The thesis describes and analyzes the excise tax on tobacco products and the relevant market in the Czech Republic. Changes of the excise tax on tobacco products in the Czech Republic and their impacts on the public finance, on sales of tobacco products, and on illegal market trading these products are analyzed as well as effects of government regulation on the tobacco products market. The thesis concludes that increasing excise taxes, due to the Peltzman effect, may lead to originally unintended consequences which are in the contradiction to arguments in favor of the tax increase. Distortions on the tobacco products' market make the efficient regulation difficult.

The purpose of this non-experimental quantitative correlational study was to investigate the relationship between academic achievement and health in a national sample of college students using quantitative data analysis. Specifically, the researcher analyzed the relationship between three health-promoting behaviors (physical activity, strength training, and fruit and vegetable consumption), three negative health behaviors (cigarette, e-cigarette, and opioid use) and obesity with GPA. Cross-sectional data on student health collected from the American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA-II) and completed by 426,650 college students from 650 U.S. colleges during the semesters between 2015 and 2019 formed the foundation for this research. Nine research questions were addressed using a series of chi square tests. Results showed there was a significant positive relationship between health behaviors and grade average. Students who met the recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption, moderate activity and vigorous physical activity were more likely to have GPAs than those who did not. Students who used cigarettes, opioids, or were obese were more likely to have GPAs.

Introducción: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en la adolescencia y adultez temprana se ve sujeto a una naturaleza dinámica compleja. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo para el consumo de SPA en jóvenes peruanos que participaron en la cohorte mayor de “Niños del Milenio” en dos periodos durante el 2009 al 2016. Materiales y métodos: Realizamos un estudio observacional, analítico, tipo cohorte basado en la revisión secundaria de la cohorte mayor de “Niños del Milenio” en Perú. Nuestra población incluyó aquellos registros con datos completos de la 1era a la 5ta ronda analizados en dos periodos de seguimiento. Se excluyeron aquellos registros que reportaron el consumo alguna SPA al inicio de cada periodo. Se obtuvo una potencia mayor al 80%. Realizamos un Modelo Lineal Generalizado familia Poisson con función de enlace log ajustado por clústeres que permitió calcular el riesgo relativo. El análisis se efectuó en Stata versión 14.0. Los valores p <0.05 fueron considerados estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: La incidencia de consumo de alguna SPA fue de 67.31% y 60.20% en el primer y segundo periodo, respectivamente. En el Periodo 1, ser hombre, tener amigos consumidores de alcohol o tabaco y pertenecer a una familia monoparental incrementó el riesgo de consumir alguna SPA. En el Periodo 2, ser hombre incrementó el riesgo de consumir alguna SPA mientras no encontrarse estudiando lo redujo. Conclusión: La incidencia de consumo de SPA fue 67.31% y 60.20% en cada periodo. Factores sociodemográficos y psicosociales incrementaron el riesgo de consumo. / Introduction: Psychoactive substance use onset in adolescence and youth is driven by a complex dynamic nature. Objective: We aim to evaluate risk factors related to PAS use in Peruvian youth enrolled in the older cohort of “Young Lives” Study in two periods through 2009 to 2016. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cohort type study based on secondary analysis of the older cohort of “Young Lives” Study in Peru. Our population included those subjects with complete data from all phases (1st to 5th). This data was analyzed in two follow-up periods. Those who declared the consumption of any PAS were excluded at baseline of each period. We obtained a power greater than 80%. We perform a Generalized Linear Model, Poisson family with log link adjusted by clusters from which we calculated crude and adjusted relative risk. The analysis was performed using Stata version 14.0. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The incidence of PAS use was 67.31% and 60.20% in the first and second period, respectively. On Period 1, being male, having alcohol and tobacco consuming friends and belonging to a single-parent family increased the risk of consuming PAS. On Period 2, being male increased the risk of consuming any PAS and not being enrolled in school decreased it. Conclusion: PAS incidence was 67.31% and 60.20% in each period. Various sociodemographic and psychosocial factors increased the risk of consumption. / Tesis

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use, including e-cigarettes, has surpassed the use of conventional tobacco products. Emerging research suggests that susceptibility to e-cigarette use is associated with actual use among adolescents. However, few studies exist involving adolescents in high-risk, rural, socioeconomically distressed environments. This study examines susceptibility to and subsequent usage in school-going adolescents in a rural distressed county in Appalachian Tennessee using data from an online survey (N = 399). Relying on bivariate analyses and logistic regression, this study finds that while 30.6% of adolescents are ever e-cigarette users, 15.5% are current users. Approximately one in three adolescents are susceptible to e-cigarettes use, and susceptibility is associated with lower odds of being a current e-cigarette user (OR = 0.03; CI: 0.01–0.12; p < 0.00). The age of tobacco use initiation was significantly associated with decreased current use of e-cigarettes (OR = 0.89; CI: 0.83–0.0.97; p < 0.01). Overall, the results of this exploratory study suggest the need for larger studies to identify unique and generalizable factors that predispose adolescents in this high-risk rural, socioeconomically disadvantaged region to ENDS use. Nevertheless, this study offers insight into e-cigarette usage among U.S adolescents in rural, socioeconomically disadvantaged environments and provides a foundation for a closer examination of this vulnerable population.

No description available.

No description available.

Introduction. La cigarette électronique (e-cig) est un dispositif créé pour réduire les effets nocifs du tabac en remplaçant la fumée par un aérosol contenant de la nicotine. Cet aérosol peut interagir avec les tissus mous, durs et particulièrement les implants dentaires pouvant mener à une péri-implantite. Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'évaluer l'effet de l'e-cig sur l'adhésion, la prolifération et la migration des cellules après culture sur les implants et exposition à l'e-cig. Nous avons analysé aussi si l'e-cig induit la mort cellulaire par apoptose ou par nécrose. Matériels et Méthodes. Les cellules ont été ensemencées sur des disques de titane 6AL-4V et d'AL-4V revêtus de nitrure de titane puis exposées ou non à la vapeur d'e-cig pendant 10 minutes, 2 fois par jour, pendant 24 ou 48h. L'adhésion est évaluée qualitativement par le marquage de Hoechst. L'adhésion et la prolifération ont été évaluées quantitativement par le test colorimétrique après 24 h, et 48h, respectivement. La migration est évaluée à 0, 8, 12 et 24h post exposition à l'e-cig après la création d'une plaie sur les monocouches cellulaires. La capacité cicatricielle des fibroblastes exposés ou non a été évaluée par un test de contraction de gel de collagène pendant 48h. La toxicité des aérosols a été évaluée en mesurant le taux du lactate déshydrogénase dans le surnageant. Le mode de toxicité de l'aérosol sur les fibroblastes a été évalué par un test d'apoptose/nécrose à l'aide de marquage à l'annexine V et à l'iodure de propidium. Résultats. L'e-cig inhibe l'adhésion, et réduit la prolifération et la migration des fibroblastes sur les implants dentaires. Aussi, l'e-cig provoque une mort cellulaire par nécrose et apoptose. L'effet négatif de l'e-cig tend à être plus prononcé sur les implants en titane que sur les implants en titane revêtus de nitrure. Conclusion. L'exposition de l'implant dentaire à l'e-cig peut causer une rupture de l'interaction de l'implant avec son milieu buccal, favorisant des réactions inflammatoires et un rejet de l'implant. / IIntroduction. The electronic cigarette (e-cig) is a device designed to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco by replacing smoke with an aerosol containing nicotine. This aerosol can interact with hard tissues, soft tissues, and dental implants. Such interaction could compromise the stability of dental implants in e-cig users. The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of e-cigs on the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of gingival and diabetic fibroblasts on two types of dental implants. We will also analyze whether e-cigs induce cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Materials and methods. Human gingival fibroblasts and diabetic skin fibroblasts were seeded onto titanium nitride-coated 6AL-4V and AL-4V titanium discs and then exposed or not to e-cig vapor for 10 minutes, twice a day, for 24 or 48 hours. The cell adhesion was assessed by Hoechst staining, and the MTT colorimetric assay assessed the proliferation at 24 h and 48 h. Cell migration after wound was evaluated at 0, 8, 12, and 24h post-exposure to the e-cig. The capacity of e-cig-exposed fibroblasts to contract collagen gel was assessed during a period of 48 h. The aerosol toxicity was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase levels in the supernatant. Apoptotic and necrotic populations were determined by annexin V and propidium iodide labeling. Results. Exposure to e-cig inhibits fibroblast adhesion, decreases proliferation, and delays migration to the implant surfaces. The negative effect of e-cig tends to be more pronounced in titanium implants than in nitride-coated titanium implants. The effect of e-cig on human fibroblasts involves apoptotic and necrotic pathways. Conclusion. The exposure of dental implants to e-cigs may cause a breakdown in the implant's interaction with its oral environment, promoting inflammatory reactions and implant rejection

Background: Nursing staff are often involved in counseling patients with regard to health behavior. Although care promoting healthy lifestyle choices is included in the curriculum of nursing students in Germany, several studies of nursing students have reported a high prevalence of unhealthy behavior. This paper focuses on the behavior of female nursing students with regard to body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and cigarette and alcohol consumption. It describes trends through the comparison of results from 2008 and 2013. Methods: Data was collected in two waves at a regional medical training college. First, 301 nursing students were asked to fill out a 12 page questionnaire on health behavior in 2008. The questioning was repeated in 2013 with 316 participating nursing students using the previous questionnaire. Results: 259 female nursing students completed the questionnaire in 2013. 31.6% of them were either overweight or obese, 28.5% exercised less than once a week, 42.9% smoked between 10 and 20 cigarettes a day and 72.6% drank alcohol, wherefrom 19.7% consumed alcohol in risky quantities. In comparison to the data of 266 female nursing students from 2008, there were significant differences in the BMI and alcohol consumption: The percentage of overweight and obese students and the percentage of alcohol consumers at risk increased significantly. Conclusions: Health behavior of female nursing students is often inadequate especially in regard to weight and cigarette and alcohol consumption. Strategies are required to promote healthy lifestyle choices.

The social norms concept provides a fresh basis for thinking about how public health policies and campaigns impact health behaviour. Social norms offer much promise to the field of public health, nonetheless, the potential role of norms in changing health behaviour have not been fully embraced. This thesis demonstrates that one of the mechanisms by which national level policies (e.g. tobacco control) can promote health behaviour change, such as an increase in quit intentions, is by making smoking less normative and an undesirable behaviour. This study is vital as it provides a broad conceptualization of tobacco denormalisation and shows how its reasoning is able to influence normative beliefs and smoking behaviour. A review of literature was carried out to establish the generic origins of denormalisation as well as demonstrate that this approach (i.e. social norms) has been widely adopted in schools and college settings to influence health behaviour. As a broader perspective of this thinking was imperative to address public health issues at a societal level, tobacco control was employed to investigate how individual polices influence behaviour and normative beliefs. The research methodology used was pluralistic in nature, given that the majority of past tobacco control policy studies employed either quantitative or qualitative methods. Thus adopting both methods a richer amount of data would be obtained in order to generate an improved understanding of how public policy affects norms and smoking behaviour. To empirically examine the relationship between public policy, social norms and smoking behaviour a broad conceptualization was developed to investigate the normative pathways between national level tobacco policy effects on youth and adults’ smoking behaviour. Quantitative results from the longitudinal study, the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Scotland/UK survey, indicate that a comprehensive smoke-free law that covers, without exception, an entire nation (i.e. Scotland) has increased adult smokers’ perceived social unacceptability of smoking, to some extent higher in Scotland than rest of the UK which, in turn, is associated with quit intentions at follow-up, in both countries. The examination of data from the UK Youth Tobacco Policy Study (YTPS) also demonstrated that the influence of tobacco marketing awareness on adolescents’ smoking intentions is mediated by perceived norms. Prior to the enactment of the UK Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act (TAPA), higher levels of awareness of tobacco advertising and promotion were independently associated with higher levels of perceived sibling approval which, in turn, were positively related to smoking intentions. Independent paths from perceived smoking prevalence and benefits fully mediated the effects of advertising and promotion awareness on intentions, during and after the enactment of the TAPA. Results from the qualitative study generally supported the quantitative findings and provided new insights into how adolescents’ normative beliefs and smoking behaviour are influenced by tobacco control policies. The qualitative group discussion suggests that smoke-free legislation and anti-smoking ads influence perceptions of prevalence, acceptability and smoking behaviour. A number of theoretical implications were presented, including the belief that social norms campaigns and interventions must be focal and salient in individuals’ consciousness so as to effect the desired behaviour change. A theoretical framework of the various normative mechanisms should consequently be integrated into tobacco control policies and norm-based interventions to work in a synergistic manner to influence health-related behaviour. Practical implications of this conceptualization include the view that, instead of public health interventions focusing on conventional approaches (for example, scare tactics), an appropriate strategy would be to incorporate specific information that corrects normative misperceptions and ambiguities among referent populations at individual and societal levels, with consequential normative and health behaviour change. It is recommended that future research employing tobacco industry perceptions and possibly a descriptive norm as additional normative mediators, aside from unacceptability, would be of value to examine whether smoke-free legislation influences quitting partly via changing favourable tobacco industry perceptions, social acceptability of smoking and perceived prevalence of smoking. To sum up, the findings demonstrate that societal level policy measures such as smoke-free legislation and the TAPA are critical elements of a comprehensive tobacco control program that can significantly influence adult smokers’ quit intentions and reduce adolescents’ smoking intentions respectively, by signifying smoking to be less normative and to be socially unacceptable.

Thesis is dedicated to characteristics of marketing and communication mix, to analysis and evaluation of marketing and communication tools and processes of Czech branch of Philip Morris company and to possible advices. Thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is a theoretical one, dedicated to general marketing definitions. The second one deals with the specific of tobacco market and with extend and impacts of existing regulation. The last one describe the company this thesis is dedicated to, its tools and processes and also include the evaluation and some advices to improvement.