An ever increasing amount of governments, organisations, and companies employ Internet censorship in order to filter the free flow of information.  These efforts are supported by an equally increasing number of companies focusing on the development of filtering equipment. Only what these entities consider right can pass the filters. This practice constitutes a violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and hampers progress.  This thesis contributes novel techniques to measure and to circumvent Internet censorship. In particular, we 1) analyse how the Great Firewall of China is blocking the Tor network by using active probing techniques as well as side channel measurements, we 2) propose a concept to involve users in the process of censorship analysis, we 3) discuss the aptitude of a globally-deployed network measurement platform for censorship analysis, and we 4) propose a novel circumvention protocol. We attach particular importance to practicality and usability. Most of the techniques proposed in this thesis were implemented and some of them are deployed and used on a daily basis.  We demonstrate that the measurement techniques proposed in this thesis are practical and useful by applying them in order to shed light on previously undocumented cases of Internet censorship. We employed our techniques in three countries and were able to expose previously unknown censorship techniques and cooperation between a corporation and a government for the sake of censorship. We also implemented a circumvention protocol which was subsequently deployed and is used to evade the Great Firewall of China.

This dissertation explores the role of Internet censorship and circumvention in the Arab world as well as Arabs’ views on the limits to free speech on the Internet. The project involves the creation of an Internet censorship circumvention tool named Alkasir that allows users to report and access certain types of censored websites. The study covers the Arab world at large with special focus on Egypt, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen. This work is of interdisciplinary nature and draws on the disciplines of media and communication studies and computer science. It uses a pioneering experimental approach by placing Alkasir in the hands of willing users who automatically feed a server with data about usage patterns without storing any of their personal information. In addition to the analysis of Alkasir usage data, Web surveys were used to learn about any technical and nontechnical Internet censorship practices that Arab users and content producers may have been exposed to. The study also aims at learning about users’ experiences with circumvention tools and how such tools could be improved. The study found that users have successfully reported and accessed hundreds of censored social networking, news, dissident, multimedia and other websites. The survey results show that while most Arab informants disapprove censoring online anti-government political content, the majority support the censoring of other types of content such as pornography, hate speech, and anti-religion material. Most informants indicated that circumvention tools should be free of charge, fast and reliable. An increase in awareness among survey respondents of the need for privacy and anonymity features in circumvention solutions was observed.

Submitted by Vinicius Alota Ignacio Pereira null (viniciusalota_dm@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-06T23:55:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Vinícius Alota Ignácio Pereira.pdf: 2317305 bytes, checksum: 591ed98421ed584fd9d5fa8feebf7b9a (MD5) / Rejected by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1) Falta ficha catalográfica - A ficha deve ser inserida após folha de rosto do trabalho. 2) Falta Ata de Defesa - Inserir após ficha catalográfica. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-02-07T13:09:17Z (GMT) / Submitted by Vinicius Alota Ignacio Pereira null (viniciusalota_dm@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-07T15:04:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Vinícius Alota Ignácio Pereira.pdf: 3066161 bytes, checksum: 9eaea7d0b949ff79a544da07118f6821 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-02-07T16:00:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_vai_me_bauru.pdf: 2541554 bytes, checksum: 4ed0c4407bec93ca8aa5076b4cb48bf1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T16:00:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_vai_me_bauru.pdf: 2541554 bytes, checksum: 4ed0c4407bec93ca8aa5076b4cb48bf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Idosos com doença de Parkinson (DP) apresentam déficits nas áreas corticais e subcorticais que prejudicam o planejamento e a execução das ações motoras. São afetados, principalmente, movimentos repetitivos, simultâneos e sequenciais, especialmente quando uma tarefa cognitiva concomitante é realizada durante a ação motora. Tarefas locomotoras mais complexas, como desviar de um obstáculo durante o andar, parecem evidenciar ainda mais estes déficits, podendo aumentar a assimetria presente nesta população. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: a) analisar a estratégia motora e visual de idosos com DP e idosos neurologicamente sadios na tarefa de desviar de um obstáculo durante o andar com a presença de uma tarefa concomitante cognitiva; b) verificar o efeito da tarefa concomitante cognitiva na assimetria/simetria do desvio de um obstáculo durante o andar em idosos com DP. Foram desenvolvidos dois estudos para responder os questionamentos deste projeto. Participaram dos estudos 15 idosos com DP e 15 idosos neurologicamente sadios. Os participantes realizaram a tarefa de andarem na velocidade preferida, com desvio de um obstáculo posicionado na metade da distância a ser percorrida (10 m). Foram realizadas, para ambos os lados, tentativas do andar com desvio do obstáculo com tarefa concomitante cognitiva e sem a tarefa concomitante. Os parâmetros motores (Vicon Motion System) e visuais (ASL,EyeTracking Mobile System) das condições de interesse, foram comparados por meio de ANOVAs, utilizando fatores de acordo com as variáveis independentes dos estudos. Os principais achados deste projeto foram que idosos com DP foram mais conservadores do que idosos neurologicamente sadios durante o andar com desvio de um obstáculo com tarefa cognitiva concomitante, buscando maior segurança e estabilidade que seus pares saudáveis. Ainda, a tarefa dupla concomitante aumentou a assimetria de parâmetros espaço-temporais durante o desvio para ambos os grupos de maneira semelhante para os dois grupos e diminuiu a assimetria dos parâmetros do movimento dos olhos. Por fim, idosos com DP foram capazes de realizar ambas as tarefas (motora e cognitiva) com êxito. / Older people with Parkinson's disease (PD) show deficits in cortical and subcortical areas, which to impair the planning and execution of motor actions. Repetitive, simultaneous and sequential movements are mainly affected, especially when concomitant cognitive task is performed during motor action. More complex locomotor tasks, such as obstacle circumvention during walking, seem to evidence these deficits and increase the asymmetry this population. Therefore, the aims of this study were: a) to analyze the motor and visual strategy on obstacle circumvention during walking with concomitant cognitive task in older people with DP and neurologically healthy individuals; b) to verify the effect of concomitant cognitive task on asymmetry/symmetry of the obstacle circumvention during walking in older people with DP. Two studies was developed to answer the questions of this project. Fifteen individuals with DP and 15 neurologically healthy individuals participated in the study. Participants performed the task to walk, in self-selected speed, with obstacle circumvention, which was positioned at half distance that the participant will cover (10 m). On both sides, attempts were made to walk with obstacle deviation with concomitant cognitive task and without a concomitant task. The motor (Vicon Motion System) and visual parameters (ASL, Eye Tracking Mobile System) of the conditions of interest, were compared through ANOVAs according to the independent variables of the each study. The main findings of this project were that elderly with PD were more conservative than neurologically healthy elderly during walking with an obstacle bypass with a concomitant cognitive task, seeking greater safety and stability than their healthy counterparts. Furthermore, the concomitant double task increased the asymmetry of spatiotemporal parameters during deviation for both groups similarly for both groups and decreased asymmetry of the parameters of eye movement. Finally, elderly people with PD were able to perform both tasks (motor and cognitive) successfully. / 15/15928-4

{This Diploma thesis deals with Internet censorship. Various technical solutions for Internet censorship are presented together with censorship analysis options. Several possibilities for blocked content access and censorship circumvention in general are discussed. The topic is analyzed from the global point of view and is related to the People's Republic of China.

This master's thesis deals with the issue of censorship in the internet. Specifically, it describes technical means for censorship and methods of checking on existing projects. There are also presented various alternatives of circumvention censorship, which allow to access blocked information via the internet. Finally, it describes a system that allows practical verification of censorship in the People's republic of China. The results obtained with this system are thoroughly described and discussed.

This thesis deals with the problem of internet censorship in China. It describes forms and methods of internet censorship in China. It also presents means to detect, verify and bypass censorship using various tools, applications and internet services. The thesis contains results of performed tests designed to check and verify censored web pages and keywords from various locations in China. Conclusions about censorship in China are drawn based on these tests.

The Employment Protection Act (1982:80) provides provisions regarding priority of re-employment. A few cases where these provisions have been subject to examination, have been discussed thoroughly in SOU 2014:55. In these cases the Labour Court has identified the question whether the provisions regarding priority of re-employment can be subject to circumvention in an illegal manner. The Labour Court has stated that it would be incompatible with the sense of justice if the provisions could be circumvented to the detriment of employees entitled to priority of re-employment. However, the Labour Court stated that certain conditions have to be imposed for the assessment. After analysis of the conditions, it is established that they are deemed to cause major difficulties for employees, why it is held that the purpose and the function of the conditions are not achieved. The purpose of the essay is therefore to investigate whether the application of the conditions imposed by the Labour Court, need to undergo modifications to meet the underlying purpose of the creation of the conditions. By reason of the difficulty with the conditions, the essay provides three different amendments in which two of the amendments are ascertained to not contribute to such an improvement that they should actually be applied. The third amendment implies that the burden of proof to some degree is reversed from the employee to the employer, whereby the difficulties following the second condition are limited. To preserve the balance between the interests of both parties the standard of proof is modified for the employer. Except from the fact that the underlying purpose of the provisions can be met with this modification, the amendment also ensures that the procedural premises conform to what generally is considered valid. Additionally, the rules regain their effectiveness and predictability. / I LAS finns bestämmelser om arbetstagares företrädesrätt till återanställning. Ett antal rättsfall där dessa företrädesrättsregler varit föremål för prövning har i SOU 2014:55 diskuterats närmare. I dessa rättsfall har ifrågasatts om företrädesrättsreglerna kan kringgås av arbetsgivare på ett sätt som kan anses lagstridigt. Arbetsdomstolen har i dessa rättsfall slagit fast att det onekligen skulle vara oförenligt med rättskänslan om företrädesrättsreglerna kan kringgås till skada för företrädesberättigade arbetstagare. Arbetsdomstolen har emellertid fastställt att det måste uppställas bestämda krav för att sådant kringgående ska vara för handen, varför ett antal förutsättningar uppställts. Efter analyser av dessa förutsättningar konstateras att de ger upphov till stora svårigheter för arbetstagare, varför det i uppsatsen konstateras att förutsättningarnas syfte och funktion inte uppfylls. Det huvudsakligen syftet med uppsatsen är därför att undersöka huruvida rättstillämpningen på området behöver genomgå förändring för att uppnå det bakomliggande syftet till förutsättningarnas uppkomst. I uppsatsen utarbetas med anledning av problematiken med gällande förutsättningar tre olika förslag till ändring av gällande rättsläge. Två av dessa konstateras emellertid inte ge upphov till sådan förbättring att de bör tillämpas. Det tredje ändringsförslaget innebär emellertid att viss bevisbörda flyttas från arbetstagaren till arbetsgivaren, varigenom svårigheterna med den andra förutsättningen begränsas. För att i största mån upprätthålla balansen mellan båda parters intressen justeras också beviskraven för arbetsgivare, vilket utöver att syftet med reglerna uppnås också resulterar i att de processrättsliga utgångspunkterna överensstämmer med vad som generellt torde vara gällande. Därutöver återfår också reglerna deras effektivitet och förutsebarhet.

Diploma thesis describes jurisprudence of tax law and abuse of tax law. The aim of this thesis is to specify the term abuse of law more clearly and assess the development of abuse of law in Czech jurisprudence in area of taxes up to year 2015.

Abuse of European Union law Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the principle of the prohibition of abuse of EU law and its applicability in various areas of EU law. The dissertation focuses mainly on the analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice, which plays a crucial role in defining the principle and the scope of its application. The following research questions are set out in the dissertation: 1) What practice constitutes the abuse of law under EU law?; 2) Does the Court of Justice apply only one single principle of the prohibition of abuse of EU law or does it apply various principles to different areas covered by EU law?; 3) If there is only one principle of the prohibition of abuse of EU law, how is this principle applied in various areas of EU law? Is the principle applied always in the same manner or are there areas of EU law that are subject to a more restrictive application of this principle? 4) What are the legal means that can prevent the abusive practices of economic operators or more precisely what are the legal means that can reduce the abuse of law? In order to answer these research questions the dissertation is divided into five parts. The first part defines the notion of abuse of law and the purpose of the principle of the prohibition of abuse of law, which finds...

This work investigates internet censorship in Nigeria, describing experiences and citizens’ led circumvention practices following the ban of Twitter by the Nigerian government. Based on a quantitative survey and qualitative interview of active Twitter users in Lagos and Abuja Nigeria, the research realizes and categorizes circumvention practices embraced within the period of effecting the ban into technology, self-censorship, and platform jumping. This study further investigates how circumvention culture has become a form of digital activism and how the social media environment in democracies has experienced censorship within the last few decades.  Citizenry experiences and the complexities of the fight against platform lockdown and the role of digital activism prior to censorship are also analyzed. Internet censorship is new in Nigeria and has bred uncertainties among user practices and government censorship perseverance. This study contributes to a broader understanding of how circumvention practices have become cultural practices and experiences that emerge as embodied internet war against censorship and the preemptive and predictive conditions of the inefficiency of internet censorship policies in established democracies.