Le système d'éducation expose les individus à un processus de socialisation par lequel ils intériorisent ce qui est considéré comme des valeurs appropriées. A travers le processus de cette socialisation scolaire, les élèves incorporent des valeurs majeures de la société à travers l’enseignement et les contenus pédagogiques, et cette conscience des valeurs majeures est renforcée par les attitudes et les attentes des enseignants, par leur focalisation sur telle ou telle catégorie d’élèves, ainsi que par l’impact de leurs pairs. La présente recherche vise à savoir comment le genre fonctionne pendant l’interaction enseignant-élève en classe dans les écoles primaires (publiques) de Shanghai aujourd’hui. Elle vise à observer comment agissent les stéréotypes du genre dans ces interactions. Pour répondre à ces questions, la recherche compare huit écoles primaires de Shanghai, sélectionnées en fonction des écarts des milieux sociaux et géographiques ainsi qu’en fonction de la réputation concernant la qualité de l’enseignement dans telle ou telle école. La méthode utilisée est d’abord celle de l'entretien avec des enseignants. Il s’agissait de leur demander qu’elle était leur conscience du genre, qu’elle était leur attitude à l’égard des élèves en fonction des deux sexes, ce qu’ils attendaient des garçons et des filles, et sur quelles catégories d’élèves ils focalisaient davantage leur attention au cours de l’enseignement. Tout cela sans révéler les objectifs de la recherche visant à mettre à jour leurs représentations et leurs préjugés concernant le genre. On a ensuite procédé à toute une série d’observations en classe réelle, pour vérifier si la pratique des enseignants correspondait ou non à ce qu’ils affirmaient dans les entretiens. De ces entretiens et de ces observations, il ressort que l’attention portée avant tout aux garçons est renforcé par le système de l’éducation chinoise qui met l’accent sur les résultats aux examens, et n’évalue les écoles et les enseignants qu’en fonction des notes obtenues par les élèves. Or, les stéréotypes du genre associent les questions de logique et d'imagination aux garçons qui sont censés pouvoir y répondre plus facilement que les filles ; et associent aux filles les questions « affectives » ou répétitives. Par ailleurs, les filles en classe se comportent plus docilement et font donc partie des élèves silencieux dont les enseignants ne s’occupent pas beaucoup. Ainsi, en analysant le processus d'interaction dans la classe entre les enseignants et les élèves, nous voyons que l’attitude et les préoccupations des enseignants, jouent à long terme un rôle très important pour renforcer les différences du genre. / An education system exposes individuals to a process of socialization during which the values that are considered appropriate become internalized. Through this process of socialization in schools, students adopt fundamental societal values from the pedagogic contents in class and other educational venues. The awareness of the fundamental values is reinforced by teachers’ attitudes, expectations, different focuses on specific students as well as the impact of their peers.This research aims to find out what role gender plays in the teacher-student interaction in the classrooms of the primary schools (public) in Shanghai today. It seeks to examine how gender stereotypes operate in these interactions. This study compares eight primary schools in Shanghai, which were chosen because of the diverse array of student social backgrounds, geographical locations and teachers’ quality. The methodology started by interviewing teachers in the sampled schools. We did not explicitly reveal the objectives of the questionnaires in order to avoid teacher gender prejudice. Some of the questions are: Do you have different perspectives on the roles of male and female students? Do the perspectives change your expectations about the students? What impact might this "consciousness" (or non-consciousness) about gender have on student behaviour ? What attitudes may you have expressed toward girls and boys during classroom interactions? Are there any differences or similarities in your educational expectations concerning boys and girls? How do these expectation show up in the daily life of students in the classroom? Do these expectations change across subjects taught in schools? How effectively do you deal with student behavior (docility, undisciplined attitudes, etc.) Do your responses to these behaviors differ across gender? What shades can be made according to the social and geographical situation of schools in the sense that this situation leads to a different social recruiting of students? We investigate whether the thoughts and perceptions of the teachers on gender differences correlates with academic performances of boys and girls and how these differences are built into the teacher-student relationship. [...]

Outdoor education as a cultural construct comprises outdoor activities, personal and social development, and environmental education. However, the learning process within the Chinese educational system is mainly based on traditional models of teaching. As a relatively new and progressive teaching method, outdoor education tries to find and consolidate its place within the existing educational system. Thus, the aim of the current research is to investigate Chinese primary school teachers' perceptions and experience in outdoor education. Specifically, ten Chinese primary school teachers reported their views and experiences about outdoor education. The current research uses qualitative approach methodology, which specifically is thematic analysis of data extracted from semi-structured interviews with those ten Chinese primary school teachers. From the thematic analysis of the data four themes emerged to report the participants' opinions. The participants revealed their basic knowledge and perceptions about outdoor education and presented examples including some characteristics of outdoor education. However, they emphasized outdoor activities more than other characteristics and tend to consider outdoor education as environmental education, without other essential aims, theories and practices that defined this multidimensional approach. Besides, although Chinese education is still based on traditional teaching and learning approach, the participants showed the willingness to enrich their classes in various ways. The outdoor activities in their classes were mainly combined observation and participation. The participants also revealed that the places they chose were mainly schoolyard and other places out of the classroom but still within the school. Moreover, Chinese primary school teachers acknowledged several benefits of practicing outdoor education such as stimulating multi-senses to help experience, improving social relation and both mental and physical health, promoting educational knowledge and attitude, developing creativity and imagination, and increasing interest and participation. Additionally, the participants reported several barriers that suppress their willingness of practicing outdoor education, such as restricted time, limited place, large population, lack of financial support, air pollution situation, weather factor, insufficient pedagogical training, lack of preparation, teachers' attitude and preference. It is highlighted by the participants that air pollution situation and large population are two essential factors that prevent them applying outdoor education. The above findings contribute to the current limited scientific knowledge concerning the practice of outdoor education in the context of China. Thus, further qualitative research is a prerequisite so that the results of the current research can be testified and be further discussed.