A disfunção cardíaca é um dos principais desfechos da doença renal crônica, sendo que o eixo sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) é um mediador chave nessa condição. Estudos têm demonstrado que os inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase IV (IDPPIV), uma classe de drogas utilizadas no tratamento do diabetes tipo II, são capazes de exercer efeitos renoprotetores e cardioprotetores, entretanto, os efeitos dos IDDPIV sobre o tecido cardíaco frente a uma injúria renal ainda não foram descritos. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar se a inibição da DPPIV atenua a disfunção e o remodelamento cardíaco em ratos com DRC e se esses efeitos se associam a alterações no SRA. Para este fim, ratos Wistar (N=37) com idade entre 2-3 meses, foram submetidos à nefrectomia 5/6 para indução da DRC. Após a cirurgia, os ratos foram randomizados em 2 grupos: Nx (tratados com veículo) e Nx + IDPPIV (tratados com sitagliptina - 200 mg/Kg/dia). Ratos submetidos à cirurgia fictícia foram utilizados como controles (sham). Como esperado, após oito semanas de seguimento, o grupo Nx apresentou acentuada disfunção renal. Por outro lado, nos ratos tratados com sitagliptina, a queda do ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG) foi significativamente atenuada, bem como a creatinina sérica, albuminúria e pressão arterial caudal em relação ao grupo Nx. Curiosamente, tanto a atividade quanto a expressão proteica e gênica da DPPIV cardíaca estavam aumentadas em ratos Nx comparado aos ratos controles. As análises histológicas mostraram que os cardiomiócitos de ratos Nx apresentaram maior volume nuclear e fibrose intersticial cardíaca em relação ao sham. Por outro lado, nos ratos tratados com sitagliptina o volume nuclear dos cardiomiócitos e fibrose estavam reduzidos em relação aos ratos Nx. A função sistólica não se mostrou distinta entre os três grupos de ratos. Todavia, o tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) foi maior em Nx do que em sham, como sugestivo de disfunção diastólica associada à DRC e o tratamento com sitagliptina foi capaz de atenuar o TRIV. A concentração de angiotensina II cardíaca estava aumentada nos ratos Nx em relação aos ratos sham e o tratamento com sitagliptina foi capaz de impedir sua elevação. Em conjunto, os nossos dados sugerem que a inibição da DPPIV em ratos com DRC atenua o remodelamento e a disfunção cardíaca, e que esses efeitos estão envolvidos ao menos em parte, com a redução nos níveis de angiotensina II. Esse é o primeiro trabalho a demonstrar a interação da DPPIV com o SRA intracardíaco em modelo de DRC, e abre portas para estudos envolvendo os mecanismos que levam a essa associação nas síndromes cardiorrenais / Cardiac dysfunction is one of the main outcomes of chronic kidney disease, with the axis system renin angiotensin (RAS) being a key mediator in this condition. Studies have shown that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (IDPPIV) inhibitors, a class of drugs used in the treatment of type II diabetes, are capable of exerting renoprotective and cardioprotective effects, however, the effects of IDDPIV on cardiac tissue against renal injury were not described. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether inhibition of DPPIV attenuates cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in rats with CKD and whether these effects are associated with changes in RAS. For this purpose, Wistar rats (N = 37) aged 2-3 months were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy for induction of CKD. After surgery, the rats were randomized into 2 groups: Nx (treated with vehicle) and Nx + IDPPIV (treated with sitagliptin - 200 mg/kg/day). Sham operated rats were used as controls. After eight weeks of treatment, we identified that the Nx group had marked renal dysfunction. On the other hand, in rats treated with sitagliptin, the decrease in RFG was significantly attenuated, as well as serum creatinine, albuminuria and caudal blood pressure in relation to the Nx group. Interestingly, both the activity and the protein and gene expression of the cardiac DPPIV were increased in Nx rats compared to the control rats. Additionally, histological analysis showed that the cardiomyocytes of Nx rats presented greater nuclear volume and cardiac interstitial fibrosis compared to sham. Conversely, in animals treated with sitagliptin the nuclear volume of cardiomyocytes and fibrosis were reduced in relation to Nx rats. Systolic function was not different among the three groups of rats. However, the isovolumic relaxation time (IVR) was higher in Nx than in sham, as suggestive of CKD-associated diastolic dysfunction and treatment with sitagliptin was able to attenuate IVRT. Cardiac angiotensin II levels were elevated in Nx rats relative to sham rats. Treatment with sitagliptin prevented their elevation. Taken together, data suggest that inhibition of DPPIV in rats with CKD attenuates remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, and that these effects are at least partially involved with the reduction in angiotensin II levels. This study is the first to demonstrate an interaction of DPPIV with the intracardiac RAS in a CKD model, and will help further studies focusing the mechanisms that lead this association in cardiorrenal syndromes

La parathormone joue un rôle clé dans l’homéostasie osseuse. En se liant à l’ostéoblaste par son récepteur, elle active la voie de signalisation Gαs/PKA qui a un rôle ostéoanabolique, et la voie Gα q/11/PKC, dont le rôle n’est que partiellement connu. Lors de l’insuffisance rénale chronique, les patients présentent une hyperparathyroïdie (HPT) et des atteintes osseuses. Notre objectif était de décrire le rôle osseux de la voie PKC dans un modèle de souris transgéniques (Tg) inactivées pour Gα q/11/PKC au niveau osseux, avec ou sans HPT induite par un régime enrichi en phosphate et/ou une insuffisance rénale. Nous avons développé une méthode de quantification scintigraphique osseuse in vivo pour le suivi longitudinal ostéoblastique, et étudié les modifications biochimiques et structurales par µCT. Les souris Tg, comparées aux contrôles, avaient une activité ostéoblastique augmentée et des altérations de la structure osseuse. En cas d’insuffisance rénale, les altérations osseuses et l’activité ostéoblastique étaient moins importantes. L’inactivation de la voie PKC avait donc un rôle osseux protecteur lors de l’HPT modérée de l’insuffisance rénale. / Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a crucial role in bone homeostasis. PTH binds to its receptor in osteoblasts and activates two distinct pathways, the Gαs/PKA and the Gαq/11/PKC pathway. Whereas Gαs/PKA has osteoanabolic action, the role of the latter is uncertain. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to hyperparathyroidism and osteodystrophy. This study explores the role of Gα q/11/PKC signaling in osteoblast specific Gα q/11/PKC knockout (Ko) mice under physiological conditions and in hyperparathyroidism induced by high phosphate diet and/or CKD. To this end a quantitative bone planar scintigraphic method was established, allowing for in vivo follow up study of osteoblast activity and related to µCT and biochemical findings. Gα q/11/PKC Ko mice have increased osteoblast activity and bone microarchitectural impairment. CKD Ko mice exhibit a decreased osteoblast activity and preserved bone architecture compared to control. Thus, PKC inactivation may protect bone in case of moderate hyperparathyroidism secondary to CKD.

<p>Anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CDK), contributes to reduced Quality of Life (QoL) and is associated with cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality. Epoetin raises hemoglobin (Hb) and increases QoL and physical exercise capacity. Because of concerns about safety and economics, current anemia treatment with epoetin aims to achieve subnormal Hb (110-120 g/l). Normalization of Hb may be of additional benefit regarding QoL and cardiovascular effects. The present study examines the effects of Hb normalization with epoetin on safety variables, QoL, graft function after kidney transplantation, dialysis adequacy, hemorheology, hemodynamics and cardiac autonomic function in CKD patients. </p><p>In a randomized, multicenter study comprising 416 pre-dialysis and dialysis patients no difference was observed between patients treated to a normal or a subnormal Hb level on mortality, thrombovascular events, serious adverse events, vascular access thrombosis and residual renal function. QoL was enhanced in a subgroup of hemodialysis patients. Pretransplant epoetin treatment directed toward normal Hb levels did not result in worse graft function during 6 postoperative months. Dialysis adequacy was reduced in a subgroup of hemodialysis patients after normalization of Hb. The blood flow properties of pre-dialysis patients were altered. The hemorheological investigation demonstrated that Hb normalization caused a parallel increase in hematocrit and blood viscosity without other hemorheological changes. While the total peripheral resistance index increased, the cardiac index (CI) decreased. In a separate study cardiac autonomic function, measured by heart rate variability, was decreased in pre-dialysis patients. It was improved, but not fully normalized, by Hb normalization. </p><p>On the basis of this study, Hb normalization with epoetin appears to be safe and increases QoL in hemodialysis patients though may result in lower dialysis adequacy and increased blood pressure. A reduction in CI and improved cardiac autonomic function indicate a positive effect on cardiovascular function.</p>

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a novel, bone-produced hormone that regulates renal phosphate (Pi) reabsorption and calcitriol metabolism. Disorders of mineral and bone metabolism, such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) and hyperostosis-hyperphosphatemia syndrome (HHS), witness the importance of well-balanced serum levels of FGF23. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are highly morbid due to Pi retention/hyperphosphatemia and calcitriol deficiency, which lead to elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). As a response to hyperphosphatemia, CKD patients have also remarkably high serum FGF23 levels, which are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and increased mortality in CKD. The overall aim of this dissertation was to discern a possible role of FGF23 in parathyroid biology. Our in vitro experiments on isolated bovine parathyroid cells demonstrate that FGF23 directly and dose-dependently suppresses the PTH production and secretion, while increasing the expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-activating enzyme 1α-hydroxylase. We investigated possible expressional changes in the FGF23 receptor co-factor Klotho in hyperparathyroid disorders and found that Klotho expression is decreased or absent and inversely correlated to serum calcium (Ca) in adenomas of primary HPT (pHPT). In the hyperplastic parathyroid glands of sHPT, Klotho expression declines in parallel with the kidney function and correlates with the glomerular filtration rate. Moreover, Klotho expression is suppressed by Ca and FGF23, increased by calcitriol, but unaffected by Pi and PTH in vitro. Finally, we identified a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding GALNT3, which is normally involved in the post-translational glycosylation of FGF23, as the cause of aberrant FGF23 processing in a patient with HHS. In summary, we provide evidence for a novel bone/parathyroid axis in which FGF23 functions as a direct, negative regulator of the PTH production. High extracellular Ca is a major determinant of the Klotho expression in pHPT, whereas the Klotho levels in sHPT may be attributed to a combination of the high FGF23 and Ca, and low calcitriol levels associated with CKD. Hence, the decreased Klotho expression in sHPT could explain the concomitantly high FGF23 and PTH levels, as well as the failure of FGF23 to prevent or mitigate the development of sHPT in CKD.

Anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CDK), contributes to reduced Quality of Life (QoL) and is associated with cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality. Epoetin raises hemoglobin (Hb) and increases QoL and physical exercise capacity. Because of concerns about safety and economics, current anemia treatment with epoetin aims to achieve subnormal Hb (110-120 g/l). Normalization of Hb may be of additional benefit regarding QoL and cardiovascular effects. The present study examines the effects of Hb normalization with epoetin on safety variables, QoL, graft function after kidney transplantation, dialysis adequacy, hemorheology, hemodynamics and cardiac autonomic function in CKD patients. In a randomized, multicenter study comprising 416 pre-dialysis and dialysis patients no difference was observed between patients treated to a normal or a subnormal Hb level on mortality, thrombovascular events, serious adverse events, vascular access thrombosis and residual renal function. QoL was enhanced in a subgroup of hemodialysis patients. Pretransplant epoetin treatment directed toward normal Hb levels did not result in worse graft function during 6 postoperative months. Dialysis adequacy was reduced in a subgroup of hemodialysis patients after normalization of Hb. The blood flow properties of pre-dialysis patients were altered. The hemorheological investigation demonstrated that Hb normalization caused a parallel increase in hematocrit and blood viscosity without other hemorheological changes. While the total peripheral resistance index increased, the cardiac index (CI) decreased. In a separate study cardiac autonomic function, measured by heart rate variability, was decreased in pre-dialysis patients. It was improved, but not fully normalized, by Hb normalization. On the basis of this study, Hb normalization with epoetin appears to be safe and increases QoL in hemodialysis patients though may result in lower dialysis adequacy and increased blood pressure. A reduction in CI and improved cardiac autonomic function indicate a positive effect on cardiovascular function.

Decreased skeletal muscle function (MF) is ubiquitous in hemodialysis (HD) patients and linked to functional decline. Serum vitamin D (25-OHD) and habitual physical activity (PA) are decreased in HD and linked to reduced MF in other populations. The associations between 25-OHD, PA, and MF were investigated in 81 stable HD patients. PA intensity was quantified using accelerometery, MF using handgrip strength dynamometery, 25-OHD via serum measures, and dietary and supplementation of vitamin D intake via three-day food records. MF correlated with PA (r =0.411, p = 0.003) when controlled for body mass (BM) and with 25-OHD (r =0.298, p = 0.023) when controlled for BM, age, and sex. Both MF (r=0.285, p=0.025) and 25-OHD (r=0.314, p=0.005) correlated with vitamin D supplementation. MF remained correlated with supplementation after controlling for 25-OHD (r=0.269, p=0.037). These findings should be further explored in interventional studies to assess how their manipulation influences MF in HD.

Decreased skeletal muscle function (MF) is ubiquitous in hemodialysis (HD) patients and linked to functional decline. Serum vitamin D (25-OHD) and habitual physical activity (PA) are decreased in HD and linked to reduced MF in other populations. The associations between 25-OHD, PA, and MF were investigated in 81 stable HD patients. PA intensity was quantified using accelerometery, MF using handgrip strength dynamometery, 25-OHD via serum measures, and dietary and supplementation of vitamin D intake via three-day food records. MF correlated with PA (r =0.411, p = 0.003) when controlled for body mass (BM) and with 25-OHD (r =0.298, p = 0.023) when controlled for BM, age, and sex. Both MF (r=0.285, p=0.025) and 25-OHD (r=0.314, p=0.005) correlated with vitamin D supplementation. MF remained correlated with supplementation after controlling for 25-OHD (r=0.269, p=0.037). These findings should be further explored in interventional studies to assess how their manipulation influences MF in HD.

Η εξέλιξη της χρόνιας νεφρικής νόσου χαρακτηρίζεται από προοδευτική απώλεια της νεφρικής λειτουργίας και εναπόθεση εξωκυττάριας ύλης που οδηγεί σε γενικευμένη ίνωση του νεφρικού ιστού. Στους μηχανισμούς που ενοχοποιούνται για την εξέλιξη της βλάβης αυτής προς ίνωση συμμετέχουν κυτταροκίνες και αυξητικοί παράγοντες που προέρχονται από ενδοθηλιακά, επιθηλιακά σωληναριακά κύτταρα και κύτταρα του διάμεσου νεφρικού ιστού. Η ίνωση του διάμεσου νεφρικού χώρου είναι μία κοινή διαδικασία που χαρακτηρίζεται από την de novo ενεργοποίηση μυοϊνοβλαστών με αποτέλεσμα την αυξημένη εναπόθεση εξωκυττάριας ύλης. Τα επιθηλιακά σωληναριακά κύτταρα είναι πηγή προέλευσης των ενεργοποιημένων μυοϊνοβλαστών μέσω μιας διαδικασίας που ονομάζεται επιθηλιακή προς μεσεγχυματική μετάπτωση. Διάφοροι μεσολαβητές της νεφρικής βλάβης όπως είναι και η κυκλοσπορίνη ερχόμενοι σε επαφή με κύτταρα του εγγύς εσπειραμένου σωληναρίου οδηγούν σε ενεργοποίηση προϊνωτικών παραγόντων εκκρίνοντας εξωκυττάρια ύλη. Μεταξύ αυτών των μεσολαβητών της νεφρικής βλάβης, ιδιαίτερο ρόλο φαίνεται ότι διαδραματίζουν το νιτρικό οξείδιο και η ενδοθηλίνη, δύο παράγοντες που μετέχουν σε φυσιολογικές, αλλά και παθοφυσιολογικές κυτταρικές διαδικασίες. Τα συστήματα νιτρικού οξειδίου και ενδοθηλίνης αλληλεπιδρούν μεταξύ τους σε επίπεδο υποδοχέων στο κυτταρικό επίπεδο προκαλώντας αλλαγές του αγγειακού τόνου και ενεργοποίηση ή αναστολή προϊνωτικών σημάτων. Ο σκοπός της εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη της έκφρασης των συστημάτων νιτρικού οξειδίου και ενδοθηλίνης σε σωληναριακά νεφρικά κύτταρα κάτω από την επίδραση της κυκλοσπορίνης. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ανθρώπινες κυτταροκαλλιέργειες νεφρικών επιθηλιακών κυττάρων του εγγύς εσπειραμένου σωληναρίου (ΗΚ-2) τα οποία επωάσθηκαν σε θεραπευτικές και τοξικές συγκεντρώσεις κυκλοσπορίνης (CsA) και ακολούθησε η ανίχνευση του νιτρικού οξειδίου (NO), της ενδοθηλιακής και επαγώγιμης συνθετάσης του ΝΟ (e-NOS, i-NOS) και της ενδοθηλίνης-1 (ET-1) με τους Α και Β υποδοχείς της (ΕΤ-Α, ΕΤ-Β). Το ΝΟ μετρήθηκε σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο Griess, ενώ η συσσώρευση της ενδοθηλίνης και των Α και Β υποδοχέων της καθώς και οι συνθετάσες του ΝΟ ανιχνεύθηκαν τόσο σε επίπεδο μεταγράφου (m-RNA) χρησιμοποιώντας RT-PCR, όσο και σε επίπεδο πρωτεΐνης με Western Blot ανάλυση. Πειράματα πραγματοποιήθηκαν επίσης χρησιμοποιώντας ταυτόχρονα στο επωαστικό μέσο εκτός από κυκλοσπορίνη και ειδικούς αναστολείς του ΝΟ (L-NAME) και των υποδοχέων της ενδοθηλίνης (BQ123, BQ 788), ενώ ακολούθησε η ανίχνευση των συνθετασών του ΝΟ και των υποδοχέων της ενδοθηλίνης αντίστοιχα. Από τα πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν προκύπτει ότι η κυκλοσπορίνη ασκεί τοξική δράση σε νεφρικά σωληναριακά κύτταρα και επάγει τη συσσώρευση της ΕΤ-1,του ΝΟ, των συνθετασών του ΝΟ και των Α και Β υποδοχέων της ΕΤ-1. Η επαγωγή του ΕΤ-Α υποδοχέα είναι ανεξάρτητη από την παρουσία ή μη ΝΟ, σε αντίθεση με τον ΕΤ-Β υποδοχέα η επαγωγή του οποίου καταστέλλεται πλήρως όταν αναστέλλεται το σύστημα του νιτρικού οξειδίου (L-NAME). Η επαγωγή της e-NOS από την κυκλοσπορίνη είναι απόλυτα εξαρτώμενη από το σύστημα της ΕΤ-1, σε αντίθεση με την i-NOS η οποία επάγεται σε σημαντικό βαθμό ακόμη και όταν το σύστημα ενδοθηλίνης αδρανοποιείται πλήρως με ειδικούς αναστολείς (BQ123 και BQ788). / The progression of renal fibrosis is characterized by loss of kidney function and deposition of extracellular matrix components. The mechanism implicated in the development of renal fibrosis involves cytokines and growth factors originating from endothelial, tubular epithelial and interstitial cells. Activated myofibloblasts derive from differentiated tubular epithelial cells trough a process called epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Various kidney injury mediators like cyclosporine-A (CsA) are entering the luminal space of the tubules causing activation of profibrotic factors such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). A cross talk exists between endothelin and NO systems in the regulation of vascular tone and inflammatory process. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cyclosporine-A on the expression of Nitric Oxide and endothelin-1 on cultured renal tubular cells. Human tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were cultured in the presence of CsA at various concentrations (0 -1,000 ng/ml). RT-PCR was used to determine NO synthases (eNOS, iNOS) and endothelin receptors (ETR-A, ETR-B) and Western Blot analysis for the subsequent proteins. Similar experiments were also carried out using specific NO (L-NAME) and endothelin receptor (BQ123, BQ 788) inhibitors. At therapeutic concentrations, CsA exerts a significant cytotoxic effect on tubular epithelial cells. A dose dependent activation of NO synthases eNOS and iNOS and endothelin receptors ET-A and ETR-B was observed, even at therapeutic concentrations of CsA. An interaction between NO and ET-1 systems under the influence of CsA was also observed, since blockage of NO production was followed by down-regulation of ET-B while blocking of endothelin pathway with ET receptor antagonists, was followed by down-regulation of eNOS expression.

A disfunção cardíaca é um dos principais desfechos da doença renal crônica, sendo que o eixo sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) é um mediador chave nessa condição. Estudos têm demonstrado que os inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase IV (IDPPIV), uma classe de drogas utilizadas no tratamento do diabetes tipo II, são capazes de exercer efeitos renoprotetores e cardioprotetores, entretanto, os efeitos dos IDDPIV sobre o tecido cardíaco frente a uma injúria renal ainda não foram descritos. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar se a inibição da DPPIV atenua a disfunção e o remodelamento cardíaco em ratos com DRC e se esses efeitos se associam a alterações no SRA. Para este fim, ratos Wistar (N=37) com idade entre 2-3 meses, foram submetidos à nefrectomia 5/6 para indução da DRC. Após a cirurgia, os ratos foram randomizados em 2 grupos: Nx (tratados com veículo) e Nx + IDPPIV (tratados com sitagliptina - 200 mg/Kg/dia). Ratos submetidos à cirurgia fictícia foram utilizados como controles (sham). Como esperado, após oito semanas de seguimento, o grupo Nx apresentou acentuada disfunção renal. Por outro lado, nos ratos tratados com sitagliptina, a queda do ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG) foi significativamente atenuada, bem como a creatinina sérica, albuminúria e pressão arterial caudal em relação ao grupo Nx. Curiosamente, tanto a atividade quanto a expressão proteica e gênica da DPPIV cardíaca estavam aumentadas em ratos Nx comparado aos ratos controles. As análises histológicas mostraram que os cardiomiócitos de ratos Nx apresentaram maior volume nuclear e fibrose intersticial cardíaca em relação ao sham. Por outro lado, nos ratos tratados com sitagliptina o volume nuclear dos cardiomiócitos e fibrose estavam reduzidos em relação aos ratos Nx. A função sistólica não se mostrou distinta entre os três grupos de ratos. Todavia, o tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) foi maior em Nx do que em sham, como sugestivo de disfunção diastólica associada à DRC e o tratamento com sitagliptina foi capaz de atenuar o TRIV. A concentração de angiotensina II cardíaca estava aumentada nos ratos Nx em relação aos ratos sham e o tratamento com sitagliptina foi capaz de impedir sua elevação. Em conjunto, os nossos dados sugerem que a inibição da DPPIV em ratos com DRC atenua o remodelamento e a disfunção cardíaca, e que esses efeitos estão envolvidos ao menos em parte, com a redução nos níveis de angiotensina II. Esse é o primeiro trabalho a demonstrar a interação da DPPIV com o SRA intracardíaco em modelo de DRC, e abre portas para estudos envolvendo os mecanismos que levam a essa associação nas síndromes cardiorrenais / Cardiac dysfunction is one of the main outcomes of chronic kidney disease, with the axis system renin angiotensin (RAS) being a key mediator in this condition. Studies have shown that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (IDPPIV) inhibitors, a class of drugs used in the treatment of type II diabetes, are capable of exerting renoprotective and cardioprotective effects, however, the effects of IDDPIV on cardiac tissue against renal injury were not described. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether inhibition of DPPIV attenuates cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in rats with CKD and whether these effects are associated with changes in RAS. For this purpose, Wistar rats (N = 37) aged 2-3 months were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy for induction of CKD. After surgery, the rats were randomized into 2 groups: Nx (treated with vehicle) and Nx + IDPPIV (treated with sitagliptin - 200 mg/kg/day). Sham operated rats were used as controls. After eight weeks of treatment, we identified that the Nx group had marked renal dysfunction. On the other hand, in rats treated with sitagliptin, the decrease in RFG was significantly attenuated, as well as serum creatinine, albuminuria and caudal blood pressure in relation to the Nx group. Interestingly, both the activity and the protein and gene expression of the cardiac DPPIV were increased in Nx rats compared to the control rats. Additionally, histological analysis showed that the cardiomyocytes of Nx rats presented greater nuclear volume and cardiac interstitial fibrosis compared to sham. Conversely, in animals treated with sitagliptin the nuclear volume of cardiomyocytes and fibrosis were reduced in relation to Nx rats. Systolic function was not different among the three groups of rats. However, the isovolumic relaxation time (IVR) was higher in Nx than in sham, as suggestive of CKD-associated diastolic dysfunction and treatment with sitagliptin was able to attenuate IVRT. Cardiac angiotensin II levels were elevated in Nx rats relative to sham rats. Treatment with sitagliptin prevented their elevation. Taken together, data suggest that inhibition of DPPIV in rats with CKD attenuates remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, and that these effects are at least partially involved with the reduction in angiotensin II levels. This study is the first to demonstrate an interaction of DPPIV with the intracardiac RAS in a CKD model, and will help further studies focusing the mechanisms that lead this association in cardiorrenal syndromes

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-09-12T13:17:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Loreta Marinho Queiroz Costa - 2016.pdf: 2479228 bytes, checksum: 01217c18f2c2afc5fc3a415e2b74f9c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-09-12T13:18:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Loreta Marinho Queiroz Costa - 2016.pdf: 2479228 bytes, checksum: 01217c18f2c2afc5fc3a415e2b74f9c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T13:18:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Loreta Marinho Queiroz Costa - 2016.pdf: 2479228 bytes, checksum: 01217c18f2c2afc5fc3a415e2b74f9c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-21 / Considering the magnitude and incidence of chronic diseases in the current Brazilian epidemiological profile and the need to establish the Care Networks Health - RAS in the SUS as a response to chronic conditions, but that meet at the same time to acute conditions and acute exacerbation of chronic conditions this work is an intervention proposal within the service organization, which aims to develop Logic Model of Patient care Network with Chronic Kidney disease - DRC, seeking to ensure continuity and comprehensiveness of care.Logical Model is a methodological resource to explain program structure results-oriented, is Basically a systematic and visual way to present and share the understanding of the relationship between the resources available to the programmed actions and changes for results expected to achieve. Used - in the structure of the Logical Model guidelines and criteria defined in ministerial orders on the topic and the principles of Care Model to Chronic Conditions - MACC, designed to be applied in the SUS. The results presented contextualize the situation of Chronic Terminal Renal Disease (ESRD) in Goiás from December 2009 to 2013; describe the Nephrology Assistance Network of High Complexity available in Goiás / 2015 and bring the logical model of the Individual Care Network with Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD, to be operationalized in care line of logic, in order to maintain renal function, and when the inexorable progression is the slowness in speed loss of renal function. His final presentation consists of two parts: the first, the logical model of care to the population, and the second, the logical model of the operational structure of the RAS that despite being separated, constitute a single instrument in the network forming process. It is hoped that this work contribute to the process of planning and implementation of the Care Network Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease - DRC, the health system response to a chronic condition. / Considerando a magnitude e a relevância das doenças crônicas no atual perfil epidemiológico brasileiro e a necessidade de se estabelecer as Redes de Atenção à Saúde - RAS no SUS como resposta às condições crônicas, mas que atendam ao mesmo tempo às condições agudas e agudização das condições crônicas, este trabalho trata de uma proposta de intervenção no âmbito da organização dos serviços, que objetiva desenvolver Modelo Lógico da Rede de Atenção ao Paciente com Doença Renal Crônica - DRC, buscando a garantia da continuidade e integralidade da atenção. Modelo Lógico é um recurso metodológico para explicitar estrutura de programa orientado para resultados, basicamente é uma maneira sistemática e visual de apresentar e compartilhar a compreensão das relações entre os recursos disponíveis para as ações programadas e as mudanças por resultados que se espera alcançar.Utilizou-se, na estruturação do Modelo Lógico, as diretrizes e critérios definidos em portarias ministeriais referentes ao tema e os princípios do Modelo de Atenção às Condições Crônicas - MACC, idealizado para ser aplicado no SUS. Os resultados apresentados contextualizam a situação da Doença Renal Crônica Terminal (DRCT) em Goiás nos meses de dezembro de 2009 a 2013; descrevem a Rede de Assistência em Nefrologia de Alta Complexidade disponível em Goiás/2015 e trazem o Modelo Lógico da Rede de Atenção da Pessoa com Doença Renal Crônica - DRC, a ser operacionalizada na lógica da linha de cuidado, visando a manutenção da função renal, e quando a progressão é inexorável, a lentificação na velocidade de perda da função renal. Sua apresentação final é formada por duas partes: a primeira, o modelo lógico de atenção à população, e a segunda, o modelo lógico da estrutura operacional da RAS que, apesar de estarem separados, constituem-se num instrumento único no processo de conformação de rede. Espera-se com este trabalho contribuir no processo de planejamento e implantação da Rede de Atenção ao Paciente com Doença Renal Crônica - DRC, resposta do sistema de saúde a uma condição crônica.