a nationwide standard census geography hierarchy, which ranges between national level at the top and block level at the bottom, is proposed for use in 2010 Population Census and afterwards.