Darbo tikslas - įvertinti aukštesniųjų alkoholių ir kitų fuzelio junginių bei fizikinių cheminių rodiklių kitimo tendencijas skirtingų gamintojų aluje. Darbe panaudoti metodai : Ca ir Zn tiriamuosiuose mėginiuose buvo nustatyti taikant atominės absorbcijos liepsnos spektrometrinį metodą. pH nustatytas pH-metru „Mettler Toledo 220”, pagal įrengimo gamintojo nurodymus, vadovaujantis prietaiso instrukcija.Sausosios medžiagos, alkoholio kiekis masės bei tūrio procentais nustatytas pagal LST 1572:2004 Alus. Etilo alkoholio koncentracijos, tikrojo ir pradinio ekstrakto nustatymas. Vikinaliniai diketonai ir kartumas nustatyti Europos aludarių konvencijos oficialiame leidinyje pateiktais metodais: VDK. Europos aludarių knvencijos leidinys, Analytica EBC 9.2.4.1 Vikinaliniai diketonai aluje. Spektroftometrinis metodas, 2000 m. 5-tas leidimas. Kartumas nustatytas metodu, pateiktu Europos aludarių konvencijos leidinyje, Analytica EBC 9.8 Alaus kartumas, 1997 m. 5-tas leidimas.Taip pat buvo atlikta matematinė statistinė duomenų analizė. Aukštesniųjų alkoholių nustatymas atliktas dujų chromatografijos metodu. Išvados. Aukštesniųjų alkoholių (acetaldehido, etilacetato, metanolio, propanolio, izobutanolio, izoamiloalkoholio) kiekiai aluje parodė, kad ryškesnėmis skonio bei aromato savybėmis pasižymi elio alus, o lager tipo aluje šių junginių kiekis mažesnis. Aukštesniųjų alkoholių bei kitų fuzelio junginių kiekis tirtame aluje kito priklausomai nuo alaus rūšies. Skirtingų rūšių alaus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Tasks of work: To identify the higher alcohols and other fusel oil compounds in beer samples; Rate higher alcohols and other compounds changing tendencies in lager-type beers and ale-type beers; to determine the differences of physico-chemical parameters of different beer producers; to perform a comparative evaluation of the test samples safety. The methods used in experiment: content of the Ca(calcium) and Zn (zink) was investigated by atomic absorption flame spectrometry method; pH – with pH meter "Mettler Toledo 220, according to the manufacturer's instruction. Original extract, the amount of alcohol was determined in accordance with LST Beer 1572:2004. Ethyl alcohol concentration, real and original extract determination. Vikinal dicetones and bitterness set the Brewers Convention, Official Journal of the methods: EBC. Journal of European Brewers Convencion, Analytica EBC 9.2.4.1 Vikinal diketones in beer. Spektrofotometrical method, 2000. 5th edition. Set of bitterness method given the Journal Brewers Convention Journal, Analytica EBC 9.8 beer bitterness, 1997. 5 th edition. Higher alcohols and other fusel oil compounds was determine by gas chromatography method. Results: The higher alcohols in beer showed that the highest intensivity of flavor and aroma is in Ale- type of beer, and in lager-type beer these compounds content was found lower. Higher alcohols and other fusel oil compounds were depended on beer type. Physical chemical characteristics of beer were different... [to full text]

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2016-11-07T13:56:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HermínioSOJ_DISSERT.pdf: 5693282 bytes, checksum: 45e6daa99caecacf106da7ec8f534e50 (MD5) / Rejected by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br), reason: TCC de mestrado e trocar arquivo on 2016-11-07T14:16:00Z (GMT) / Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2016-11-09T12:00:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HermínioSOJ_DISSERT.pdf: 5693282 bytes, checksum: 45e6daa99caecacf106da7ec8f534e50 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2016-11-14T13:29:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HermínioSOJ_DISSERT.pdf: 5693282 bytes, checksum: 45e6daa99caecacf106da7ec8f534e50 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2016-11-14T13:29:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HermínioSOJ_DISSERT.pdf: 5693282 bytes, checksum: 45e6daa99caecacf106da7ec8f534e50 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HermínioSOJ_DISSERT.pdf: 5693282 bytes, checksum: 45e6daa99caecacf106da7ec8f534e50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Water resources are essential elements for life and environmental modifiers processes, therefore be aware of the current situation can ensure efficient management that makes possible a more sustained use. Groundwaters have a great importance for the development of human activities. They play a crucial role in supplying the cities and as well as in the private sector, with the most different uses, both in urban centers and rural communities, as well as in private residential autonomous systems, industries, services, agricultural irrigation and recreation. This study aimed to the analysis of groundwater quality distributed to the population of the urban area of Mossoro-RN. The samples were collected in 16 active wells that are part of the water supply system in the urban area of the city of Mossoro and the analyzes were performed in the quality lab of water of Rio Grande do Norte's Water and Sewerage Company – CAERN in Natal city. The wells with lower dynamic levels are the PT - 02 PT - 23 PT - 20. These are located on the left riverbank and have previous drilling dates to 1980, since the wells with higher turbidity values were PT - 8 PT - 11 and PT - 14. We found a very strong and positive correlation between the EC with chloride, sulphates and STD. All the values found in the physical-chemical analyzes of water from 16 wells were below the maximum allowed by Ordinance No. 2,194 / 2011 of the Health Ministry classified as suitable for human consumption. The aid of geotechnology facilitated in data interpretation to show quickly the spatial variables through interpolation and maps, and may help in decision making. A Geographic Information System – GIS can improve the interpretation of the analyzes behavior of water quality in wells, in addition to decreasing the time spent and storage space, since the paper sheets would be replaced by a database / Os recursos hídricos são elementos essenciais para a vida e para os processos modificadores do ambiente, por isso ter conhecimento da atual situação pode garantir uma gestão eficiente que torne possível o uso mais sustentável. As águas subterrâneas possuem uma grande importância para desenvolvimento das atividades humanas. Elas exercem papel fundamental no abastecimento nas cidades e assim como no setor privado, com os mais diferenciados usos, tanto nos centros urbanos como nas comunidades rurais e, também, como em sistemas autônomos residenciais privados, indústrias, serviços, irrigação agrícola, turismo e lazer. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral a análise da qualidade da água subterrânea distribuída à população da área urbana de Mossoró-RN. As amostraras foram coletadas nos 16 poços ativos que fazem parte do sistema de abastecimento de água na zona urbana da cidade de Mossoró e as análises das foram realizadas no laboratório de qualidade de água da Companhia de Águas e Esgotos do Rio Grande do Norte – CAERN. Os poços com menores níveis dinâmicos são os PT – 02, PT – 23, PT – 20. Esses estão localizados à margem esquerda do rio, e possuindo datas de perfuração anterior a 1980. Já os poços com maiores valores de turbidez foram PT - 8, PT – 11 e PT – 14. Constatou-se uma fortíssima e positiva correlação entre a CE com Cloreto, sulfatos e STD Todos os valores encontrados nas análises físico-química das águas dos 16 poços ficaram abaixo dos máximos permitidos na Portaria nº 2.194/2011 do Ministério da Saúde enquadradas como adequadas para o consumo humano. O auxílio das geotecnologias facilitou na interpretação dos dados de modo a mostrar de forma rápida e eficiente a espacialização das variáveis, através da interpolação e dos mapas, podendo auxiliar nas tomadas de decisões. Um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG pode melhorar a interpretação das análises do comportamento da qualidade da água dos poços, além de diminuir o tempo gasto e espaço de armazenamento, já que as planilhas de papel seriam substituídas por um banco de dados / 2016-10-18

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 maximo_acnf_me_jabo.pdf: 434278 bytes, checksum: c50398cf816f21d982ccdedf7da5818f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O município de Jaboticabal está localizado em região onde prevalece a atividade agrícola e há uma elevada utilização da água de poços tanto para consumo humano, como animal, pertencentes a Microbacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Rico. O mesmo se observa em propriedades situadas na área urbana, com água advinda de poços particulares, que abastece uma grande parcela da população. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a situação deste tipo de abastecimento alternativo no município. A avaliação foi conduzida em duas amostragens, período de seca e chuva, em 30 poços na área urbana e 30 poços da área rural. Foi pesquisada a qualidade microbiológica (Coliformes Totais, Escherichia coli, Clostrídios Sulfito Redutores e microorganismos mesófilos), bem como características físico-químicas (concentrações de cloreto, nitrato e amônia, cor aparente e pH). O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste do Qui quadrado a 1% e 5% de significância, e cálculo do Risco Relativo para padrões fora e dentro de potabilidade. Um grande número de propriedades do meio rural encontrava-se em desacordo com os padrões de potabilidade para água, durante os períodos de estiagem e chuvas, quando comparadas ao ambiente urbano. A ausência dos fatores de proteção, e tratamento da água evidenciou o alto risco que esta água oferece para consumo, bem como a má qualidade higiênico-sanitária da mesma, e a provável fonte de ocorrência e perpetuação de doenças de veiculação hídrica. Pretendeu-se com isso, obter subsídios para futuras ações corretivas e preventivas para preservação da saúde humana, e dos recursos hídricos locais. / The city of Jaboticabal is located in region where it takes advantage the agricultural activity and it has one in such a way raised use of the water of wells for human consumption, as animal, pertaining at Córrego Rico watershed. The same it is observed in situated properties in the urban area, with water of particular wells, that supplies a great parcel of the population. The present study will have as objective to evaluate the situation of this type of alternative supplying in the city. The evaluation was lead in two samplings, period of drought and rain, in 30 wells in the urban area and 30 wells of the agricultural area. The microbiological quality was searched (mesophylic microrganism, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium sulfite reducing), as well as characteristics physicist-chemistries (concentrations of chloride, nitrate and ammonia, apparent color and pH). The used statistical method was the test of the squared Qui 1% and 5% of significance, and calculation of the Relative Risk for standards and inside of potability. A great number of properties of the agricultural way met in disagreement with the standards of potability for water, during the periods of drought and rains, when compared with the urban environment. The absence of the protection factors, and treatment of the water evidenced the high risk that this water offers for consumption, harm sanitary hygienical quality of the same one, and probable source of occurrence and perpetuation of wet illnesses propagation. It was intended with this, to get subsidies for future corrective and preventive actions for preservation of the health human being, and the local wet resources.

Submitted by FERNANDA TELES GOMES ROSA null (fernandatgr1@gmail.com) on 2017-08-15T18:41:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSA-FERNANDA TELES.pdf: 6621510 bytes, checksum: 612dfbb5998d42a64bbd5c39628a8da0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-22T17:52:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_ftg_me_rcla.pdf: 6621510 bytes, checksum: 612dfbb5998d42a64bbd5c39628a8da0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T17:52:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_ftg_me_rcla.pdf: 6621510 bytes, checksum: 612dfbb5998d42a64bbd5c39628a8da0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A água subterrânea quando objeto de consumo humano obedece a parâmetros de qualidade, determinados por órgãos responsáveis em cada região. Poços do tipo cacimba, de escavação manual, e por vezes não regulamentados, podem sofrer da alteração dos parâmetros geoquímicos e como consequência a diminuição da qualidade da água. Sob a problemática de alta salinidade evidenciada por parte dos moradores nos municípios de Corumbataí e Rio Claro no interior do estado de São Paulo, foram realizadas aquisições de dados geofísicos por meio do método eletrorresistivo e coletados dados físico-químicos das águas dos poços. A captação de água subterrânea nestes poços é sob a unidade geológica da Formação Corumbataí marcada pela presença de siltitos e argilitos. A quantificação de parâmetros como os sólidos totais dissolvidos, condutividade elétrica, pH e Eh e vazão, são determinantes para caracterização do ambiente hidrogeológico. Para este trabalho, foram coletados dados geoquímicos de 18 poços e realizadas aquisições geofísicas com a técnica de tomografia elétrica concomitantes, com o intuito de possível correlação entre os parâmetros. Em uma análise geral nos dados físico-químicos é possível notar que os dados referentes aos parâmetros de sólidos totais dissolvidos e condutividade elétrica medidos nos poços, são correlacionados diretamente, devido a facilidade ao trânsito de corrente elétrica em soluções salinas. O resultado do processamento das aquisições geofísicas foi divido em quatro grupos distintos, que variam de acordo com as características quanto ao parâmetro físico de resistividade. Com a realização de três arranjos de campo distintos, Schlumberger, Wenner e Dipolo-dipolo, a resposta geofísica é diferente para cada arranjo. Em determinadas linhas ocorrem diferenças entre as três seções para mesmo ambiente geológico, este efeito é devido à disposição dos eletrodos na superfície para a injeção de corrente e obtenção da diferença de potencial. Cada disposição diferente de eletrodos gera uma distorção do campo elétrico devido à forma de propagação de corrente em cada arranjo aplicado em campo, como é evidenciado em determinadas linhas, das quais os valores de resistividade obtidos na área de influencia do poço são amplamente discrepantes de um arranjo em comparação com os outros. / Groundwater when subject to human consumption obeys quality parameters, determined by responsible bodies in each region. cacimba wells, manually excavated, and sometimes unregulated, can suffer from the alteration of the geochemical parameters and as a consequence the decrease of water quality. Under the problem of high salinity evidenced by the residents in the municipalities of Corumbataí and Rio Claro in the interior of the state of São Paulo, geophysical data were acquired through the eletrorresistivo method and physicochemical data were collected from well water. The abstraction of groundwater in these wells is under the geological unit of the Corumbataí Formation marked by the presence of siltstones and argillites. The quantification of parameters such as total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH and Eh and flow rate are determinant for characterization of the hydrogeological environment. For this work, geochemical data were collected from 18 wells and geophysical acquisitions were carried out using the concomitant electrical tomography technique, with the aim of possible correlation between the parameters. In a general analysis of the physicochemical data it is possible to observe that the data concerning the parameters of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity measured in the wells are directly correlated due to the ease of electric current transit in salt solutions. The result of the processing of the geophysical acquisitions was divided into four distinct groups, which vary according to the characteristics of the physical parameter of resistivity. With the realization of three distinct field arrangements, Schlumberger, Wenner and Dipole-dipole, the geophysical response is different for each arrangement. In certain lines there are differences between the three sections for the same geological environment, this effect is due to the arrangement of the electrodes on the surface for the current injection and obtaining the potential difference. Each different arrangement of electrodes generates a distortion of the electric field due to the form of current propagation in each array applied in the field, as evidenced in certain lines, of which the resistivity values obtained in the area of influence of the well are widely divergent from one arrangement compared to others.

Submitted by Kaíque Mesquita Cardoso (kaiquemesquita@outlook.com) on 2018-05-14T12:43:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_km_me_botfca.pdf: 2683094 bytes, checksum: 637412d8a97a3cf7e8f5b6e7d0fbcfd4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-05-14T13:02:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_km_me_botfca.pdf: 2683094 bytes, checksum: 637412d8a97a3cf7e8f5b6e7d0fbcfd4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T13:02:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_km_me_botfca.pdf: 2683094 bytes, checksum: 637412d8a97a3cf7e8f5b6e7d0fbcfd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O conceito de microbacias hidrográficas reflete a sensibilidade ao regime de precipitação e uso alternativo do solo da área de drenagem. Neste sentido, ao pensar em planejamento territorial, a conservação das microbacias hidrográficas é o que garante o suprimento da quantidade e qualidade do corpo de água à jusante. Assim, sabendo que a exportação dos nutrientes em uma microbacia hidrográfica está relacionada ao manejo exercido na área, e em que, ao depender da sua concentração no sistema aquático pode gerar um processo de degradação ambiental, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica de parâmetros de qualidade da água e a oscilação do índice de estado trófico em duas microbacias hidrográficas. As microbacias estão sob diferentes coberturas de vegetação, e enquanto uma possui vegetação nativa do bioma Mata Atlântica, a outra possui predominância de florestas plantadas de Pinus. Foram coletados dados durante uma série histórica de dez anos (2005 – 2015), com frequência de observação quinzenal. As variáveis aferidas foram os nutrientes nitrato, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio, assim como parâmetros físicos de sólidos suspensos totais, turbidez e cor aparente. O monitoramento dos parâmetros de qualidade é fruto do Programa Cooperativo sobre Monitoramento e Modelagem de Bacias Hidrográficas (PROMAB) do Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF). Neste estudo observou-se que apesar do regime de precipitação condicionar a flutuação de alguns nutrientes, a mobilidade dos elementos pode ser em função da solubilidade e reatividade com a água. Não foi observado depreciação da qualidade de água pelo manejo florestal. / The concept of catchments reflects the sensitivity of the precipitation regime and the alternative use of soil in the drainage area. In this sense, when thinking about territorial planning, the conservation of watersheds is what guarantees the supply of the quantity and quality of the water body downstream. Thus, knowing that the export of nutrients in a watershed is related to the management in the area, and that, depending on its concentration in the aquatic system can generate an environmental degradation process, the objective of this work was to evaluate the parameters dynamics of water quality and the oscillation of the trophic state index in two catchments. The watersheds are under different coverages of vegetation, while one of the watershed is surrounded by vegetation native to the Atlantic Forest biome, the another is predominantly planted pine forests. Data were collected during a ten - year historical series (2005 - 2015), with frequency of biweekly observation. The measured variables were nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium nutrients, as well as physical parameters of total suspended solids, turbidity and apparent color. The monitoring of the quality parameters is the result of the Cooperative Program on Monitoring and Modeling of Watershed of the Forest Research Institute. In this study it was observed that although the precipitation regime conditions the fluctuation of some nutrients, the mobility of the elements can be in function of the solubility and reactivity with the water. No water quality depreciation was observed by forest management. / 1582576

Orientador: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Banca: Oswaldo Durival Rossi Junior / Banca: Laudicéia Giacometti Lopes / Resumo: O município de Jaboticabal está localizado em região onde prevalece a atividade agrícola e há uma elevada utilização da água de poços tanto para consumo humano, como animal, pertencentes a Microbacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Rico. O mesmo se observa em propriedades situadas na área urbana, com água advinda de poços particulares, que abastece uma grande parcela da população. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a situação deste tipo de abastecimento alternativo no município. A avaliação foi conduzida em duas amostragens, período de seca e chuva, em 30 poços na área urbana e 30 poços da área rural. Foi pesquisada a qualidade microbiológica (Coliformes Totais, Escherichia coli, Clostrídios Sulfito Redutores e microorganismos mesófilos), bem como características físico-químicas (concentrações de cloreto, nitrato e amônia, cor aparente e pH). O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste do Qui quadrado a 1% e 5% de significância, e cálculo do Risco Relativo para padrões fora e dentro de potabilidade. Um grande número de propriedades do meio rural encontrava-se em desacordo com os padrões de potabilidade para água, durante os períodos de estiagem e chuvas, quando comparadas ao ambiente urbano. A ausência dos fatores de proteção, e tratamento da água evidenciou o alto risco que esta água oferece para consumo, bem como a má qualidade higiênico-sanitária da mesma, e a provável fonte de ocorrência e perpetuação de doenças de veiculação hídrica. Pretendeu-se com isso, obter subsídios para futuras ações corretivas e preventivas para preservação da saúde humana, e dos recursos hídricos locais. / Abstract: The city of Jaboticabal is located in region where it takes advantage the agricultural activity and it has one in such a way raised use of the water of wells for human consumption, as animal, pertaining at Córrego Rico watershed. The same it is observed in situated properties in the urban area, with water of particular wells, that supplies a great parcel of the population. The present study will have as objective to evaluate the situation of this type of alternative supplying in the city. The evaluation was lead in two samplings, period of drought and rain, in 30 wells in the urban area and 30 wells of the agricultural area. The microbiological quality was searched (mesophylic microrganism, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium sulfite reducing), as well as characteristics physicist-chemistries (concentrations of chloride, nitrate and ammonia, apparent color and pH). The used statistical method was the test of the squared Qui 1% and 5% of significance, and calculation of the Relative Risk for standards and inside of potability. A great number of properties of the agricultural way met in disagreement with the standards of potability for water, during the periods of drought and rains, when compared with the urban environment. The absence of the protection factors, and treatment of the water evidenced the high risk that this water offers for consumption, harm sanitary hygienical quality of the same one, and probable source of occurrence and perpetuation of wet illnesses propagation. It was intended with this, to get subsidies for future corrective and preventive actions for preservation of the health human being, and the local wet resources. / Mestre

A água é um recurso natural essencial para a vida, sendo sua qualidade, uma característica extremamente importante para avaliar as possibilidades de seu uso. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água do complexo de represas Paraibuna-Paraitinga, classificado como corpo dágua Classe 2, localizadas na Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul, no Estado de São Paulo. Foram apresentados os resultados das análises dos parâmetros limnológicos: temperatura do ar, temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, transparência, turbidez e sólidos totais; das concentrações dos ânions: nitrato, fluoreto, sulfato, fosfato e cloreto; e das concentrações de elementos-traço: Hg, Se, As, Sb, Pb, Cd, Ag, Al, B, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V e Zn, obtidos a partir das amostras de água de superfície, meio e fundo da coluna dágua, representativas de oito estações de amostragem. Os resultados foram comparandos com os limites estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. Dos 30 elementos analisados, somente Alumínio, Ferro, Fósforo, Prata e Manganês apresentaram concentrações acima dos padrões legais, principalmente nos períodos chuvosos. Os paramêtros limnológicos ficaram dentro dos padrões para ambientes oligotróficos, como as represas são classificadas. As espécies iônicas apresentaram a maioria dos resultados abaixo dos limites de quantificação e abaixo da legislação. A partir dos resultados obtidos, infere-se que as represas Paraitinga e Paraibuna encontram-se preservadas, e estão isentas de contaminação por metais e elementos-traço, associando as concentrações de Al, Fe, P, Ag e Mn à característica geológica da região. / Water is a natural resource, essential to life, and its quality, an important feature to evaluate the possibilities of its use. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Complex Paraibuna-Paraitinga, classified as Class 2 water body, located in the basin of Paraíba do Sul River, State of Sao Paulo. In order to analyze the water quality of these reservoirs, this paper presents an analysis of some limnological parameters: air temperature, water temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, transparency, turbidity and total solids; the concentrations of anions: nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate and chloride; and concentrations of trace elements: Hg, Se, As, Sb, Pb, Cd, Ag, Al, B, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V and Zn, obtained from samples of surface water, middle and bottom of water column, representing eight sampling stations. The results were compared with the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. From the 30 elements analyzed, only aluminum, iron, phosphorus, silver and manganese concentrations were above the legal standards, especially in rainy periods. The limnological parameters were within the standards for oligotrophic environments, such as these reservoirs are classified. The ionic species present most results below the quantification limits and under the legislation. From the results obtained, it appears that the reservoirs Paraibuna and Paraitinga are preserved, and are free of contamination by metals and trace elements, suggesting that the concentrations of Al, Fe, P, Ag and Mn are linked to the geological feature of the region.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The South African Avocado Industry is continuously expanding with ‘Hass’ cultivar occupying the largest land and therefore, the most exported cultivar. Expansion of the industry implies an increased demand for irrigation water. However, South Africa is a water scarce country characterised by low and erratic rainfall, where fruit production relies heavily on irrigation. The agricultural sector is under an obligation to reduce water use due to the increasing demand for water by other economic sectors. Therefore, it must find efficient water use techniques to save water and ensure water availability for other economic sectors. Partial root-zone drying (PRD) is an irrigation technique which may lead to 50% reduction in water use, half of the root system is kept wet while the other half is left dry to a predetermined level of soil water depletion, the dry and the moist sides are alternated at regular intervals. During storage and transportation of fresh produce, low temperature is a post-harvest tool used to maintain quality, especially when fruit are destined for long distant export markets. This study investigated the effect of PRD and low temperature storage on post-harvest quality parameters of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit. The experiment was laid as a factorial arranged in randomised complete block design (RCBD). The treatment factors for chilling injury, electrolyte leakage and vascular browning were 2 x irrigation regimes (Full Irrigation (FI) vs. PRD) and 2 x storage temperatures (2.0 and 5.5°C). However, treatment factors for fruit weight loss, respiration rate, fruit firmness, ripening percentage and fruit skin colour were 2 x irrigation regimes (Full Irrigation (FI) vs. PRD), 2 x storage temperatures (2.0 and 5.5°C) and 4 ripening days (0, 2, 4 and 6 days). Mature ‘Hass’ avocado fruit were harvested from PRD and fully irrigated trees and thereafter fruit of each treatment were stored at 2.0 and 5.5°C for 28 days. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates, with an exception of electrolyte leakage, whereby the experiment was replicated 4 times. After 28 days’ storage at 2.0 and 5.5°C, fruit were ripened at 21°C. The effect of PRD and low temperature storage was determined by evaluating the following physico-chemical fruit parameters during ripening: external chilling injury, electrolyte leakage, fruit weight loss, respiration rate, firmness, fruit skin colour and vascular browning. During ripening, ‘Hass’ avocado fruit stored at 2.0°C showed significantly higher incidences of external chilling injury symptoms compared with xiii 5.5°C, irrespective of irrigation treatment. Furthermore, an interaction between irrigation treatment and low storage temperature had a significant (P<0.05) effect on cell membrane electrolyte leakage. All evaluated fruit showed similar weight loss, irrespective of irrigation and storage treatment. Irrigation, storage temperature and ripening days did not have effect on respiration during ripening. Fruit reached the respiratory climacteric peak on the same day (day 2). Furthermore, there was no significant interaction effect (P˃0.05) on fruit firmness. However, PRD treated fruit showed slightly low firmness when compared with control fruit. ‘Hass’ avocado fruit harvested from PRD and fully irrigated trees and stored at 5.5°C ripened quicker compared to fruit stored at 2.0°C. There was no significant interaction effect (P˃0.05) on fruit skin lightness (L), chroma (C), hue angle (h°) and fruit eye colour due to irrigation and cold storage treatment. In general, fruit showed skin colour change from emerald green to approximately 75% coloured. Furthermore, irrigation and storage temperature did not have effect on vascular browning, however, there incidence was high on fruit stored at 2.0°C when compared with 5.5°C. The results of this study indicated that ‘Hass’ avocado fruit stored at 2.0°C was negatively affected by low temperature storage and this cold storage temperature is not recommended. PRD reduced water use during irrigation, however, its effect on post-harvest quality of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit subjected to 5.5°C must be further investigated before recommended for export markets. / Agricultural Research Council-Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ARC-TSC) and Agricultural Sector Education Training Authority (AgriSeta)

Monitoring of Chemical Parameters of Mining Waters from Hyperspectral Image Data Abstract The thesis deals with utilization of hyperspectral image data for mining water quality monitoring. Sokolov lignite basin, facing many environmental problems caused by brown coal mining activities is the area of interest. Airborne hyperspectral image data acquired by the HyMap sensor in 2009 and 2010 and ground truth data - chemical and physical parameters of water samples are the main data sources for the thesis. Practical part aims at estimating of the amount of the dissolved iron and suspended sediments in selected water bodies. Two approaches were used to achieve this goal - the empirically derived relationship between the ground measurements and reflectance of the water bodies, and spectral unmixing method. Comparison of the two mentioned approaches and evaluation of validity to use the proposed methods for the data acquired by the same sensor one year later is also a part of this thesis.

A la quantité limitée de l’eau disponible au Liban, vient s’ajouter un nouveau problème, la dégradation de la qualité des eaux superficielles menacées continuellement par la pollution et la salinisation. Les utilisations agricoles et industrielles et l’augmentation de la population génèrent des pollutions des cours d'eau qui posent des problèmes environnementaux et sanitaires. Afin de limiter et d'anticiper ces pollutions, il est nécessaire de disposer de méthodes d'évaluation des effets des systèmes de culture sur la pollution des eaux de rivière. Pour cela, nous avons sélectionné la rivière Litani qui est la plus longue rivière et la plus importante au Liban, sur laquelle deux dispositifs de suivis ont été mis en œuvre entre 2010 et 2013. En raison de l'absence de données sur la qualité de l'eau, nous proposons dans cette étude de vérifier les paramètres de pollution du bassin supérieur qui constitue la majorité de surface du bassin. L’objectif de ce projet est de réaliser une étude prospective sur la qualité de la ressource en eau du bassin supérieur du Litani en incluant le lac de Qarraoun, de comprendre la relation entre la recharge et la consommation d’eau et, si pertinent, de proposer des solutions pour une meilleure gestion des eaux polluées. L'étude porte sur l'interprétation des sources de pollution en mesurant de nombreux paramètres physicochimiques (pH, T °, TDS, Ec), chimiques (Na, Ca2, Mg2, Cl-, SO2-4, NH3, NO-3, PO2-4, K, DBO5 et DCO), les métaux lourds (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Ba, Pb, Mn) et des paramètres microbiologiques de l'eau et les sédiments de la partie supérieure du bassin Litani et dans le lac. Des échantillons ont été prélevés au cours des trois saisons d’hiver (Février), du printemps (mai) et d’été (Septembre) en 2010-2013. Les analyses microbiologiques et physico-chimiques sont effectuées en conformité avec les méthodes standards européennes et méthode standard (OMS). Des méthodes statistiques multi-variées (analyse hiérarchique de la concentration : HAC, et de l'analyse en composantes principales : PCA) et la corrélation de Pearson ont ensuite été appliquées pour déterminer l'influence des polluants dans le lac et la rivière / Lebanon has abundant water, but its river is polluted. The Litani River is the largest one, draining from north to south in the central core of the country (Bekaa Valley) before turning west to the sea. It crosses down a rather deep valley and passes by several urban agglomerations and industrial zones, which use its water as a discharge system of their waste. This study shows the impact of the anthropic activities on the water quality of this river. Physical (pH, T°, TDS, Ec), chemical (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl?, SO2?4, NH3+, NO?3, PO2?4, K+, BOD5 and COD), heavy metals (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Ba, Pb, Mn) and microbiological parameters of water quality assessment and sediment for the Upper Litani River Basin was performed. They were investigated during three seasons of rainy, mid-rainy spring and wet season, during the years 2010-2013 to determine correlation between chosen chemical water parameters and bottom sediments parameters. Microbiological and physico-chemical analyses are performed in accordance International methods (e.g. European Standard Methods, WHO). In addition, Multivariate statistical methods (Hierarchical Clustering Analysis: HCA, and Principal Component Analysis: PCA) and Pearson’s correlation were applied to figure out the influence of pollutants disposal in the Lake and the River as well. Sediments were characterized by a set of chemical analyses, cations exchange capacity, mineralogical X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To assess metal contamination in sediments, Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines of Wisconsin (CBSQG) were applied. The metals contamination in the sediments was also evaluated by contamination factor (Cf), and the results showed that the effect of seasonal variations was important in the Upper Litani River Basin and the degree of contamination was increased in dry season. All the sites are characterized by moderate to highly microbial polluted range and some site was highly polluted and contaminated