Il s'agit ici d'analyser les relations entre l'Angleterre d' Henri VIII et l'Espagne de Charles Quint de 1526 à 1540. Cettepériode correspond aux dernières années du « valimiento » du cardinal Wolsey, et à la durée de celui de Thomas Cromwell. L'année 1526 constitue un réel tournant dans les relations des deux monarques. Cette époque est marquée par le divorce du souverain insulaire avec Catherine d'Aragon, la tante de l'empereur, par la ruine totale du royaume de Hongrie suite à la défaite du roi Louis II face aux Turcs, et à la menace que cela implique pour les territoires de Charles Quint. Au cours de cette période, nombreux sont les royaumes européens qui décident de briser leur allégeance au pape (Suède, Angleterre et Danemark). La situation des royaumes scandinaves intéresse Henri VIII qui cherche à s’en emparer au détriment des intérêts de l’empereur et de sa famille. Il semble intéressant d'étudier les influences et l'impact de la mise en place de l'Ecclesia anglicana, instaurée par le roi, Thomas Cromwell et par Thomas Cranmer sur les relations avec l'Espagne (diplomatie, religion et commerce). Cette étude donne lieu à une analyse approfondie des manoeuvres politiques de la part du roi d'Angleterre avec les royaumes de France, Suède, Danemark, Hongrie et Pologne pour contourner la domination de Charles Quint sur la scène européenne. L'Angleterre maintiendra certains contacts avec les réformateurs suisses et la Ligue de Smalkalde pour tenter de s'émanciper du pouvoir impérial et de l'influence du Saint-Siège. Dans un premier temps, Henri VIII cherchera à aligner ses intérêts sur ceux de la France, pour mieux contrer les manoeuvres de déstabilisation politique et d’intimidation de Charles Quint, un monarque très pragmatique. Cela impliquera une forte volonté d'ingérence politique de la part de l'Espagne et de l'empereur pour avoir une mainmise sur les affairesdu royaume. Marie, la fille du roi d'Angleterre et de sa première épouse Catherine d'Aragon incarnera cet espoir. C'est pourquoi,l’empereur soutient les mouvements rebelles d'Irlande et du nord de l'Angleterre lors du Pèlerinage de la Grâce, mais veille à ne pastrop s'impliquer afin de garantir de futures alliances avec Henri VIII. Enfin, nous étudierons la perception que les Anglais avaientdes Espagnols et vice versa / This is to analyze the relations between the England of Henry VIII and the Spain of Charles V from 1526 to 1540. Thisperiod corresponds to the last years of the "valimiento" of Cardinal Wolsey, and the duration of that from Thomas Cromwell. 1526 is a real turning point in the relations between the two monarchs. This era is marked by the divorce of the island ruler with Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of the emperor ; by the total ruin of the Kingdom of Hungary following the defeat of King Louis II against the Turks, and the threat that this implies for the territories of Charles V. During this period, many European kingdoms decided to break their allegiance to the pope (Sweden, England and Denmark). The situation of the Scandinavian kingdoms interested Henry VIII who sought to seize it at the expense of the interests of the emperor and his family. It seems interesting to study the influences and impact of the establishment of the Ecclesia Anglicana ; promoted by the King, Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer ; on relations with Spain (diplomacy, religion and trade). This study gives rise to a detailed analysis of the political maneuvers on the part of the King of England with the kingdoms of France, Sweden, Denmark, Hungary and Poland to circumvent the domination of Charles V on the European scene. England will maintain certain contacts with the Swiss reformers and the Smalkalde League in an attempt to emancipate itself from the imperial power and influence of the Holy See. At first, Henry VIII will seek to align his interests with those of France, to better counter the maneuvers of political destabilization and intimidation of Charles V, a very pragmatic monarch. This will imply a strong will of political interference on the part of Spain and the emperor to have a stranglehold on the affairs of the kingdom. Mary, the daughter of the King of England and his first wife Catherine of Aragon will embody this hope. Therefore, the emperor supports the rebel movements of Ireland and northern England during the Pilgrimage of Grace, but be careful not to get tooinvolved in order to guarantee future alliances with Henry VIII. Finally, we will study the perception that the English had ofSpaniards and vice versa.

L’analyse approfondie des vastes archives de la cour de Charles Quint (1500-1556) permet de retracer les activités musicales financées par ce prince de la Renaissance, à la fois Bourguignon par son père et Espagnol par sa mère, au cours d’un règne troublé et violent qui vit basculer l’héritage des ducs de Bourgogne dans l’orbite impériale des Habsbourg sur le trône d’Espagne. La première partie de cette étude détaille le contexte historique et musical du règne carolingien, ainsi que l’héritage culturel et institutionnel des règnes précédents, et tente de définir le goût musical de l’Empereur. Forte de ces éclaircissements, la seconde partie précise la vie musicale à la cour de Charles Quint, tant dans les activités palatines, que dans les manifestations des rites de la royauté et des rencontres politiques. Enfin, une histoire du fonctionnement institutionnel de cette vie musicale propose d’entrevoir les relations que les illustres chantres et compositeurs de la Chapelle ou les instrumentistes de l’Écurie et de la Chambre entretenaient avec leur employeur. Le tout est complété par un dictionnaire prosopographique consacré à quelques un des quatre cents musiciens de la cour mentionnés par la documentation, elle-même synthétisée ou publiée dans un volume d’annexes et de pièces justificatives. / A study of the abundant archives of the court of Charles V (1500-1556) gives an account of the musical activities financed by this prince of the Renaissance, both Burgundy by his father and Spanish by his mother, during a troubled and violent period marked by the fall of the inheritage of the Dukes of Burgundy into the imperial orbit Habsburg on the throne of Spain. The first part of this study describes the historical and musical context of the Carolingian reign, as well as cultural and institutional legacy of previous reigns, and attempts to define the musical taste of the Emperor. With these clarifications, the second part specifies the court’s musical life, focussing on the palatal activities, events rites of royalty and political meetings. Finally, an history of institutional functioning of this musical life provides a glimpse of the relationships that illustrious singers and composers of the Chapel or instrumentalists of the Stable and the Chamber had with their patron. The whole is completed by a prosopographical dictionary devoted to a few of the four hundred musicians of the court mentioned in the documentation, witch is either summarized or or edited in the annexes and transcriptions of the second volume.

This dissertation addresses the role of recipe writing in the culture and development of empiricism in Spain over the course of the long sixteenth century. In 1516, Charles of Habsburg was named King of Spain, and began his project to consolidate and extend Spanish rule, picking up where his grandparents, Isabel and Ferdinand, left off. While the Iberian Monarchy attempted to control empirical practice and knowledge of the natural world by way of its administrative institutions, Europe was developing a bit of a recipe habit. Across sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe, there was an surge in readership of recipe books, manuals, books of secrets, and artes, as well as any other book containing recipes (including natural histories). Much like today, there was a rich culture of recipe writing and exchange. When it came to household affairs such as cooking, toiletries and cosmetics, cleaning, and pharmaceuticals, most people had their own practices, and many were also willing to share their tested recipes with others. As I argue in this dissertation, local experimentation and the exchange of said knowledge took place among heterogenous networks of practitioners across Habsburg Spain. While the Crown was influenced by these practices and often appropriated them as well, it was not the only force behind the empirical turn in the history of science and medicine in Spain. Rather, local practitioners and cohorts of experimenting nobles and laypeople alike all played a role in the turn toward experimentation as scientific method.

Much has been written about various aspects of the long presence of the Knights of the Order St John on the island of Malta. Nonetheless, throughout this literature there is one noticeable omission - a study of the commercial development of the harbour area during the first decades of the Order’s rule. Despite Malta’s small size, the presence of the Order of St John (1530 -1798) ensured an inflow of foreign resources which eventually permitted very dense human settlement and an international projection beyond the island’s shores which was largely disproportionate to what would normally have occurred in such a small and sterile island. The maritime nature of the Order and the heavy dependence on imports hastened the creation of an efficient maritime communication system. The development of all these economic activities resulted in a prime economic means of generating wealth and served as a pull factor to a large number of enterprising individuals, both local and foreign. Early modern Hospitaller Malta eventually saw the consolidation of an enterprising business class, which, out of sheer necessity, grew accustomed to operating well beyond its narrow confines. In turn, this contributed to the island becoming more open to connectivity with the outside world. Hence, the main aim of this thesis is to explore in detail various economic activities taking place in Malta during this particular period which spans from 1530 to 1565. The year 1565 has been chosen as a marker since during this year there was a break in the normal chain of events due to the turmoil created by the Great Siege. In order to reach this goal the practical functioning of commerce with its agreements and disputes, its currencies, its trading posts and its nodal points shall be analyzed. Furthermore, this thesis strives to show how notarial evidence, together with that derived from records of various tribunals set up on the island at the time, supplement each other and help to fill in gaps. While discussing different methodological approaches to the study of the Mediterranean, the first chapter of this study shall also assess Malta’s place within the wider Mediterranean historiographical framework. It shall also trace the development of Maltese historiography and its contribution to the study of legal, economic and social issues relating to the sixteenth century. Furthermore, this study shall place the various series of primary sources used for its compilation in their proper context, thus allowing the reader to evaluate better the significance of the information provided. The second chapter shall evaluate how the arrival of the Order provided for the setting up of new institutions and for the promulgation of new laws in order to consolidate its authority over the island despite repeated promises to respect and honour ancient rights and privileges. The following three chapters shall each be dedicated to a particular case study which will try to address specific topics that have been largely neglected in Maltese historiography. Thus, starting with an analysis of the grain trade, which was of the utmost importance for a sterile island with an ever-increasing population, it will be followed by another case study which seeks to evaluate the role of women, their legal persona and how this affected their contribution to the island’s economic activities. The final chapter will try to establish whether there were any commercial links between Malta, often described as the frontier and bulwark of Christianity, and its neighbouring Ottoman North African territories. If such trade existed, how did merchants, both Christian and Muslim, manage to overcome religious antagonism which should have inhibited the easy flow of trade? The objective of this study shall therefore be to shed much-needed light on economic activities taking place in and around the harbour area during a largely unexplored period in Maltese history. Moreover, it shall seek to provide a better understanding of Mediterranean commercial relations since the Maltese harbour was a point of intersection not only for people of different nationalities, but even for people of different faiths, such as Muslims, Jews and Christians of different denominations. All had one common goal which unified them, that is, trading and making profit out of it.

This dissertation addresses the development of the costume book in the rapidly globalising world of the sixteenth century, concentrating on two costume albums produced in the second quarter of the sixteenth century and whose owners and creators shared close ties to the imperial court of Habsburg ruler and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-56). These richly illustrated albums were among the first known and surviving attempts to make sense of cultural difference by compiling visual information about regional clothing customs in and around Europe and further abroad. Their method of codifying sartorial customs through representative costume figures became a prevailing method through which to examine human difference on an increasingly vast and complex geo-political stage. Yet to have been satisfactorily investigated is the significant role that Habsburg networks and relationships played in shaping these costume albums and their ethnographic interests. The Trachtenbuch, or costume album, of Augsburg portrait medallist Christoph Weiditz (c. 1500-59) is a primary example, constituting a work of keen ethnographic observation which depicts customs and cultures largely witnessed first-hand when the artist travelled to Charles V’s Spanish court in 1529. Of equal interest is the second primary example of this dissertation, the costume album of Christoph von Sternsee (d. 1560) the captain of Charles V’s German Guard. Sternsee’s album, introduced to scholarship for the first time in this study, illustrates diverse cultures and costumes encountered across the imperial Habsburg lands and its neighbours. The emperor’s far-reaching sovereignty propelled Christoph Weiditz and Christoph von Sternsee across the Habsburg lands as they each attempted to benefit their careers and gain prestige from imperial patronage. Their costume albums testify to an empire that encouraged interactions between ambassadors, agents, merchants, military officers, and courtly elite of diverse cultural backgrounds, against a backdrop of shared political, religious, commercial, and military interests. This milieu facilitated the transfer of knowledge and developed methods of visual communication and human representation that were shared and reciprocally recognised.

Václav Žůrek Comparison of the Use of Historical Motives in the Monarchical Legitimacy in Kingdoms of France and Bohemia in the Late Middle Ages Abstract Concepts of the past are most important parts in the formation of individual and collective identity. Medieval authors deliberately used the historical narratives as a means of enhancing the cohesion of respective social groups, usually the ruling strata of society. The doctoral thesis focuses on re-interpretations and exploitations of the past in France and Bohemia during the 14th century, on the role of historical narratives in the self-representation of the ruling dynasties Luxembourg and Valois, and on the perception of their own role in the history. Main question of the thesis is the social and literary context of the shaping of an imagination of the past: detailed comparison between the Latin and vernacular historiographical production at the royal courts in France and Bohemia bring also crucial observations as to the ways and means of cultural transfer between the respective centres of power.

There have been many publications written about Henry VIII. It was his private life, because of which he primarily went down in history. Henry inherited the royal throne at a very young age. The Tudor dynasty ascended the English throne just for one generation. Henry's father ended the long−standing civil war. However, the fear of its continuation still remained. The most important task for the young king was to stabilize the position of the dynasty and to protect the throne against other pretenders. His whole life Henry lived in fear, that without a male heir, his family would be brought down. Catherine of Aragon became Henry's wife. There were many benefits from this union for England. The island kingdom was actively involved in continental policy. Nevertheless, Catherine was not able to give birth to an heir to England and fell into disgrace. Her nephew, Holy Roman Emperor, was the most powerfull ruler of the Christian Europe. Although he tried to prevent the annulment of their marriage by various means, he failed. Throughout his reign Charles was in a war conflict with the French king. He needed England like an ally against France even at the cost of his aunt's repudiation, which would remain without retaliation.

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Der Untersuchung lagen zu Beginn der Forschungen fünf Hauptobjekte zu Grunde. Hierzu gehörten neben dem Prunkbecher aus dem Waddesdon Bequest des Londoner British Museum, den Deckelpokalen aus dem Stuttgarter Landesmuseum Württemberg und der Wiener Schatzkammer des Deutschen Ordens, sowie der Kanne- und Beckengarnitur, oder Lavabo-Garnitur, aus dem Louvre Paris, noch eine Trinkschale aus dem Art Institute von Chicago. Sie alle zeigen Kriegs- beziehungsweise Belagerungsszenen, die sich mehrheitlich auf die Bekämpfung der osmanischen Invasion in der ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts beziehen. Die Werke wurden bislang nur im Einzelnen untersucht und nur geringfügig mit den anderen Objekten verglichen und analysiert. Mit dieser Forschungsarbeit werden erstmals eine detaillierte Gegenüberstellung der Werke, ihrer Darstellungen und thematischen Ausrichtungen veröffentlicht. Zur Analyse des inhaltlichen Hintergrundes der Kunstkammerstücke und ihres Bedeutungsspektrums gehören auch die Untersuchungen der Darstellungen des Malers Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen und des Dichters Garcilasos de la Vega zu dem Feldzug in Nordafrika. Beide nehmen hierbei einen unterschiedlichen Blickwinkel ein, doch zugleich konnte ein verwandter Grundtenor gefunden werden: die mahnende Sicht des Künstlers auf das kriegerische Treiben im allgemeinen, die jedoch über eine einfache memento mori-Funktion hinaus geht und zum Teil eine konkret kriegskritische Sichtweise entwickelt. Dem Übereinstimmungsmerkmal der Mahnung vor dem Krieg begegnet man auch bei den Gefäßen aus Stuttgart und London. Beide Arbeiten enthalten, wenn auch unterschwellig, dafür aber nicht weniger eindringlich, eine kritische Konnotation bezüglich der dargestellten Kämpfe auf den Goldschmiedearbeiten. Des Weiteren stellt der stiltheoretische Schlussteil der Arbeit ein wichtiges Kapitel dar, welches sich mit den gestalterischen Besonderheiten der untersuchten Objekte auseinandersetzt. In erster Linie bestehen diese aus den Merkmalen des horror vacui – der Scheu vor der Leere – und einer ausgeprägten Haptik, welche durch die vollplastische Darstellungsfülle auf den Gefäßen hervorgerufen werden. Das abschließende Kapitel widmet sich daher der Medialität von Goldschmiedegefäßen im Allgemeinen und speziell in Bezug auf die ästhetischen Kennzeichen der behandelten Werke. Jener Abschnitt stellt innerhalb meiner Arbeit einen experimentellen Forschungsansatz dar, welcher auf Grundlage stiltheoretischer Aspekte der untersuchten Objekte das Merkmal der Abundanz als Darstellungsform von gesellschaftskritischen Motiven feststellen konnte. Damit eröffnet sich ein erweitertes Bedeutungsspektrum der häufig vielschichtigen Werke aus dem Bereich der Schatzkunst, die nicht selten über ihren repräsentativen Grundcharakter hinausgehen. Besonders die drei untersuchten Werke aus London, Stuttgart und Wien weisen eine lebhaft gestaltete Oberfläche auf und „möchten in die Hand genommen werden“. Denn ihre technischen wie auch inhaltlichen Details und Raffinessen offenbaren sich nur aus der Nähe.:Band I Einleitung 1. Darstellungen türkischer Belagerungen der Frühen Neuzeit in der Nürnberger Goldschmiedekunst aus der ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts 1. 1 Prunkbecher mit türkischer Belagerungsszene aus dem British Museum, London 1. 1. 1 Beschreibung des Londoner Prunkbechers 1. 1. 2 Provenienz 1. 1. 3 Zeitliche und lokale Einordnung 1. 1. 4 Inhalt und Deutung der Darstellungen 1. 1. 5 Gestalterische Besonderheiten und Auffälligkeiten 1. 2 Deckelpokal mit türkischer Belagerungsszene aus dem Landesmuseum Württemberg, Stuttgart 1. 2. 1 Beschreibung des Stuttgarter Deckelpokals 1. 2. 2 Provenienz 1. 2. 3 Zeitliche und lokale Einordnung 1. 2. 4 Inhalt und Deutung der Darstellungen 1. 2. 5 Gestalterische Besonderheiten und Auffälligkeiten. Der Deckel und seine Zugehörigkeit zum Gefäßkörper des Stuttgarter Pokals – eine abschließende Interpretation 1. 3 Deckelpokal mit Kriegsdarstellungen zu Karl V. aus der Schatzkammer des Deutschen Ordens, Wien 1. 3. 1 Beschreibung des Wiener Deckelpokals 1. 3. 2 Provenienz 1. 3. 3 Zeitliche und lokale Einordnung 1. 3. 4 Inhalt und Deutung der Darstellungen 1. 3. 5 Schlussbetrachtung zum Wiener Deckelpokal 2. Resümee der Untersuchungen zu den Goldschmiedearbeiten aus Stuttgart, London und Wien 2. 1 Die graphischen Vorlagen 2. 2 Gemeinsamkeiten, Unterschiede und Datierungsvorschläge zu den drei untersuchten Gefäßen 3. Zwischenbilanz 4. Die Türkenkriege und der Tunisfeldzug in Kunst und Betrachtung der Frühen Neuzeit – Kriegsdarstellungen zwischen Triumph und Pazifismus 4. 1 Die Türkenkämpfe und der Tunisfeldzug von 1535. Ein historischer Überblick 4. 2 Die Ikonographie Karls V. und ihr Einfluss auf die zeitgenössische Deutung des Tunisfeldzuges 4. 3 Der Tunisfeldzug in der Kunst und Literatur des 16. Jahrhunderts 4. 3. 1 Die Tapisserien zum Tunisfeldzug nach Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen 4. 3. 2 Die Kanne- und Beckengarnitur mit Motiven des Tunisfeldzuges aus dem Louvre, Paris 4. 3. 3 Tunis und Karthago – das Bedeutungsspektrum des Tunisfeldzuges am Beispiel der Dichtungen Garcilasos de la Vega 4. 4 Garcilaso und Vermeyen im Vergleich mit nordalpinen Autoren – Melancholie und Mahnung bei Betrachtungen zum Krieg in der Frühen Neuzeit 5. Die mögliche Verwendung der untersuchten Goldschmiedearbeiten und der Anlass ihrer Fertigung 5. 1 Geschenk, Huldigung, Memorialobjekt oder diplomatische Botschaft? Ein Überblick zu den Verwendungsmöglichkeiten der Goldschmiedegefäße 5. 2 Nürnberg und der Tunisfeldzug – ein theoretischer Ansatz zum Entstehungshintergrund der Goldschmiedearbeiten aus Stuttgart und London 5. 2. 1 Die Auswertung der Archivalien aus dem Nürnberger Staatsarchiv – Ergebnisse und Forschungsansätze 6. Die Medialität von Goldschmiedearbeiten – Abundanz und Haptik als betrachterorientiertes Stilmittel 6. 1 Die Begrifflichkeiten und ihre Anwendbarkeit für das 16. Jahrhundert 6. 2 Die Medialität von Goldschmiedegefäßen und die Verwendung von Abundanz Zusammenfassung Anhang 1. Gedichte von Garcilaso de la Vega 2. Tabellarische Übersicht der Goldschmiedegefäße aus London, Stuttgart, Wien und Paris Band II 1. Bibliographie und Quellenverzeichnis 2. Abbildungsverzeichnis mit Nachweis 3. Abbildungen

Cette thèse porte sur les relations entre la noblesse et le prince dans les duchés de Lorraine au coursd’une période qui s’étend des années 1620 à 1737. Elle les explore dans le cadre d’un renforcement du pouvoirducal et dans une période de transition troublée.Dans cet État souverain des confins, la noblesse représentée par quelques puissantes familles issues del’ancienne chevalerie incarne l’élite sociale, morale, et politique. Étroitement associée aux responsabilités, elleest affectée au premier plan par les ruptures qui scandent le XVIIe siècle : la guerre, l’occupation française etl’exil. Autant d’évènements qui déstabilisent le service princier et éprouvent la fidélité au duc, fondementessentiel des rapports de la noblesse au pouvoir. Cette étude revisite les notions de service, de devoir etd’honneur, constitutives de l’identité nobiliaire.Après plus d’un demi-siècle de désordres, la paix de Ryswick (1697) ramène la stabilité et le princeretrouve ses duchés. Le rétablissement de l’État s’effectue dans une dialectique entre tradition et changement. Lanoblesse qui aspire à retrouver sa place auprès du duc est confrontée à de nouvelles incertitudes qu’elle surmontegrâce à la résurgence de la faveur princière et au prix d’une recomposition de l’ordre.L’équilibre des forces est mis à mal en 1729 avec l’avènement de François III dont le destin se joue pardelàles frontières. Détaché de son territoire patrimonial, le jeune souverain rompt le lien avec la noblesselorraine et met fin à l’impératif absolu du service princier.L’étude des relations entre la noblesse et le duc durant le long XVIIe siècle est une réflexion sur lasociété politique d’un État aux limites sensibles et aléatoires. / This study tackles the relation between nobility and prince in the Duchies of Lorraine during the periodthat spans from the 1620s to 1737. The academic frame in which it is explored is one marked by reinforced ducalpower and by much turmoil within a transitory period.In such a border-line sovereign state, the nobility as represented by a few powerful houses stemmingfrom ancient chivalric backgrounds, embodies the social, moral and political elite of the day. Closely involved inthe Duke’s wields of executive power, and more than any other social body, nobles suffered from the manypoints of rupture that punctuated the 17th century : wars, French occupation and exile did indeed challeng thePrince’s service. These points of rupture jeopardized the fidelity to the Duke, one of the essential foundations ofthe link between the nobility and Power. The study revisits such key-notions as service, duty, and honour,notions which shape up nobles’ identity.After more than a half-century of disorders of all kinds, the Ryswick Peace (1697) brought the situationback to a relative stability and the Prince regained his Duchies. Putting back the State to its feet implied adialectical tension between tradition and change. The nobility eager to regain former responsabilities isconfronted with new uncertainties that will be partly overcome by the resurgence of princely favours and areshuffling of the Order.The balance of forces is put at stake in 1729 when Francois III comes to the throne and his fate is tomaterialize beyond frontiers. Detached from its heritage territory, the prince unbinds the ties which linked thenobility and puts an end to the absolute imperative of a prince’s service.The study of relations between nobility and duke throughout the long 17th century consists in an overallquestioning of a political society in a border-conscious and border-moving state.