The purpose of this paper is to identify the underlying factors of the conflict between Christians and Muslims in the Central African Republic (CAR) that started in 2013. It is argued that political factors played an important role in the coup d'état that ousted President Francois Bozize - the event that marked the start of the civil war. Social factors were mainly responsible for how the civil war turned into sectarian violence. Furthermore, it is argued that a number of economic factors did not directly cause the sectarian violence, but instead contributed to the length of the conflict. The way broader factors contributed to the conflict (the CAR's weakened state and lawlessness for instance) are also discussed.

PhD - Science / This thesis presents the results of a broad geochronological investigation into the nature and evolution of the Central African Copperbelt, host of world class Cu-Co deposits in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. UPb SHRIMP dating of detrital, xenocrystic and magmatic zircons and metamorphic monazite as well as 40Ar-39Ar analyses on biotite, muscovite and microcline constrained the nature and the evolution of the basement, the deposition of the Katangan sedimentary sequence and the provenance of the sediments, and finally the different metamorphic episodes which affected the region. Regarding the pre-Katangan basement, U-Pb SHRIMP analyses of detrital and xenocrystic zircons revealed the first evidence of a cryptic c. 3.2-3.0 Ga Mesoarchaean terrane, named the Likasi terrane, in the basement of the Copperbelt. It was also discovered that the Lufubu schists, previously thought to be sedimentary in origin, are in fact intermediate metavolcanic rocks. These Lufubu schists, together with granitoids and gneisses from Zambia, yielded U-Pb SHRIMP ages between 2050 Ma and 1850 Ma and are interpreted as being related to the evolution of a large magmatic arc (or several magmatic arcs). These Paleoproterozoic terrains define the Lufubu Metamorphic Complex, which evolved together with the Bangweulu Block, the Ubendian Belt and the Tanzanian craton to collide with the Angola-Kasai craton to form the Kibaran Belt during the 1.4-1.0 Ga Kibaran Orogeny. Unconformably overlying the Lufubu Metamorphic Complex is the Muva Group, which is sedimentary in origin. A maximum U-Pb age of 1941 ± 40 Ma was found for its deposition in the Copperbelt area. Concerning the Katanga Supergroup, U-Pb SHRIMP analyses on detrital zircons showed that the sediments are mainly derived by erosion from the Paleaoproterozoic basement. 40Ar-39Ar analyses of detrital muscovites from the Biano Group, which forms the topmost unit of the Katanga Supergroup, yielded a maximum age of deposition of 573 ± 5. This implies a terminal Neoproterozoic and/or early Palaeozoic age for terminal Katangan deposition, and supports previous models for the deposition of the Biano Group in a foreland basin to the Lufilian Orogen . Finally, U-Pb SHRIMP analyses on monazites and 40Ar-39Ar analyses on biotite, muscovite and K-feldspar yielded ages at c. 590, c. 530, c. 512 and a range between 492 and 450 Ma. These ages correspond respectively to various events during and following the Pan-African Damaran-Lufilian- Zambezi orogeny, formed by collision of the Congo and Kalahari cratons, namely to a tectonic event coinciding with subduction-related eclogite facies metamorphism elsewhere in the Lufilian orogen; to the final stage of collision between the Kalahari and Congo cratons; to a wide-spread regional mineralising event; and finally to post-orogenic uplift and regional cooling.

Thesis (M.A.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-56).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, August 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed Oct. 23, 2009). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 386-452).

The Kaponda Prospect represents a surface of 915.8 km² located at about 10 km south of the town of Lubumbashi and 33km NW of Kasumbalesa in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It lies within Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the Katangan Supergroup in the Central African Copperbelt (CACB). In this province, copper mineralization occurs at different stratigraphic level with different associated alteration. Mineralization is of multistage origin from synsedimentary, diagenetic to post orogenic. Since the discovery of the CACB in the early 20th century, several exploration techniques have been used to delineate Cu deposits. A review and application of these methods including remote sensing, geological mapping, geochemical and geophysical surveys, and drilling, gives an insight of their effectiveness and limitation before analyzing their results from the Kaponda Prospect. The geology and structure of the Prospect is represented by a series of two NW trending disharmonic tight anticlines, locally domal, with cores occupied by either Roan Group or “Grand Conglomerat” Formation. These anticlines are separated by an open syncline made of Kundelungu rocks. Two mains direction of faults are recognized, the NW and NE trending structures. The latter direction are normal transfer faults which can serve as conduit for mineralization. They are related to the late orogenic extension of the Lufilian belt. However NE trending faults are believed to be associated to the climax of Lufilian folding or represents synsedimentary intergrowth faults. Exploration approach for sediment-hosted Cu within Kaponda Prospect, take into account the integration of all information derived from different techniques. Remote sensing is used as aid to geology. Landsat and Google earth images show lineaments that corresponds to lithostratigraphy boundary and domal anticline. Geological mapping identified reduced horizons which can potentially host mineralization, whereas analysis of structure measurements reveals the geometry of fold and direction of its axial plane and hinge. Statistical methods such as the main + 2 standard deviation, the frequency histogram and probability plot, together with experiential method are used to constrain and define Cu and Co thresholds values in soil samples. It appears that in this region, log-probability plot and histogram methods combined with spatial representation and the experience of the region, are the best practice to constrain and separate geochemical background from anomaly data. Ground and airborne magnetic, and radiometric images show specific signatures which map alteration and particularly lithostratigraphy such as “Roan” Group, “Grand Conglomerat” unit, “Nguba” cap carbonates and “Kundelungu” siliciclastic units. Analysis of faults interpreted from geophysical maps identified three major directions: E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE. The E-W faults are also interpreted as normal transfer faults such NE-SW structures, consistent with regional geological map. Although pole-dipole array of induced polarization (IP) survey was directly targeting disseminated Cu sulphide, its results suffer in responding to graphitic rocks and barren pyrite. Only relative small chargeable bodies need to be tested in drilling follow-up. A total of 15 targets have been generated through re-interpretation and integration of both geological mapping and remote sensing, geochemical and geophysical data, as well as existing drilling. Specific recommendations of follow-up works are advised for each type of target.

Depuis son accession à l’indépendance en 1960, la République Centrafricaine (RCA) oscille entre périodes troubles et moments de stabilité relative, notamment sous les régimes militaires de Jean-Bedel Bokassa et d’André Kolingba. L’instabilité politique quasi-chronique de ce pays depuis la fin des années 1980 a entrainé des réponses internationales successives, sous forme de missions de paix débutées en 1997 et visant, in fine, à la reconstruction/construction étatique comme solution à la crise du politique centrafricaine. L’éclatement, en fin 2012, d’un conflit armé mené par la rébellion de la Seleka souligne cependant la faiblesse de cette entreprise internationale, qui fait fi des dynamiques politiques et sociales internes des sociétés concernées. Cette reprise violente des hostilités en RCA remet également au goût du jour la question de la rigidité du concept d’État et de sa pertinence universelle, limites des politiques internationales de « statebuiding ». La multitude d’acteurs, locaux et internationaux, qui opèrent sur le terrain centrafricain témoigne de la complexité de ce conflit et rend difficile la possibilité d’une solution durable. Le rôle premier de la Communauté Économique des États de l’Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) dans le « statebuilding » en RCA entre 2012 et 2016 est l’incarnation d’une lutte d’influence que cet acteur régional - en l’occurrence ses États membres - a remporté. La « victoire » de la CEEAC a été acquise au détriment d’une solution objective et viable à la question centrafricaine, « au profit » d’États tels que le Tchad et la France, et d’individus tels que Idriss Deby et Denis Sassou N’guesso. Ce succès de la « diplomatie de machination » est illustratif des logiques et lutte de pouvoir et de la convergence des régimes politiques dans la sous-région, ainsi que de la relation très paradoxale que la France entretient avec ses anciennes colonies. / Since its independence in 1960, the Central African Republic (CAR) has oscillated between turmoil and moments of relative stability, notably under the military regimes of Jean-Bedel Bokassa and André Kolingba. The country’s quasi chronic political instability since the end of the 1980s, has led to successive international responses in the form of peace missions starting in 1997 and ultimately aimed at statebuilding as a solution to the CAR’s crisis of the political. The outbreak of an armed conflict at the end of 2012 led by the Seleka rebellion, however, underlines the weakness of this international enterprise, which ignores the internal political and social dynamics of ‘recipient’ societies. This violent resumption of hostilities in the CAR also brings to the fore the question of the rigidity of the concept of the state and its universal relevance, as limits of international statebuilding policies. The multitude of local and international actors operating in the CAR is indicative of the complexity of this conflict and renders the possibility of a lasting solution difficult. The primary role of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) in the statebuilding in CAR between 2012 and 2016 is a manifestation of the struggle for influence that this regional actor - in this case its member states - won. The ‘victory’ of ECCAS was gained at the expense of an objective and viable solution to the Central African question, ‘for the benefit’ of states such as Chad and France, and individuals such as Idriss Deby and Denis Sassou Nguesso. The success of this ‘diplomacy of conspiracy’ is illustrative of power dynamics and power struggle and the convergence of political regimes in the subregion, as well as the very paradoxical relationship that France has with its former colonies.

The community development issue faced by the Christian mission in Central African Republic was the topic of this work. Due to multiple insecurity and political instability causes, it has created many negatives effects, especially on the poor population and Christian Churches. Ideally, the Christian mission through the Ngoubagara Baptist Church when faced with Central African Republic tragic and successive socio-politic wars should have been to promote community development, peace, social justice, education for all, good health, national reconciliation, respect for human rights and to denounce all harm and discrimination against the human being. The church has a sacred mission to announce the gospel to all humanity and to assist the people towards the positive transformation of Central African Republic. This study will be of help to missiological scholars and to the church so that it may better carry out its prophetic and holistic missions according to God’s vision and with the purpose to change the Central African society. In fact, Christian church as well as Ngoubagara Baptist Church can be the voice of millions of voiceless people regarding poverty, joblessness, rebel wars and rethink community development issues. Through its missionary work, can be the main factor in transforming Central African Republic society, because, the church should “face the difficulties of the present time, not with ready-made answers or simplistic, over-simplifying ideologies, but with a realistic attitude and with discernment. This is the church’s duty of scrutinizing the signs of the times and of interpreting them in the light of the Gospel” (Czerny 2012:70). The church mission is supposed to be a continuation of Jesus Christ’s ministry, which is total salvation. However, human being development is a church work matter, in touching body, soul and spirit. The Ngoubagara Baptist Church’s prophetic and holistic mission duty should be the life and dignity of the Central African people. Then, missiology can promote community development where Christians can play an important leadership role. The lack of such leadership affects individuals and communities negatively. The church should be present in the world and guide the people. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

The community development challenge faced by the Baptist Church of Ngoubagara in Central African Republic was the topic of this work. Due to multiple insecurity and political instability causes, it has created many negatives effects and especially on the poor population. Ideally, the mission of the Ngoubagara Baptist Church when faced with CAR tragic and successive socio-politic wars should have been to promote community development, peace, social justice, education, health, reconciliation, respect for human rights and to denounce all harm and discrimination against the human being. The church has a sacred mission to announce the gospel to all humanity and to assist the people towards the positive transformation of CAR. This study will be of help to missiological scholars and to the church so that it may better carry out its prophetic and holistic missions according to God’s vision and with the purpose of positively transforming CAR society. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

The community development challenge faced by the Baptist Church of Ngoubagara in Central African Republic was the topic of this work. Due to multiple insecurity and political instability causes, it has created many negatives effects and especially on the poor population. Ideally, the mission of the Ngoubagara Baptist Church when faced with CAR tragic and successive socio-politic wars should have been to promote community development, peace, social justice, education, health, reconciliation, respect for human rights and to denounce all harm and discrimination against the human being. The church has a sacred mission to announce the gospel to all humanity and to assist the people towards the positive transformation of CAR. This study will be of help to missiological scholars and to the church so that it may better carry out its prophetic and holistic missions according to God’s vision and with the purpose of positively transforming CAR society. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Esta dissertação trata de alguns dos principais elementos da cultura material da África antiga reveladas pela arqueologia, destacando os sitos arqueológicos de que provêm. Os sítios abordados encontram-se na Nigéria (Nok, Igbo Ukwu, Ifé, Benin, Owo), no Congo (Sanga e Katoto), e no Zimbábue (o \"Grande Zimbábue\"). Algumas dessas produções se veem representadas nas coleções africanas do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo-MAE/USP através de objetos oriundos de complexos culturais do presente - caso dos iorubás, Nigéria. Esses objetos do acervo MAE/USP são aqui analisados junto a outros, provenientes de escavações, conservados em grandes museus internacionais e publicados como obras-primas na literatura especializada. Esta dissertação levanta questões relativas à memória e ao patrimônio, como sugere seu título, enquanto que seu subtítulo é uma referência ao catálogo que dela faz parte. Este catálogo tem por finalidade reunir, de forma didático-pedagógica, dados sobre os sítios selecionados e culturas africanas correspondentes, em torno de narrativas, que nos parecem sugestivas para o ensino-aprendizagem de elementos da história das descobertas e das escavações arqueológicas, assim como dados estilísticos e tecnológicos das produções materiais relacionadas. / This dissertation addresses some of the main elements of the material culture of ancient Africa revealed by Archaeology, highlighting the archaeological sites in which they arise. The sites approached are in Nigeria (Nok, Igbo Ukwu, Ife, Benin, Owo), Congo (Sanga and Katoto), and Zimbabwe (the \"Great Zimbabwe\"). V Some of these productions are seen represented in African collections of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of the University of São Paulo-MAE / USP through objects coming from cultural complexes of this of the present - case of the Yoruba, Nigeria. These objects MAE / USP collection are reviewed here along with others, from excavations, preserved in major international museums and published as masterpieces in specialized literature. This dissertation poses questions about the memory and heritage, as suggested by its title, while its subtitle is a reference to the catalog which forms part. This catalog is intended to gather, didactic and pedagogical way, data on the selected sites and corresponding African cultures around narratives that seem suggestive for the teaching-learning elements of the history of discoveries and excavations, as well as stylistic and technological data of related materials productions.