Source de fantasme depuis le XVIIIe siècle, la question de la fonction des cistes prénestines reste ouverte comme le suggèrent des études récentes. Cette étude en propose une réévaluation. Elle revient sur un écueil méthodologique important qui consiste à traiter les cistes prénestines comme une catégorie homogène et à usage unique. Des considérations typologiques, iconographiques, iconologiques et historiques nous permettent d’approfondir le rôle pratique et symbolique des cistes. La réalisation d’une typologie des conteneurs affirme ainsi leurs potentialités d’usage et la diversité sociale et ethnique des propriétaires. L’approche iconique permet, quant à elle, de confirmer le rapport des cistes au passage. De nombreuses images témoignent d’une association d’idée entre cistes, beauté et mort. Cette relation s’exprime d’ailleurs à travers un langage funeste et eschatologique raffiné gravé sur les cistes. Pour reprendre le schéma d’A. Maslow, les cistes répondaient à cinq besoins fondamentaux : physiologique (usage lors de la toilette et des rituels), de sécurité (protection d’une classe d’âge), d’appartenance (bien élitiste), de reconnaissance (beauté maîtrisée) et de réalisation de soi (culture hellénique). / A source of imagination since the l8thcentury, the question of the use of Praenestine cistae remains an open one, as recent studies have suggested. This thesis proposes a reevaluation of the question by moving beyond the methodological stumbling block that has treated the Praenestine cistae as if they were a homogeneous category of objects with a single usage. A combination of typological, iconographic, iconological, and historical considerations allows us to deepen our understanding of the practical and symbolic role of these cistae. The creation of a typology of these containers thus affirms the possibilities for their use and the social and ethnic diversity of their owners. An iconic approach allows us to confirm the relationship of the cistae with rites of passage. Numerous images attest to a conceptual association between the cistae, beauty, and death. This relationship is expressed furthermore through a refined language relating to death and eschatological matters that is engraved on the cistae. Employing the schema of A. Maslow, the cistae correspond to five fundamental needs: psychological needs (usages relating to personal hygiene and rituals), the need for security (protection of a certain age grade), needs of belonging (an elite object), the need for recognition (the mastery of beauty), and the need for self-realization (Hellenic culture).

A la fin du Ve et au début du IVe millénaire, les communautés du nord-est de la péninsule Ibérique ont inhumé leurs morts dans des tombes élaborées, connues sous l'expression «Sepulcres de fossa ». Le complexe de la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus rassemble un tiers des sépultures attribuées à cet horizon. L'échelonnement des découvertes de 1921 à 2004 a abouti à un corpus inégal à la fois au niveau des squelettes et de la documentation. Les 169 tombes et les 197 individus répertoriés dans ce travail sont répartis en trois secteurs principaux d'effectif et de densité variables. Les analyses intra-sites montrent des différences au niveau de l'implantation des sépultures, de l'identité biologique des défunts et des modalités de dépôt du corps et du mobilier. Néanmoins, les trois secteurs ne peuvent être considérés indépendamment. Les datations Carbone 14 attestant de leur contemporanéité, il est probable que le fait d'avoir été inhumé dans l'un ou l'autre des secteurs soit lié à des différences sociales, au moins l'âge et peut-être les activités quotidiennes, voire la hiérarchie. Si le complexe de la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus est exceptionnel par la concentration de tombes, les mêmes gestes se retrouvent à l'échelle du littoral catalan. Inversement, les pratiques funéraires identifiées dans les cistes pyrénéennes sont distinctes. Parfois confondues avec les Sepulcres de fossa, les sépultures en fosse de l'horizon antérieur (Postcardial) appartiennent à un système funéraire différent. Plus largement, les Sepulcres de fossa détonnent dans le paysage funéraire néolithique ouest-européen et la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus en représente paradoxalement le site emblématique et un cas unique. / In the late 5th and early 4th millennium BC, the communities of the northeastern lberian Peninsula interred their dead within elaborate burial structures known as "Sepulcres de fossa". The Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus burial site alone yielded a third of all graves assigned to this horizon. The site's long history of research, reaching from 1921 to 2004 resulted in an uneven corpus of both osteological material and documentation. This work comprises a total of 169 graves, including 197 individuals, which can be attributed to three main clusters of variable size and density. Intra-site analyses have shown differences in terms of burial distribution, biological identity of the deceased, body treatment and grave good depositional practices. However, the three clusters cannot be considered independently. As radiocarbon data attests for the contemporaneity of burial events, social criteria (age, perhaps daily activities or even hierarchy) likely directed the attribution of individuals to one cluster or the other. If the burial site of Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus stands out by its remarkable number of graves, analogous features are also found alongside the Catalan coast. By contrast, the funerary practices identified in the Pyrenean cists are distinct. Also, incidentally thought to have functioned similar ly to the Sepulcres de fossa, the pit graves of the prior (Postcardial) horizon can now be considered as part of a different funerary system. The Sepulcres de fossa, of which the burial site of Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus is paradoxically both representative and exceptional, finally represent an unusual phenomenon within the general Neolithic burial landscape of Western Europe.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NathaliaCVN_DISSERT.pdf: 2020842 bytes, checksum: efcd9ca5e5cfd7d63412f72c80546c39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31 / In this paper, the technique of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) has been studied for monitoring the concentration of oxalic acid (OA) during their electrochemical oxidation (EO) in acidic medium using platinum anode supported on titanium (Ti / Pt). The DPV was standardized and optimized using a glassy carbon electrode modified with cysteine. The modification with cysteine was developed electrochemically, forming a polymeric film on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode. The formation of the polymer film was confirmed by analysis of scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope, confirming the modification of the electrode. The electrochemical degradation was developed using different current densities 10, 20 30 and 40 mA cm -2 electrode with Ti / Pt observing the degradation of oxalic acid, and monitored using the method of KMnO4 titration. However, the analyzes with DPV showed the same behavior elimination of oxalic acid titration. Compared with the titration method classical observed and DPV could be a good fit, confidence limits of detection and confirming the applicability of the technique electroanalytical for monitoring the degradation of oxalic acid / No presente trabalho, a t?cnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) foi estudada para o monitoramento da concentra??o de ?cido ox?lico (OA) durante a sua oxida??o eletroqu?mica (EO) em meio ?cido utilizando o ?nodo de platina suportada em tit?nio (Ti/Pt). A t?cnica de DPV foi padronizada e otimizada usando um eletrodo de carbono v?treo modificado com ciste?na. A modifica??o com ciste?na foi desenvolvida eletroquimicamente, formando um filme polim?rico na superf?cie do eletrodo de carbono v?treo. A forma??o do filme polim?rico foi confirmada por an?lise de Microsc?pio Eletr?nico de Varredura e Microsc?pio de For?a At?mica, confirmando a modifica??o na superf?cie do eletrodo. A degrada??o eletroqu?mica foi desenvolvida usando diferentes densidades de corrente, 10, 20 e 30 mA cm-? com eletrodo de Ti/Pt, observando a degrada??o do ?cido ox?lico, sendo monitorado empregando a metodologia de titula??o com KmnO4. No entanto, as an?lises com DPV mostraram o mesmo comportamento de elimina??o do acido ox?lico, observado com a titula??o. Comparado com o m?todo de titula??o cl?ssica e DPV conseguiu-se um bom ajuste, intervalos de confian?a e limites de detec??o confirmando a aplicabilidade da t?cnica eletroanal?tica para o monitoramento da degrada??o de ?cido ox?lico

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YamaraASM_DISSERT_Parcial.pdf: 1235608 bytes, checksum: 64be8e29311055ebff593313fa2f1681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The extraction, chemical and structural characterization of a wide variety of compounds derived from plants has been a major source of bioactive molecules. Several proteases have been isolated in the plant kingdom, with numerous pharmacological and biotechnological applications. Among the proteases isolated from plants, are the fibrinogenolytic, with relevant application in the treatment of disorders in the coagulation cascade, in addition to potential use as a tool in clinical laboratories. In this study, in addition to evaluating the effects of the protein extract of Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur (Euphorbiaceae) in the coagulation cascade also investigates the presence of antimicrobial activity and characterizes the proteolytic activity detected in this extract, aiming to determine their potential pharmacological and biotechnological application. In this way, crude protein extracts obtained from the leaves of C. urens in Tris-HCl 0.05M, NaCl 0.15M, pH 7.5, were precipitated in different concentrations of acetone, and assessed for the presence of proteolytic activity in azocase?na and fibrinogen. The most active fraction (F1.0) in these tests was chosen for assessment of biological activity and biochemical characterization. The A? chain and B? of fibrinogen were completely cleaved at a concentration of 0.18 ?g/?L of protein fraction in 4 minutes. Fibrinogenolytic activity presented total inhibition in the presence of E-64 and partial in the presence of EDTA. The fraction demonstrated coagulant activity in plasm and reduced the APTT, demonstrating acting on the factors coagulation of the intrinsic pathway and common, not exerting effects on the PT. Fibrinolytic activity on plasma clot was detected only in SDS-PAGE in high concentrations of fraction, and there were no defibrinating. Although several proteases isolated from plants and venomous animals are classically toxic, the fraction F1.0 of C. urens not expressed hemorrhagic nor hemolytic activities. Fraction F1.0 also showed no antimicrobial activity. In proteolytic activity on the azocasein, the optimal pH was 5.0 and optimum temperature of 60?C. The enzyme activity has been shown to be sensitive to the presence of salts tested, with inhibition for all compounds. The surfactant triton did not influence the enzyme activity, but the tween-20 and SDS inhibited the activity. In the presence of reducing agents increase in enzyme activity occurred, a typical feature of enzymes belonging to the class of cysteine proteases. Several bands with proteolytic activity were detected in zymogram, in the region of high-molecular-weight, which were inhibited by E-64. In this study, we found that C. urens presents in its constitution cysteine proteases with fibrinogenolytic and procoagulant activity, which may be isolated, with potential application in treatment of bleeding disorders, thrombolytic and clinical laboratory / A extra??o, caracteriza??o qu?mica e estrutural de uma grande diversidade de compostos derivados de plantas tem sido uma fonte importante de mol?culas bioativas. Diversas proteases t?m sido isoladas no reino vegetal, com in?meras aplica??es farmacol?gicas e biotecnol?gicas. Dentre as proteases isoladas de plantas, est?o as fibrinogenol?ticas, com relevante aplica??o no tratamento de dist?rbios na cascata da coagula??o, al?m do uso em potencial como ferramenta em laborat?rios cl?nicos. Neste trabalho, al?m de avaliar os efeitos do extrato prot?ico de Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur, pertencente ? fam?lia Euphorbiaceae, na cascata de coagula??o, tamb?m se investigou a presen?a de atividade antimicrobiana e caracterizou a atividade proteol?tica detectada neste extrato, tendo como objetivo determinar sua potencial aplica??o farmacol?gica e biotecnol?gica. Desse modo, extratos prot?icos brutos obtidos das folhas de C. urens em tamp?o Tris-HCl 0,05M, NaCl 0,15M, pH 7,5, foram precipitados em diferentes concentra??es de acetona, e avaliados quanto a presen?a de atividade proteol?tica em azocase?na e fibrinog?nio. A fra??o mais ativa (F1.0) nestes testes foi escolhida para realiza??o de avalia??o de atividade biol?gica e caracteriza??o bioqu?mica. As cadeias A? e B? do fibrinog?nio foram completamente clivadas na concentra??o de 0.18 ?g/?L de prote?na da fra??o em 4 minutos. A atividade fibrinogenol?tica apresentou inibi??o total em presen?a de E-64 e parcial em presen?a de EDTA. A fra??o demonstrou atividade coagulante sobre o plasma e reduziu o tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada, indicando atuar sobre os fatores da via intr?nseca e comum da coagula??o, n?o exercendo efeitos sobre o tempo de protrombina. A atividade fibrinol?tica sobre o co?gulo de plasma foi detectado apenas em SDS-PAGE em concentra??es elevadas da fra??o, e apesar da atividade fibrin(ogen)ol?tica, n?o foi observada atividade defibrinogenante in vivo. Apesar de v?rias proteases de plantas e animais pe?onhentos serem classicamente t?xicas, a frac??o F1.0 n?o expressou atividade hemorr?gica nem hemol?tica. A fra??o F1.0 tamb?m n?o demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana. Na avalia??o da atividade proteol?tica sobre a azocase?na, o pH ?timo de rea??o foi 5.0, e a temperatura ?tima igual a 60?C. A atividade enzim?tica demonstrou ser sens?vel ? presen?a dos sais testados, com inibi??o para todos os compostos. O tensoativo triton n?o influenciou a atividade enzim?tica, por?m o tween-20 e SDS inibiram tal atividade. Em presen?a de agentes redutores ocorreu aumento da atividade enzim?tica, caracter?stica t?pica de enzimas pertencentes ? classe das ciste?no proteases. Diversas bandas prot?icas com atividade proteol?tica foram detectadas em zimograma, na regi?o de elevada massa molecular, que foram inibidas por E-64. Neste trabalho, foi revelado que C. urens apresenta fra??o enriquecida com ciste?no-proteases que apresentam atividade fibrinogenol?tica e procoagulante, que podem ser isoladas, com potencial aplica??o no tratamento de dist?rbios hemorr?gicos, como trombol?tico e em laborat?rio cl?nico / 2020-01-01