Azoxystrobin (AZY), a systemic broad-spectrum fungicide, is applied on crops to control soil-borne pathogenic fungi. This study aimed to determine the effects of AZY on non-target plant species and Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) associated with plants' roots. We hypothesized that AZY negatively affects AMF viability; and that, if the plants were dependent on this symbiosis, AZY exerts an indirect detrimental effect on plant growth. To test this, three mycotrophic (Phalaris arundinacea L., Solidago canadense L., Geum canadense Jacq.) and one non-mycotrophic (Chenopodium album L.) native plant species were subjected to five AZY doses with or without AMF. Plants were grown for 60 days in a greenhouse, in individual pots, (4 plants X 2 AMF X 5 AZY X 6 replicates), and mesocosms (1 mes. X 2 AMF X 5 AZY X 6 replicates), and harvested 30 days after spraying, and dry mass was taken. Fresh root samples were used for microscopic assessment of AMF colonization. The results from the individual pot experiment show that the effects of AZY on biomass varied across plant species. AZY led to a significant increase in shoot and root mass of P. arundinacea, and a decrease in shoot mass of AMF inoculated G. canadense. The presence of AMF resulted in a significant increase in root and shoot mass of P. arundinacea, and an increase in root mass of S. canadense and shoot mass of C. album. In the mesocosm experiment AZY did not have a significant effect on the measured parameters, although the presence of AMF significantly increased root, shoot, and total dry mass of G. canadense and P. arundinacea. Conversely, AMF significantly decreased shoot and total dry mass of S. canadense. The results suggest that both direct and indirect effects should be taken into account when assessing the impact of pesticides on non-target plant species.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Evalúa la actividad antioxidante del hidrolizado proteico de la harina desengrasada de las semillas de Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (cañihua). Se obtuvo proteínas que fueron concentrados por precipitación isoeléctrica y sometido a hidrólisis por dos enzimas proteolíticas con actividad endopeptidasas y exopeptidasas: Proteasa Bacillus lichniformis (PBL) y Proteasa Aspergillus oryzae (PAO), respectivamente. Se cuantificó la liberación de péptidos a los 90 min de hidrólisis de forma independiente y adicionalmente 150 min para enzimas de forma secuencial, la relación enzima/sutrato de 10% (v/v) y Temperatura a 50 °C para ambos casos. Las enzimas de forma independiente de PAO y PBL incrementaron la liberación de péptidos hasta 241.24 y 269.32 µmol tirosina/mL respectivamente en comparación al concentrado de proteínas sin hidrolizar. Para la adición de enzimas de manera secuencial PAO + PBL y PBL + PAO incrementaron la liberación de péptidos hasta 399.92 y 315.80 µmol tirosina/mL respectivamente. La actividad antioxidante de los hidrolizados fue evaluada por el método del radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). Esta actividad se expresó en IC50; para las muestras con mayor cantidad de péptido de PBL, PAO, PBL + PAO y PAO + PBL fueron 11.608, 10.924, 7.232, 9.168 ug/mL respectivamente y para el TROLOX fue 5.007 ug/mL. Con estos resultados se observó que los hidrolizados presentaron una buena actividad antioxidante; por lo tanto, constituyen una buena fuente para la obtención de péptidos bioactivos. / Tesis

Master of Science / Agronomy / Johanna A. Dille / Mithila Jugulam / Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) is an annual broadleaf weed species that competes with more than 40 crop species around the world. A biotype of common lambsquarters in north central KS (DK) was not controlled by a glyphosate application. Plant growth stage and temperature have been related to overall glyphosate efficacy on common lambsquarters. The objectives were to determine the: 1) tolerance of two biotypes of common lambsquarters to glyphosate, 2) efficacy of glyphosate on common lambsquarters at different growth stages, and 3) efficacy of glyphosate on common lambsquarters when grown at different temperatures. Greenhouse dose-response experiments, shikimate accumulation assay, and glyphosate uptake and translocation experiments were conducted using DK biotype and a known susceptible biotype (RL) of common lambsquarters for comparison. Dose-response results indicated elevated tolerance of the DK biotype to glyphosate based on the GR₅₀ (a dose causing 50% biomass reduction) values (373 g ae/ha for RL vs. 552 g ae/ha for DK). Similarly, the DK biotype accumulated slightly less shikimate in the leaf discs compared to the RL biotype. Minimal differences were observed in ¹⁴C-glyphosate uptake and translocation between the two biotypes. Greenhouse-grown common lambsquarters were treated with glyphosate at a field dose (1x) of 840 g ae/ha when they were 5-7, 10-12, 15-17 or 19-21 cm tall. Common lambsquarters were also grown in growth chambers for 1 wk maintained at d/n temperatures of 25/15, 32.5/22.5, or 40/30 C and then treated with 0-, 0.125-, 0.25-, 0.5-, 0.75, 1.0-, and 2.0-x rates of glyphosate at 8-10 cm tall. Visual injury was recorded 1 WAT and biomass was determined 2 WAT. Common lambsquarters plants treated at 5-7 cm were more susceptible than larger plants to glyphosate. Furthermore, plants were more susceptible to glyphosate when grown under lower temperatures of 25/15 C than higher temperatures. Overall, these results suggest that the DK biotype of common lambsquarters appears to have elevated tolerance to glyphosate. Additionally, glyphosate should be applied early in the season when plants are small and temperatures are cooler for optimal control of common lambsquarters.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-25T17:36:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação vergara final - Cópia.pdf: 685849 bytes, checksum: 100fb54a99f7c73ef885ae365bb5efa1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:15:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação vergara final - Cópia.pdf: 685849 bytes, checksum: 100fb54a99f7c73ef885ae365bb5efa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:37:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação vergara final - Cópia.pdf: 685849 bytes, checksum: 100fb54a99f7c73ef885ae365bb5efa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T18:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação vergara final - Cópia.pdf: 685849 bytes, checksum: 100fb54a99f7c73ef885ae365bb5efa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / A quinoa é uma planta da família Chenopodiacea, domesticada pelos povos andinos há milhares de anos. É uma cultura anual produtora de grãos, conhecida como pseudocereal devido à sua semelhança com a composição dos grãos de cereais. Suas sementes são consumidas mundialmente devido as suas propriedades nutricionais, atualmente apresentando elevada demanda. Deste modo a cultura se apresenta como uma importante alternativa para diversificação de cultivos e geração de renda para pequenos agricultores. Atualmente seu consumo e produção estão difundidos ao redor do mundo. No Brasil, sua introdução é recente, sendo os primeiros estudos desenvolvidos na região central do Brasil. Devido ao promissor mercado de alimentos nutracêuticos, a produção deste pseudocereal apresenta grande importância. Tendo em vista a necessidade de estudos que viabilizem a produção de grãos e sementes, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a influência das condições ambientais nos caracteres morfológicos e agronômicos e qualidade fisiológica de sementes.. Para tal foi efetuada a análise de crescimento da cultura, foram obtidos os caracteres agronômicos e morfológicos da cultura e foi efetuada a adaptação de um teste para determinação de vigor pela quantificação da emissão de etanol pelas sementes. Através da curva de crescimento e analise da qualidade da semente produzida, evidenciou-se que não existe diferença significativa entre a cultivar brasileira e o acesso de origem andina, tal fato demonstrando a adaptabilidade da cultura na região. Através do estudo de caracteres morfológicos e agronômicos, observou-se que a utilização de formula adaptada para calculo de potencial de produção é viável para a cultura, existindo acentuada variabilidade entre os genótipos estudados. O estudo dos caracteres morfológicos indica que é possível diferenciar os genótipos de quinoa, especialmente levando em consideração o número de dentes na folha, entretanto observou-se grande variabilidade genética dentro de uma mesma cultivar. Através do estudo do metabolismo do etanol, observou-se relação significativa entre a sua produção e o nível de vigor de sementes, assim utilizando metodologia adaptada, foi possível diferenciar pela produção de etanol lotes de sementes de quinoa com diferentes níveis de vigor, assim comprovando a eficiência do teste. / Quinoa is a plant of the Chenopodiacea family, domesticated by the Andean peoples for thousands of years. It is an annual grain crop, known as pseudocereal due to its similarity to the composition of cereal grains. Its seeds are consumed worldwide due to their nutritional properties, currently presenting high demand. In this way culture is presented as an important alternative for crop diversification and income generation for small farmers. Currently its consumption and production are widespread around the world. In Brazil, its introduction is recent, being the first studies developed in the central region of Brazil. Due to the promising nutraceutical food market, the production of this pseudocereal is of great importance. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the influence of the environmental conditions on the morphological and agronomic traits and the physiological quality of the seeds. In order to do this, the analysis of crop growth , The agronomic and morphological characters of the crop were obtained and a test was performed to determine vigor by quantifying the ethanol emission by the seeds. Through the growth curve and analysis of the quality of the seed produced, it was evidenced that there is no significant difference between the Brazilian cultivar and the access of Andean origin, this fact demonstrating the adaptability of the crop in the region. Through the study of morphological and agronomic characters, it was observed that the use of a formula adapted to calculate potential production is feasible for the crop, and there is a marked variability among the studied genotypes. The study of the morphological characters indicates that it is possible to differentiate the quinoa genotypes, especially taking into account the number of teeth in the leaf, but great genetic variability was observed within the same cultivar. Through the study of the ethanol metabolism, it was observed a significant relationship between its production and the level of seed vigor, thus using adapted methodology, it was possible to differentiate by the ethanol production lots of quinoa seeds with different levels of vigor, thus proving The efficiency of the test.

Azoxystrobin (AZY), a systemic broad-spectrum fungicide, is applied on crops to control soil-borne pathogenic fungi. This study aimed to determine the effects of AZY on non-target plant species and Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) associated with plants' roots. We hypothesized that AZY negatively affects AMF viability; and that, if the plants were dependent on this symbiosis, AZY exerts an indirect detrimental effect on plant growth. To test this, three mycotrophic (Phalaris arundinacea L., Solidago canadense L., Geum canadense Jacq.) and one non-mycotrophic (Chenopodium album L.) native plant species were subjected to five AZY doses with or without AMF. Plants were grown for 60 days in a greenhouse, in individual pots, (4 plants X 2 AMF X 5 AZY X 6 replicates), and mesocosms (1 mes. X 2 AMF X 5 AZY X 6 replicates), and harvested 30 days after spraying, and dry mass was taken. Fresh root samples were used for microscopic assessment of AMF colonization. The results from the individual pot experiment show that the effects of AZY on biomass varied across plant species. AZY led to a significant increase in shoot and root mass of P. arundinacea, and a decrease in shoot mass of AMF inoculated G. canadense. The presence of AMF resulted in a significant increase in root and shoot mass of P. arundinacea, and an increase in root mass of S. canadense and shoot mass of C. album. In the mesocosm experiment AZY did not have a significant effect on the measured parameters, although the presence of AMF significantly increased root, shoot, and total dry mass of G. canadense and P. arundinacea. Conversely, AMF significantly decreased shoot and total dry mass of S. canadense. The results suggest that both direct and indirect effects should be taken into account when assessing the impact of pesticides on non-target plant species.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Evalúa la actividad antioxidante del hidrolizado proteico de la harina desengrasada de las semillas de Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (cañihua). Se obtuvo proteínas que fueron concentrados por precipitación isoeléctrica y sometido a hidrólisis por dos enzimas proteolíticas con actividad endopeptidasas y exopeptidasas: Proteasa Bacillus lichniformis (PBL) y Proteasa Aspergillus oryzae (PAO), respectivamente. Se cuantificó la liberación de péptidos a los 90 min de hidrólisis de forma independiente y adicionalmente 150 min para enzimas de forma secuencial, la relación enzima/sutrato de 10% (v/v) y Temperatura a 50 °C para ambos casos. Las enzimas de forma independiente de PAO y PBL incrementaron la liberación de péptidos hasta 241.24 y 269.32 µmol tirosina/mL respectivamente en comparación al concentrado de proteínas sin hidrolizar. Para la adición de enzimas de manera secuencial PAO + PBL y PBL + PAO incrementaron la liberación de péptidos hasta 399.92 y 315.80 µmol tirosina/mL respectivamente. La actividad antioxidante de los hidrolizados fue evaluada por el método del radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). Esta actividad se expresó en IC50; para las muestras con mayor cantidad de péptido de PBL, PAO, PBL + PAO y PAO + PBL fueron 11.608, 10.924, 7.232, 9.168 ug/mL respectivamente y para el TROLOX fue 5.007 ug/mL. Con estos resultados se observó que los hidrolizados presentaron una buena actividad antioxidante; por lo tanto, constituyen una buena fuente para la obtención de péptidos bioactivos. / Tesis

Background and objectives: The commonly used afrosimetric foam-height method for quantifying saponins in quinoa is rapid but imprecise. A rapid UV/Vis method, utilizing the Liebermann-Burchard (LB) color reaction, was compared to the foam method across a range of saponin levels in washed and unwashed seed. Findings: A 6 min UV/Vis method provided greater precision and accuracy than the afrosimetric method at the lower saponin levels found in washed quinoa. The afrosimetric method did not differentiate saponin levels below 0.6 mg/mL but allows for useful relative comparisons of saponin content in unwashed quinoa where the foam height is large. Conclusions: The UV/Vis method is superior for analyzing saponins present on washed quinoa seed, while the foam method is adequate for saponin measurements in unwashed seed. Significance and novelty: The UV/Vis assay provides a new tool that can be used for in-process quality control in large-scale processing facilities, allowing for rapid, accurate determination of completion of the desaponization step.

The migration of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) into northern sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) growing regions has prompted sugarbeet producers to utilize inter-row cultivation in their weed management program as no currently registered herbicides can control glyphosate-resistant waterhemp postemergence. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cultivation efficacy on waterhemp and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and to evaluate cultivation safety on sugarbeet. Cultivation efficacy experiments demonstrated cultivation removes 65% of waterhemp and has no effect on further waterhemp emergence, but can be deleterious to common lambsquarters control if cultivation is timed before sugarbeet canopy closure. The ideal time to implement inter-row cultivation in sugarbeet is after sugarbeet canopy is closed and can suppress further weed emergence. Cultivation safety experiments demonstrated three cultivations as late as August 16 had no effect on sugarbeet yield and quality. Cultivation is a valuable tool to control glyphosate-resistant weeds with no deleterious effects if used correctly. / Sugarbeet Research and Education Board of Minnesota and North Dakota

Chenopodium quinoa, a South American pseudocereal, has valuable agricultural traits such as salt tolerance and drought tolerance, and it has beneficial nutritional properties such as high protein content and a complete amino acid profile. However, problems including disease susceptibility, low harvest index, lodging, seed shattering, low heat tolerance, and saponin content plague quinoa. Genetic resources for quinoa are needed to fix these problems and make quinoa more available throughout the world. We used ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to create a mutant population of QQ74 quinoa (USDA GRIN PI 614886) of 5,030 mutant families. We did whole exome sequencing (WES) on 44 mutant families. Using the recently published quinoa reference genome and MAPS, a mutation detection pipeline, we found a mutation rate of 11.35 mutations/Mb in these families. We also used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to calculate a mutation rate of 21.67 mutations/Mb in an additional nine mutant families. To demonstrate the utility of this population as a genetic resource, we found an EMS-induced nonsense mutation in the betalain synthesis pathway that prevents red betacyanins from accumulating in the hypocotyl of quinoa. With the mutation rates in our population, we calculate that analysis of 300 mutant families will yield 3-7 mutations in any gene of interest, which will facilitate forward and reverse genetic studies in quinoa.

The genus Chenopodium contains many economically important species in the New World, but is relatively understudied and poorly understood, especially in terms of evolutionary relationships. A better understanding of the structure of this genus could significantly help in breeding efforts on its cultivated members, notably the tetraploid C. quinoa and also certain varieties of C. berlandieri, also tetraploid. Of special concern is determining which diploid weed species are the most likely ancestors for C. quinoa, C. berlandieri, and the other tetraploid members of subsection Cellulata. The phylogeny can be understood in part by examining the ribosomal RNA loci and observing how many copies of the 5S and 45S loci each New World species contains. In this work, the 5S and 45S ribosomal RNA loci are characterized by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization in 23 Chenopodium species collected in the New World, with the 5S locus labeled red and the 45S locus labeled green. Based on these results, the pool of most likely candidate ancestor species for C. quinoa and C. berlandieri includes C. fremontii, C. incanum, C. neomexicanum, and C. watsonii.