Submitted by CARMEN SILVIA RIGHETTI NOBILE righetti nóbile (crighetti@tjsp.jus.br) on 2016-06-24T20:36:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE CARMEN SILVIA RIGHETTI NOBILE.pdf: 4135895 bytes, checksum: 44294081be20907e9e8487f8226d2282 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-27T17:59:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 righettinobile_cs_dr_franca.pdf: 4135895 bytes, checksum: 44294081be20907e9e8487f8226d2282 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T17:59:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 righettinobile_cs_dr_franca.pdf: 4135895 bytes, checksum: 44294081be20907e9e8487f8226d2282 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-13 / O presente estudo visa a demonstrar como é enfrentada pelo Poder Judiciário a questão “garantia de direitos versus a necessidade de implementação de políticas públicas”, na área da Infância e Juventude. Trata-se de uma pesquisa sócio-histórica, de cunho interdisciplinar, que articula as dimensões qualitativa e quantitativa, mediante o estudo dos autos judiciais dos casos de acolhimento institucional das Varas da Infância e Juventude das respectivas Comarcas que compõem a 26ª Circunscrição Judiciária do Estado de São Paulo, a qual abrange os Fóruns das Comarcas de Assis, Cândido Mota, Quatá, Palmital, Maracaí e Paraguaçu Paulista. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, de campo e pesquisa documental (estudo dos autos judicias), com recorte temporal referente ao período compreendido entre janeiro e dezembro de 2013. A tese foi organizada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo traz ao debate os fatores que determinaram a origem do atendimento da Justiça nos casos da Infância e da Juventude, assim como a inserção do Assistente Social no Judiciário paulista, na área em questão. No segundo capítulo, discorreu-se sobre a trajetória e os resultados da pesquisa, apresentando brevemente os 10 (dez) casos estudados, reproduzindo os conflitos ocorridos e mostrando como o Tribunal de Justiça encaminhou a solução dos problemas expostos em cada um dos casos. O terceiro capítulo apresenta uma discussão sobre o Estado e a Política Pública e mostra como os processos impactantes que ocorreram nas sociedades ocidentais, ampliaram as funções do Estado na sociedade contemporânea. Também são enfocados, nessa terceira parte do trabalho, os desafios do Estado em face da política de redistribuição universal e da política do reconhecimento; nessa esteira, é discutida a política pública relativa à criança e ao adolescente, e as várias abordagens da intervenção judicial nas políticas públicas no Brasil são analisadas. O quarto capítulo proporciona uma reflexão a respeito das várias vertentes de pensamento relativas ao Estado e, consequentemente, acerca do Poder Judiciário. Durante todo este trabalho foram mencionados os resultados da pesquisa realizada nos autos dos processos judiciais, relacionando-os com a abordagem teórica. O aspecto que mais se evidenciou: as crianças, os adolescentes e as famílias de acolhidos institucionalmente são atendidos e acompanhados por vários profissionais, dos variados setores que compõem o Sistema de Garantia de Direitos (sejam eles pertinentes ao âmbito Municipal, ao Estadual ou ao Federal). Esses profissionais buscam decisões colegiadas para o problema apresentado, as quais serão homologadas, ou não, pelo Juiz. Na pesquisa que empreendemos, houve, em todas as situações, a homologação judicial dos acordos realizados pelos profissionais envolvidos. No entanto, observamos que nem a alteração da lei, nem o trabalho em rede, propiciaram uma alteração de posicionamento por parte dos profissionais (isto é, a culpabilização da família). Tal situação dificulta ainda mais, às crianças, aos adolescentes e a suas famílias, a defesa contra essa postura conjunta. Em relação ao objetivo de nossa tese, detectamos que essa circunstância vai além da ausência de políticas públicas a serem implantadas pelo Estado: os profissionais que têm o poder de apresentar alternativas, geralmente, são os atores que constroem a representação e a solução dos problemas. Eles indicam ou elegem situações nas quais o Estado irá intervir e se posicionam de modo a responsabilizar as famílias e a culpar (ou mesmo crimininalizar) o pobre. / Este estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar la forma en que se enfrenta por el poder judicial para emitir "derechos de garantía frente a la necesidad de implementar políticas públicas" en el ámbito de la infancia y juventud. Se trata de una investigación socio-histórico, carácter interdisciplinario, que combina las dimensiones cualitativas y cuantitativas, mediante el examen de los registros de la corte de casos de atención institucional de los tribunales de los niños y jóvenes de respectivos distritos que conforman el Circuito Judicial del Estado 26 Sao Paulo, que cubre los foros de los condados de Asís, Cândido Mota, Quatá, Palmital, Maracaí y Paraguaçú Paulista. Los procedimientos metodológicos utilizados fueron: investigación bibliográfica, de campo y trabajo de documentación (estudio del caso judicial) con plazo para el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2013. La tesis se organiza en cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo es una discusión de los factores que determinaron el origen del servicio de la justicia en los casos de niños y jóvenes, así como la inclusión de la trabajadora social en Sao Paulo justicia en el ámbito de que se trate. En el segundo capítulo, habló sobre la historia y los resultados de la encuesta, una breve presentación de los diez (10) de los casos estudiados, la reproducción de los conflictos que se producen y que muestra cómo el Tribunal se remitió la solución de los problemas expuestos en cada caso. El tercer capítulo se presenta una discusión de la política estatal y pública, y muestra cómo los procesos de impacto que se produjeron en las sociedades occidentales, ampliaron las funciones del Estado en la sociedad contemporánea. Se centran también, en esta tercera parte de la obra, los retos del estado en el rostro de la política de redistribución y universales política de reconocimiento; esta cinta de correr, la política pública es discutido en los niños y adolescentes, y los diversos enfoques de la intervención judicial en la política pública en Brasil se analizan. El cuarto capítulo se ofrece una reflexión sobre las distintas corrientes de pensamiento sobre la situación y, en consecuencia, sobre el poder judicial. A lo largo de este trabajo se mencionaron los resultados de la investigación llevada a cabo en el caso de los procedimientos judiciales, relacionándolos con el enfoque teórico. El aspecto que es más evidente: los niños, adolescentes y familias acogidas institucionalmente están atendidos y acompañados por varios profesionales de diferentes sectores que conforman el Sistema de Garantía de Derechos (que son relevantes a nivel municipal, estatal o federal del ). Estos profesionales buscan decisiones conjuntas al problema presentado, que será aprobado o no por el juez. En la investigación que llevamos a cabo, no era, en todas las situaciones, la homologación de los acuerdos realizados por los profesionales involucrados. Sin embargo, se encontró que de no cambiar la ley, o en red, da como resultado un cambio de posición por los profesionales (es decir, el chivo expiatorio de la familia). Esta situación hace que sea más difícil, niños, adolescentes y sus familias, defensa contra esta postura conjunta. En cuanto al objetivo de nuestra tesis, se encontró que este hecho va más allá de la ausencia de políticas públicas a ser implementadas por el Estado: los profesionales que tienen la facultad de presentar alternativas por lo general son los actores que construyen la representación y resolución de problemas. Indican o eligen a situaciones en las que el Estado va a intervenir y posicionarse para culpar a las familias y la culpa (o incluso crimininalizar) los pobres. / This study aims to show how the Judiciary faces the question, "guarantee rights versus the need to implement public policies" in the area of Children and Youth. It is a socio-historical work, its nature is interdisciplinary, and it blends the qualitative and quantitative dimensions, by examining the court records of cases regarding institutional care in Children and Youth Courts of the Districts that form the 26th Judicial Circumscription of the state of São Paulo, which includes the courthouses of the following towns: Assis, Cândido Mota, Quatá, Palmital, Maracaí, and Paraguaçu Paulista. The methodological procedures used were: bibliographic research, field research, and documentary research (study of court records) concerning the time span between January and December, 2013. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first one debates the factors which determined the origin of Justice service in cases concerning Children and Youth, as well as the insertion of the case worker (or social worker) in the state of São Paulo Judiciary, particularly within the focused area. In the second chapter, we discuss the history and the results of the survey, briefly presenting the ten (10) cases we have studied, all of them reproducing the conflicts occurred, and showing how the Court dealt with the solutions of the problems in each case. The third chapter presents a discussion on State and Public Policy, and shows how the decisive processes that happened in Western societies expanded the State’s functions in contemporary society. We also focus, in this third part of the work, on the challenges faced by the State regarding the universal policy of redistribution and recognition policy. Public policy related to children and teenagers is discussed, and the various approaches to judicial intervention in public policy in Brazil are analyzed. The fourth chapter provides consideration of the various trends of thought on State and, as a consequence, on the Judiciary. Throughout this work we mention the results of our research on court records, relating them to the theoretical approach. The most evident aspect: Children, adolescents, and families are institutionally served and accompanied by several professionals from the different sectors that form the Rights Guarantee System (no matter if they are connected to the municipality, the State or the Federal Government). These professionals seek joint solutions, which will be approved, or not, by the judge. There was, in all situations, the court approval of the agreements made by the professionals involved. However, we found out that neither the change of laws nor networking have resulted in a change of position on the part of the professionals (i. e., there was a “scapegoating” of the families). That situation makes it more difficult, for children, adolescents, and their families, to defend themselves against this collaborative standpoint. Regarding the aim of our thesis, we have found out that this fact surpasses the lack of public policies to be implemented by the State: The professionals who have the power to present alternatives are usually the performers who are responsible for representation and problem solving. They indicate or elect situations in which the State will intervene and they act in a way which end up blaming families and reprehending (or even criminally reproaching) the poor.

This thesis has studied how the decision of the Church of Sweden to introduce Child Impact Assessments has changed the way children and adolescents are mentioned in Pastoral instructions. Using quantitative and qualitative content analysis and the theory of implementation, it has studied how often children and adolescents are mentioned and how the rights of the child are concretized in the latest versions of the Pastoral instructions in the 13 Cathedral Parishes. Central to this study are the three foundational perspectives on the rights of the child: a Child’s-rights perspective, a Children’s perspective, and A Child’s perspective.   The thesis concludes that while the overall frequency of references to children and adolescents in the Pastoral instructions has doubled since the introduction of Child Impact Assessments, the parishes have not satisfactorily considered the rights of the child, since only a few instructions have made use of the three perspectives. The thesis argues that, in order for the parishes to fully implement the Church’s decision, and to better consider the rights of the child in their future work, there is a need for educative efforts towards staff in the parishes.

La Convention Internationale relative aux Droits de l’Enfant, ratifiée par la plupart des pays du monde, dont la Libye en 1991, a construit l’enfant en sujet de droit tant au niveauinternational qu’au niveau national. Cette convention constitue un système des droits del’homme consacré à l’enfant qui donc devient titulaire dès sa naissance. Elle présente aussil’ensemble des droits civils, politiques, culturels, sociaux et économiques de tous lesenfants. Plusieurs restrictions font obstacle face à la mise en oeuvre de ces droits.L’immaturité de l’enfant ne lui permet pas à d’en disposer avant qu’il reçoive laprotection nécessaire et l’éducation, conditions indispensables quant à l’usage à venir deses droits.Les mécanismes internationaux ne sont pas assez efficaces. Les travaux de contrôle duCDE ainsi que l’UNICEF sont trop souvent insuffisants, leur amélioration restant un défi àrelever pour une application plus concrète et réelle des principes engendrés par la CIDE.Aussi, au niveau étatique, on constate une disparité entre les engagements et la pratiquesur le terrain. Cette contradiction pose des difficultés rencontrées dans la réalisationpratique des dispositions de cette convention et qui doivent trouver leur solution dans unecoopération internationale effective.La mise en oeuvre de la CIDE dans l’ordre juridique libyen pose encore desinconvénients. Les restrictions socioculturelles conduisent à de multiples conflits entre lesnormes internationales et celle du droit musulman. Malgré des actions pour améliorer lasituation il en reste de trop nombreuses à réaliser afin que les enfants de notre payspuissent être considérés avec égalité et comme ceux des autres pays. / The International Convention on the Child’s Rights, ratified by almost all the countriesin the world, including Libya in 1991, has established the children’s legal rights as subjectof law, both at the national and international levels.This convention built up a system of human rights devoted to the child where hebecame a rightsholder from his birth. It also provided him with the full array of civil,political, cultural, social and economic rights of all children. The implementation of theserights is met with several limitations and obstacles.The immaturity of the child does not permit him to dispose of them before he receivesthe necessary protection and education, all this being prerequisites for the future use of hisrights. International mechanisms are not effective enough. The control functions of theCRC and UNICEF are too often inadequate and their improvement is a challenge for amore concrete and real principle generated by the CRC.Besides, at a state level one can notice a discrepancy between commitments and whatreally happens on the field. This contradiction raises difficulties for the practical realizationof the measures of this Convention, which must find their solution in effective internationalcooperation.The implementation of the CRC in Libya’s legal system has still some drawbacks. Thesocio-Cultural restrictions lead to several conflicts between international standards and theIslamic Law. Although some measures were taken to improve the situation, too manydifficulties remain that prevent the children from our country from being treated with thesame fairness and equality as those from other countries.

The study provides a brief overview of the most important legal instruments in the international, regional and national framework on the development and promotion of children’s rights. Basically, it examines the continuous and pervasive violation of children’s rights despite the progressive instruments that have been adopted to ensure the proper and effective realization of these rights. It focuses on three different countries in Africa: South Africa, Ethiopia and Nigeria because of the value-laden nature of the progressive laws adopted by these countries in the protection of children’s rights. Specific roles and actions taken by international, regional and national monitoring bodies are highlighted to indicate their effectiveness in promoting and fulfilling rights for children. Country reports on the situation of children are examined in the context of realization of salient rights for children amidst the different judicial, political and socio-cultural settings. Emerging judgments and judicial developments that have limited and advanced the realization of rights for children in the specific country context were explored. Conclusions and recommendations are made. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LLM

The study provides a brief overview of the most important legal instruments in the international, regional and national framework on the development and promotion of children’s rights. Basically, it examines the continuous and pervasive violation of children’s rights despite the progressive instruments that have been adopted to ensure the proper and effective realization of these rights. It focuses on three different countries in Africa: South Africa, Ethiopia and Nigeria because of the value-laden nature of the progressive laws adopted by these countries in the protection of children’s rights. Specific roles and actions taken by international, regional and national monitoring bodies are highlighted to indicate their effectiveness in promoting and fulfilling rights for children. Country reports on the situation of children are examined in the context of realization of salient rights for children amidst the different judicial, political and socio-cultural settings. Emerging judgments and judicial developments that have limited and advanced the realization of rights for children in the specific country context were explored. Conclusions and recommendations are made. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LL. M.