Introdução e objetivos: a monitorização neuromuscular objetiva é prática médica baseada em evidências e deve ser empregada rotineiramente quando do uso de fármacos bloqueadores neuromusculares. Entretanto, pesquisas relacionadas a esta monitorização em pacientes pediátricos não estão vastamente documentadas como nos adultos. Em pesquisa clínica, o monitor neuromuscular deve apresentar resposta estável (menor que 5% de variação na altura de T1) por um período de dois a cinco minutos antes da administração do bloqueador neuromuscular. O tempo necessário para se alcançar esta estabilidade na resposta pode variar, mas pode ser encurtado por meio da aplicação de um estímulo tetânico por cinco segundos. Aventouse a hipótese de que a aplicação de estímulo tetânico antes da calibração poderia levar a diferenças nos parâmetros de início de ação e nos tempos de recuperação. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi comparar o tempo de início de ação e os tempos de recuperação após dose única de rocurônio 0,6 mg/kg seguido de recuperação espontânea, entre dois grupos de pacientes com sequências diferentes para a calibração (com e sem o uso de estímulo tetânico). Os objetivos secundários foram a avaliação da altura inicial e final de T1, tempo para se obter estabilidade da altura de T1 e os seguintes ajustes do monitor neuromuscular: corrente elétrica e sensibilidade. Método: consentimento informado dos responsáveis, foram incluídos no estudo 50 pacientes, estado físico 1 ou 2, de dois a 11 anos, agendados para cirurgias abdominais e/ou perineais com tempo cirúrgico estimado superior a 60 minutos. Os pacientes (25 por grupo) foram submetidos a anestesia intravenosa e alocados randomicamente para receber estímulo tetânico (grupo T) ou não (grupo C), antes da calibração do monitor. Após a calibração do monitor, a modalidade sequência de quatro estímulos foi iniciada e mantida em intervalo de 15 segundos. Resultados: não houve diferença significativa no início de ação (C: 57,5±16,9 versus T: 58,3±31,2 s; p=0,917). O tempo normalizado para as relações da sequência de quatro estímulos 0,7, 0,8 e 0,9 diferiram significativamente entre os grupos (C: 40,1 ± 7,9 versus T: 34,8±10 min; p=0,047, C: 43,8±9,4 versus T: 37,4±11 min; p=0,045 e C: 49,9±12,2 versus T: 41,7±13,1 min; p=0,026, respectivamente). O tempo necessário para a estabilização da altura de T1 não mostrou diferença estatística entre os grupos (C: 195±203 versus T: 116±81,6 s; p=0,093). Os valores de altura inicial de T1 mostraram diferença significativa entre os grupos (C: 98 versus T: 82,7%; p < 0,001). Os valores de altura final de T1 também mostraram diferença significante entre os grupos (C: 95,3 versus T: 69,3%; p < 0,001). Conclusões: o estímulo tetânico encurtou o tempo normalizado das relações da sequência de quatro estímulos 0,7, 0,8 e 0,9. As alturas inicial e final de T1 foram menores no grupo tétano. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos relativo ao tempo necessário para estabilização da altura de T1. Os ajustes do monitor (corrente elétrica e sensibilidade) não apresentaram diferenças entre os gruposEffect of tetanic stimulation, prior to calibration, on the onset of action and recovery times of neuromuscular blockade in pediatric patients / Background and objective: objective neuromuscular monitoring is evidence-based medical practice and should be routinely used when using neuromuscular blocking drugs. However, research related to this monitoring in pediatric patients is not widely documented as in adults. In clinical research, the neuromuscular monitor should have a stable response (less than 5% change in T1 height) for a period of two to five minutes before administration of the neuromuscular block agent. The time required to achieve this stability in response may vary, but may be shortened by the application of a tetanic stimulus for 5 seconds. It was hypothesized that the application of tetanic stimulus prior to calibration could lead to differences in the parameters of onset of action and recovery times. The primary outcome of this study was to compare time to onset and recovery times after single dose rocuronium 0.6 mg.kg-1 followed by spontaneous recovery between two groups of patients with different sequences for calibration (with and without use of tetanic stimulus). The secondary outcomes were the evaluation of the initial and final T1 height, time to obtain stability of T1 height and the following neuromuscular monitor settings: electric current and sensitivity. Methods: after approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee and obtaining the informed consent of those responsible for the patient, were included in the study 50 patients, physical status 1 or 2, from 2 to 11 years, scheduled for abdominal and/or perineal surgeries with estimated surgical time greater than 60 minutes. Patients (25 per group) underwent intravenous anesthesia and were allocated randomly to receive tetanus stimulation (group T) or not (group C) prior to calibration of the monitor. After calibration of the monitor, train-of-four mode was initiated and maintained at interval of 15 seconds. Results: there was no significant difference in onset of action (C: 57,5±16,9 versus T: 58,3±31,2 s; p=0,917). The train-of-four normalized times 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 differed significantly between the groups (C: 40,1±7,9 versus T: 34,8±10 min; p=0,047, C: 43,8±9,4 versus T: 37,4±11 min; p=0,045 and C: 49,9±12,2 versus T: 41,7±13,1 min; p=0,026, respectively). The time required to stabilize the T1 height did not show statistical difference between the groups (C: 195±203 versus T: 116±81,6 s; p=0,093), The initial values of T1 height showed a significant difference between the groups (C: 98 versus T: 82,7%; p < 0,001). The final T1 height values also showed a significant difference between the groups (C: 95,3 versus T: 69,3%; p < 0,001). Conclusions: the tetanic stimulus shortened the normalized time of the fourstimulus sequence ratios 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9. The initial and final T1 heights were lower in the tetanus group. There was no statistical difference between the groups regarding the time required to stabilize the T1 height. The monitor settings (electric current and sensitivity) did not show differences between groups. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT0249867

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-09T13:02:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raquel Machado Schincaglia - 2015.pdf: 1283183 bytes, checksum: adb0e52d28de35e4194a70f1c77d39b5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-09T13:04:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raquel Machado Schincaglia - 2015.pdf: 1283183 bytes, checksum: adb0e52d28de35e4194a70f1c77d39b5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-09T13:04:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raquel Machado Schincaglia - 2015.pdf: 1283183 bytes, checksum: adb0e52d28de35e4194a70f1c77d39b5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In the last decades the prevalence of hypertension has increased among children. Lack of diagnosis of the disease in this age group and hence the lack of treatment, can anticipate the appearance of damage to vital organs such as kidneys and heart and increase the chance of maintenance of high blood pressure in adulthood. It is known that the development of hypertension is related to several factors among which we can mention the excess weight. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between waist-height ratio, body mass index and waist circumference with blood pressure levels in children between two and five years. It is cross-sectional study on a household basis that evaluated 279 children aged between two and five years. Anthropometric indices were investigated (waist-height ratio, body mass index and waist circumference), sociodemographic characteristics (age, maternal age, maternal education, economic status) and outcomes systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Associations were estimated by multiple linear regression analysis and predictive capacity by the area under the ROC curve (Receiver- Operating Characteristic). The median age was 3.5 years (2.9 to 4.3). Observed prevalence of high blood pressure 21.5%, 69.2% ratio increased height-waist, 11.5% of overweight and 21.1% of increased waist circumference. Children with increased height-waist ratio or overweight had a higher prevalence of high blood pressure (p <0.05). The increase of one unit of height-waist ratio was associated with increased of 1.78 and 3,53mmHg in systolic and diastolic, respectively, while the one-unit increase in body mass index was associated with increase of 1,0mmHg systolic (p <0.05). Increased waist circumference was not associated with systolic and diastolic pressures. The waist-height ratio showed higher area under the ROC curve 0.70 (0.63-.078) followed by body mass index 0.62 (0.54-0.70)(p <0.05). We conclude that relationship height-waist ratio and body mass index showed positive associations with blood pressure levels of children aged between two and five years. These indices show good predictive ability for high blood pressure in these children. / Nas últimas décadas, a prevalência de hipertensão arterial tem aumentado entre as crianças. A ausência de diagnóstico da doença nesta faixa etária e, consequentemente a falta de tratamento, pode antecipar o aparecimento de lesões em órgãos vitais como rins e coração e ampliar a chance de manutenção de níveis pressóricos elevados na idade adulta. Sabe-se que o desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial está relacionado a alguns fatores dentre os quais cita-se o excesso de peso. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a relação cintura-estatura, índice de massa corporal e circunferência da cintura com os níveis de pressão arterial em crianças entre dois e cinco anos. Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional e domiciliar, no qual foram avaliadas 279 crianças com idade entre dois e cinco anos. Foram investigados índices antropométricos (relação cintura-estatura, índice de massa corporal e circunferência da cintura), características sociodemográficas (idade, idade materna, escolaridade materna, classe econômica) e os desfechos pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. As associações foram estimadas pela análise de regressão linear múltipla e a capacidade preditiva pela área da curva ROC (Receiver-Operating Characteristic). A mediana de idade das crianças foi 3,5 anos (2,9-4,3). Observou-se prevalência de pressão arterial elevada de 21,5%, 69,2% de relação cintura-estatura aumentada, 11,5% de excesso de peso e 21,1% de circunferência da cintura aumentada. As crianças com relação cintura-estatura aumentada ou excesso de peso apresentaram maiores prevalências de pressão arterial elevada (p<0,05). O aumento de uma unidade de relação cintura-estatura estava associado à elevação de 1,78 e 3,53mmHg nas pressões sistólica e diastólica, respectivamente, enquanto que o aumento de uma unidade no índice de massa corporal estava associado à elevação de 1,0mmHg na pressão sistólica (p<0,05). O aumento da circunferência da cintura não apresentou associação com as pressões sistólica e diastólica. A Relação cintura-estatura apresentou maior área sob a curva ROC 0,70(0,63-0,78) seguida pelo índice de massa corporal 0,62(0,54-0,70)(p<0,05). Conclui-se que a relação cintura-estatura e o índice de massa corporal apresentaram associações positivas com os níveis pressóricos de crianças com idade entre dois e cinco anos. Estes índices apresentam boa capacidade preditiva para a pressão arterial elevada nestas crianças.

Toy sharing and sibling interaction are major contexts for young children's developing social skills. This study examined the effects of parenting on sharing between siblings, and the effectiveness of a 5-session parenting programme in promoting sharing. Forty-eight mothers with two preschoolers participated. Each family was assessed before and after the parenting programme and at a 6-week follow-up. The mother completed measures of her parenting approach and reported on her children's behavior. The children were interviewed to obtain cognitive measures. Interactions of the mother and two children were observed in a laboratory playroom. Fathers and preschool teachers also reported on the children's behavior. Two parts of the study used data collected at the first assessment. First, multivariate analyses showed significant correlations between mother behaviors and those of the children, and between the two children. Second, the immediate effects of parenting on children's sharing were explored by manipulating the mother's activities. Children exhibited more appropriate sharing when the mother was free to interact with them than when she was busy with paperwork. The third part of the study examined the effects of two formats of a parent-training programme on sibling sharing. Families were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: individual programme, group programme, or waiting-list control. The programme provided parents with information about the development of sharing and sibling relationships and taught behavioral parenting techniques to use in promoting the development of child sharing skills. Positive effects of the sharing programme on siblings' sharing-related behavior were clearly demonstrated. These effects were seen to generalize across informants and across behaviors, but not across informants and behaviors combined. Treatment effects were maintained over a follow-up period. Although mothers demonstrated increased knowledge of the content covered by the programme and rated it highly, they did not demonstrate or report significant changes in their own parenting approach on the original measures. Mixed results were obtained concerning the two treatment formats. For observations of child behavior, only the individual format showed superiority over the control condition. The two formats did not differ in treatment effects found on most questionnaire measures. Mothers' reports of decreased behavior problems among younger children and a few tentative findings from child interview measures suggested superiority of the group format. Overall, this study demonstrated both strong relationships between the sharing-related behavior of children, and correlational and causal relationships between mother behavior and sibling sharing. A parent-training intervention was demonstrated to have positive effects on children's sharing behaviors, and these effects generalized over situations, behaviors and time. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Accurate assessment is the foundation on which effective nursing interventions rest. However, it is not known how accurately nurses identify and prioritize the needs of parents whose children have chronic conditions. When nurses proceed with interventions based on inaccurate assessments, the results can be unsuccessful interventions that neither meet parental needs nor provide optimal health care for this population of children. This descriptive comparative study was conducted to 1) examine parental needs identified and prioritized by parents of children with chronic conditions and their respective nurse care-givers, and 2) identify similarities and differences between the two groups. Patterns that evolved from these similarities and differences provide us with information related to where nurses have expertise or difficulty identifying and prioritizing the needs of parents. Kleinman's (1978) health care systems theory, which supports the premise that health care professionals and clients perceive health care episodes differently, provided the conceptual framework for this study. Study participants included 38 parents and 13 nurses who were affiliated with ten ambulatory programs in a Western Canadian pediatric hospital. Both groups completed the modified Family Needs Survey (Bailey & Simeonsson, 1988b) and socio-demographic tool developed by this investigator. Responses to the 35-item scale of the Family Needs Survey were described and ranked, in addition to being analyzed using inferential parametric statistics to determine differences between parents' and nurses' identification of parental needs. Responses to the open-ended question on the Survey were described and ranked. Research findings revealed some similarities and a number of striking differences between the responses of parents and nurses. On the 35-item scale, parents and nurses agreed that five parental needs were 1) information about current research, future services and treatments, 2) help locating competent regular or respite care providers, 3) reading material about other parents with a similar child, 4) opportunity to meet and talk with other parents, with a similar child, and 5) more time for self, spouse and other children. Both groups were consistent in their ranking of the first two needs as the most important needs in the information and community services subscales, respectively. However, nurses had generally higher responses on all subscales and identified eight more parental needs than did parents which were related to information, support, and family functioning. Parents and nurses repeated most of the above needs on the open-ended question, although nurses indicated that parents also had a number of needs related to psychosocial issues and family functioning. Nurses ranked counselling (child's condition, treatment, stress management) as the primary support need. Further, both groups differed in their prioritization of parental needs on the open-ended question. Where parents ranked information, community services, and support needs as the most important, nurses ranked support, information, and community services. The implications of these research findings for nursing practice and education are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

This research examines whether a seven-year-old nonverbal boy's comprehension of syntax develops at an accelerated rate following the introduction of speech output through a portable speech synthesizer (VOIS 135). The study was motivated by (1) a general lack of agreement about the relationship of comprehension and production in language acquisition, (2) some child language investigators' claims that--at certain points during the development of language--production precedes and influences comprehension, and (3) the natural experimental condition provided by a nonverbal child who is suddenly given the ability to 'speak' with the help of a portable speech synthesizer. At the beginning of the research period, the child's sentence comprehension was thoroughly assessed with standard and special purpose tests. His production was assessed through analysis of videotaped interactions. The child was then trained to use the synthetic speech device (VOIS 135) over an eight month period. At the end of this period testing of both comprehension and production was repeated to provide a measurement of language growth in each performance mode. The child demonstrated comprehension of concatenated structures and clefts at the end of the research period; this represented a developmental leap from the beginning of the research period when he understood only much simpler structures. During the eight month study, development of comprehension on the lexical level came to an apparent halt. Production results indicated that the child experienced a definite expansion in productive vocabulary and length of utterance during the research period. Observations indicated that the child's pragmatic and discourse skills improved markedly with his use of the speech output device. Factors which might account for developments (or lack of development as in the case of lexical comprehension) are discussed. Clinical implications of improvements in pragmatic and discourse skills through the use of the device are considered along with methodological suggestions for using this study as a pilot for larger research. Conclusions are that: (1) use of the speech synthesizer led the child to listen to utterances as structural wholes; (2) the child became a more active and independent partner in the communication exchange; (3) synthetic speech garnered the child more attention and more opportunities for interaction; (4) synthetic speech gave the subject access to a greater range of communication partners. While the comprehension-production results are interesting, i.e. the child was able to understand structures at a level of unanticipated complexity after being trained to use the speech device, these results do not elucidate the nature of the comprehension-production relationship. Difficulties in interpreting the results of this study underline the need for a coherent theory relating comprehension and production in language development. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

The ability to classify complex visual forms was studied in three, four, and five year old children. Each subject performed two tasks based on two classes of computer-generated stimuli. The oddity task required the identification of the odd form in a set of three eight-sided polygons. The sequential task required the assignment of each sequentially presented single polygon to one of two classes. No feedback was given. The results revealed a marked developmental change in classification ability occurring between about 4 1/2 and 5 1/2 years of age. The oddity task appeared to be a more sensitive test of class concept formation. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

He, Qiqiang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-154). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Recent advances in the methods of skeletal age estimation have rekindled interest in their applicability to paleodemography. The current study contributes to the discussion by applying several long established as well as recently developed or refined aging methods to a subsample of 121 adult skeletons from the early medieval cemetery of Lauchheim. The skeletal remains were analyzed by 13 independent observers using a variety of aging techniques (complex method and other multimethod approaches, Transition Analysis, cranial suture closure, auricular surface method, osteon density method, tooth root translucency measurement, and tooth cementum annulation counting). The age ranges and mean age estimations were compared and results indicate that all methods showed smaller age ranges for the younger individuals, but broader age ranges for the older age groups.

<p>Uzroci gubitka svesti su različiti i te&scaron;ko ih je diferencirati. Razlikovanja epileptičkih od neepileptičkih gubitaka svesti je od krucijalnog značaja za ispitivanje, lečenja i prognoze ovih poremećaja. Elektroencefalografija (EEG) je standardna, neinvazivna metoda koja se koristi u ispitivanju nakon gubitka svesti. Inicijalni EEG nalaz nakon prvog gubitka svesti može biti normalan, specifičan ili nespecifičan. Procenat patolo&scaron;kog EEG nalaza je veći kod rano urađenog EEG pregleda. Kod dece rani EEG pregled u roku od 48h ne pokazuje statistički značajne abnormalnosti. Spontanim spavanjem ili EEG pregledom nakon deprivacije spavanja se beleži značajno veća prisutnost epileptiformnih promena kod dece starije od 3 godine, čak i kada je prvi EEG u budnom stanju normalan. Kombinacijama pregleda u budnom stanju i spavanju povećava prisutnost patolo&scaron;kih promena u EEG zapisu. Materijal metode: Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 198 dece uzrasta od 3-12 godine života nakon prvog gubitka svesti. Ispitanici su klasifikovani u dve grupe na osnovu otpusne dijagnoze: na grupu dece kod kojih dijagnoza epilepsije nije postavljena i na grupu dece kod kojih je dijagnoza epilepsije potvrđena. Korelirani su nalazi EEG-a u budnom stanju i spavanju (spontanom ili nakon deprivacije spavanja) sa anamnestičkim i kliničkim podacima o gubitku svesti, podacima o dužini trajanja gubitka svesti i vremena oporavka, vremenom kada je urađen prvi EEG u odnosu na gubitak svesti kao i sa podacima o ličnoj i porodičnoj anamnezi, a koji su navedeni u protokolu istraživanja. Ispitanici su potom podeljeni prema uzrastu u pet grupa u intervalima od 2 godine (3-4; 5-6; 7-8; 9-10; 11-12). Rezultati: Nakon prvog gubitka svesti specifičan (epileptiformni) nalaz EEG u budnom stanju imalo je 41,97% ispitanika, a 58,03% je imalo nespecifičan ili uredan EEG nalaz u budnom stanju, dok je specifičan nalaz EEG u spavanju imalo je 73,57% ispitanika, a 26,43% je imalo nespecifičan ili uredan EEG nalaz u spavanju. Ispitanici koji su imali specifičan EEG nalaz u budnom stanju imali su i specifičan nalaz u spavanju, a 45,07%, nakon deprivacije sna. Ispitanici koji su u budnom stanju imali nespecifičan ili uredan EEG nalaz u budnom stanju su u 35,92% nakon deprvacije spavanja imali specifičan EEG nalaz u spavanju, za razliku od 1,41% dece koji su imali specifičan EEG nalaz u spontanom spavanju. Sumarno gledano bolesnici koji su &ldquo;aktivirani&rdquo; odnosno oni kod kojih je deprivacija spavanja uticala na dobijanje specifičnog nalaza (epileptiformnih pormena) u spavanju čine 37.32% od svih ispitanika sa specifičnim (epileptiformnim) promenama u EEG-u u spavanju Zaključak: Kod većine pacijenata nakon prvog gubitka svesti EEG nalaz u budnom stanju je bio nespecifičan ili uredan. Procenat specifičnih EEG nalaza (epileptiformnih promena) se značajno povećao prilikom snimanja EEG u spavanju. Naročito velika korist od deprivacije spavanja kao metode aktivacije potvrđena kod onih pacijenata koji su imali inicijalni EEG u budnom stanju uredan ili nespecifičan. Dobijeni rezultati nesumljivo ukazuju na efikasnost deprivacije spavanja kao provokacione metode i povećanja procenta interiktalnihepileptiformnih EEG promena. Neprovociranih prvi gubitci svesti su se če&scaron;će javljali u grupi dece kod kojih je dijagnoza epilepsije potvrđena, dok su se provocirani gubitci svesti javljali če&scaron;će u grupi dece kod kojih dijagnoza epilepsije nije postavljena. Uzrast dece nije uticao na postavljanje dijagnoze epilepsije kao ni na inicijalne nalaze EEGa u budnom stanju i spavanju ali se registrovalo povećanje specifičnih nalaza (epileptiformnih promena) EEG-a, nakon deprivacije spavanja , sa porastom godina života.</p> / <p>The reasons for the loss of consciousness are various and difficult to be differentiated. It is of utmost importance to differentiate between epileptic and non-epileptic losses of consciousness for the purpose of testing, treating and giving prognosis related to this disorder. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a standard, non-invasive method used in testing after the loss of consciousness. The initial EEG after the first loss of consciousness can be normal, specific and non-specific. The percentage of pathological EEG findings is higher in EEG exams performed at an earlier stage. In children, an early EEG exam within 48 hours does not reveal any statistically relevant abnormalities. Spontaneous sleeping or an EEG examination after sleep deprivation leads to a significantly higher number of epileptiform changes in children above the age of 3, even in cases when the first EEG in the awake state was normal. Combinations of examinations in the awake state and during sleep lead to an increased presence of pathological changes in the EEG recording. Material and methods: The research included 198 children aged 3-12 who have experienced their first loss of consciousness. The subjects were classified into two groups, based on their discharge diagnosis: children who have not been diagnosed with epilepsy and children who have had epilepsy confirmed. A correlation was established between EEG findings in the awake state and sleep (spontaneous or following sleep deprivation) and medical history and clinical data related to the loss of consciousness, the information about the length of the loss of consciousness and recovery time, the time when the first EEG examination was performed in relation to the loss of consciousness, as well as the data from the personal and family history. The subjects were further divided into five groups, depending on their age, with each group covering a 2-year period (3-4; 5-6; 7-8; 9-10; 11-12). Results: Following the first loss of consciousness, specific (epileptiform) EEG findings were noticed in 41.97% subjects, while 58.03% of them had non-specific, i.e. regular findings in the awake state. When it comes to the findings during sleep, 73,57% were specific, while 26,43% were non-specific, i.e. regular. The subjects who had specific EEG findings in the awake state also had specific findings during sleep, while that percentage was 45,07% after sleep deprivation. The subjects who had non-specific, i.e. regular EEG findings in the awake state had specific EEG findings during sleep in 35.92% of the cases following sleep deprivation, while 1.41% of the children had specific EEG findings during spontaneous sleep. In total, the patients who were &ldquo;activated&rdquo;, i.e. those whose sleep deprivation contributed to specific findings (epileptiform changes) during sleep comprise 37.32% of all subjects with specific (epileptiform) changes in the EEG findings during sleep. Conclusion: In most patients suffering from the first loss of consciousness the EEG findings were non-specific, i.e. regular. The percentage of specific EEG findings (epileptiform changes) was significantly increased when the EEG examination was performed during sleep. Sleep deprivation, as an activation method, was particularly useful in patients whose initial EEG findings in the awake state were regular, i.e. non-specific. The results obtained undoubtedly confirm the efficiency of sleep deprivation as a provoking method and the increase of the percentage of interictal epileptiform EEG changes. Unprovoked first losses of consciousness were more common in the group of children who have had the diagnosis of epilepsy confirmed, while provoked losses of consciousness were more common in the group of children who have not been diagnosed with epilepsy. The age of children did not affect the process of establishing a diagnosis of epilepsy, nor did it affect the initial EEG findings in the awake state or during sleep, but it was observed that the number of specific EEG findings (epileptiform changes) following sleep deprivation increased with the increase of the age of the patients.</p>

O peso de nascimento insuficiente é decorrente, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, da restrição de crescimento intrauterino. Embora as crianças nascidas com peso insuficiente correspondam a 30% dos nascimentos, o seu crescimento até a idade escolar tem sido pouco estudado. Não há informações sobre as diferenças existentes entre o crescimento das crianças nascidas com peso insuficiente e as nascidas com peso adequado. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o crescimento alcançado na idade pré-escolar por 323 crianças nascidas com peso insuficiente, comparado-o com o crescimento de 886 crianças nascidas com peso adequado, tendo como referencial os valores do NCHS 2000. Foi analisada a influência do sexo, idade, idade materna ao nascimento da criança, tempo de aleitamento materno, morbidade, escolaridade materna, número de pessoas na casa e há quanto tempo freqüentava a creche no crescimento alcançado pelas crianças nascidas com peso insuficiente na idade pré-escolar. No conjunto, o crescimento alcançado pelas crianças com peso de nascimento insuficiente foi menor que o observado para as crianças com peso de nascimento adequado, tanto em peso quanto em estatura. O tempo que a criança freqüenta a creche e o número de pessoas na casa foram fatores de risco associados ao menor crescimento entre as crianças com peso de nascimento insuficiente. A idade da criança foi associada também, porém, como fator de proteção. O crescimento ponderal deficiente teve o tempo que a criança freqüenta a creche como fator de risco e a idade da criança e a escolaridade materna como fatores de proteção. Se comparados com crianças de condição sócio-econômica semelhante que apresentaram peso de nascimento adequado, as crianças com peso de nascimento insuficiente são de risco para retardo de crescimento até a idade pré-escolar, evidenciando a necessidade de receber uma atenção diferenciada nos programas de atenção à saúde, incluindo a monitorização do crescimento. / The insufficient birth weight is decurrent, mainly in developing countries, of the intrauterine growth restriction. Although they mean 30% of the births, the growth of insufficient birth weight children has been little described, also until the scholar age. The influence of the demographic and socioeconomic variables in the growth of this group, until the scholar age, also needs to be established. There are not informations on the existing differences between the growth of the insufficient birth weight children and that observed for the adequate birth weight ones. In this study, the growth reached until the preschool age of 323 insufficient birth weight children was evaluated, compared with referential NCHS 2000 and to the growth of 886 adequate birth weight children. It was analyzed the influence of the sex, age, maternal age at the birth of the child, breast feeding duration, diseases, maternal literacy, number of people in the house and time of frequency to the day-care center on the growth reached for the insufficient birth weight children, until the scholar age. The reached linear growth until the scholar age for the insufficient birth weight children was inferior to the expected values of the NCHS 2000 referential. The growth reached by the insufficient birth weight children was inferior to the observed for the adequate birth weight children, in weight, stature and body mass index. The time that the child attends the day-care center and the number of people in the house were risk factors associated to growth retardation, among the insufficient birth weight children. The age of the child was also associated, however, as protection factor. The deficient weight evolution had the time that the child attends the day-care center as risk factor and the age and maternal literacy as protection ones. If compared to children of similar socioeconomic condition, but of adequate birth weight, the insufficient birth weight children are of risk to growth retardation until the scholar age. Thus, the insufficient birth weight children must have a differential attention in the growth monitoring programs.