This thesis describes the creation of the gay and lesbian community in Dallas, the fourth largest metropolitan area in the United States. Employing more than seventy-five sources, this work chronicles the important contributions the gay men and lesbians of Dallas have made in the struggle for gay civil rights. This thesis adds to the studies of gay and lesbian history by focusing on a region of the United States that has been underrepresented, the South. In addition, this work addresses the conflicts that arise within the community between men and women.

O presente trabalho examina o Programa Bolsa Família, uma política pública redistributiva no Brasil, que proporcionou os direitos fundamentais individuais de liberdade e igualdade inseridos na Constituição Federal de 1988. Este estudo verifica, também, se, por intermédio dessa política pública, conseguiu-se promover emancipação, autonomia e a cidadania dos beneficiários. Para tanto, partiu-se do estudo da Teoria da Justiça de John Rawls, para verificar se há ou não a presença dos princípios desse autor nesse contexto. A pesquisa debruça-se em verificar se com a inserção do Programa Bolsa Família e com a presença dos princípios de Rawls – no que se refere à igualdade e à liberdade – houve uma melhor condição de vida para as famílias brasileiras que vivem em situação de pobreza e/ou de extrema pobreza. O método utilizado é o analítico dedutivo, tendo como referencial de base a Teoria da Justiça, de John Rawls. Os resultados obtidos a partir da dissertação revelaram que existe uma melhora considerável na condição de vida dos beneficiários, isso ressalvado no fato de sua condição de vida anterior. Também, ressalta-se que há a presença dos princípios da justiça de Rawls no programa Bolsa Família no que se refere aos direitos fundamentais individuais de liberdade e igualdade. Por fim, observa-se que há autonomia e emancipação dos beneficiários do programa, tendo em vista sua condição de vida anterior. / The presente work examines the Bolsa Família (Family Allowance), a brazilian redistributive public policy that provided the individual fundamental rights of freedom and equality inserted in the Federal Constitution of 1988. This study checks, too, if its implementation has promoted the emancipation, autonomy and citizenship of the beneficiaries of these policies. Therefore, taking John Rawls and his Theory of Justice as basis, this work aims to verify whether or not are its principles present in this context. This research focuses on checking if the implementation of the Bolsa Família Program and the presence of Rawls‟ principles – with special regards to equality and freedom – have contributed to ensure a better quality of life for brazilian families living in poverty and extreme poverty. The method used is the analytical-deductive, having as basis of reference the "theory of justice" by John Rawls. The work results show that a considerable improvement occurred in the living conditions of the beneficiaries, in contrast with their former life status. Also, it emphasizes the presence of Rawls‟ justice principles in the program Bolsa Família, especially on the matter of individual fundamental rights of freedom and equality. Finally, it is observed that there is autonomy and emancipation of the program beneficiaries, in comparison with their former status.

Thesis (M.A. (Nursing Science) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Background Patient’s awareness of the patients’ rights charter was assessed as it was not known and strategies were developed to improve patients’ awareness in the selected hospitals of the Limpopo Province. Aim To assess, describe and explore patients’ awareness of their rights and to develop strategies to improve patients’ awareness of their rights. Study methodology A qualitative exploratory and descriptive research approach were used. Data were collected from 30 patients using semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Data were audiotaped and field notes were taken. The Turfloop Research Ethics Committee gave ethical clearance. The Department of Health permitted for the study to be conducted in the selected hospitals. Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were observed. Results Results showed that patients lacked awareness of the Patients’ Rights Charter and they could not give examples or name the rights they have as patients. The study revealed that sources of information regarding the Patients’ Rights were limited. Patients indicated that Patients’ Rights implementation was situational. Patients also experienced disrespect regarding their rights. In addition, strategies to improve patients’ awareness regarding the Patients’ Rights Charter were developed from the themes that emerged from this study.

This project traces the development of Christian nonviolence in the United States from the outbreak of World War I until just after World War II by focusing on one Christian pacifist organization. The Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), organized in 1915 in opposition to World War I, embraced the left wing of the prewar social gospel and fused its radical vision for social reconstruction with their opposition to war. Over the next thirty years, Christian pacifists associated with the Fellowship applied their energies not only to ending international war but also to promoting reconciliation between employers and workers in the struggle for labor justice and ending racial discrimination. During this period, advocates of nonviolence struggled to define a practical means for applying the principles of Christian pacifism. In contrast to older histories of the interwar period, this study shows that pacifism, a central concern for liberal Protestants during that period, shaped the broader American tradition of dissent. It also rejects the notion that the Christian "realists," led by Reinhold Niebuhr, offered the only comprehensive Christian social ethic between the wars. Finally, this dissertation shows how Christian pacifists in the interwar period embraced and adapted the principles Gandhian nonviolence to the American scene. Members of the Fellowship founded the Congress of Racial Equality in Chicago in 1942 and developed methods of nonviolent direct action that were adopted by advocates for racial equality during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

Magister Commercii - MCom / This thesis provides an in-depth explorative case study of the relationship between electoral management and civil rights, using the 2013 Tlokwe By-Elections in South Africa as a case study. The central question in this thesis was: what are the implications of the Tlokwe Ruling on South Africa’s electoral democracy? This topic is extremely important to the field of democracy and elections, as electoral processes become ever more essential in allowing citizens to access free and fair elections. Without the ability to access free and fair elections, the power of citizens to hold leaders accountable is diminished. The study used the framework provided by Diamond and Morlino on the quality of democracy because it contains useful normative values of a democracy and assisted in providing a lens by which to view and analyse elections in a democratic regime.

Richard Wright's Black Boy, Alice Walker's Meridian, and Ernest Gaines's The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman depict the African American struggle for rights and freedom both before, during, and after the recognized Civil Rights Era. By exploring the novels’ definitions of freedom, this work examines how these definitions inform the characters’ search for freedom. Using Wright, Walker, and Gaines to follow the freedom struggle from slavery to the post-civil rights era provides a comprehensive, historical framework for understanding the evolving rhetoric of freedom. Reflecting a “long,” complicated history of the Civil Rights Movement, these novels obscure a simplified, dichotomous understanding of the movement and provide a multivalent definition of freedom that encompasses both the political and psychological self. Ultimately, this research analyzes how these authors respond to each other and the racial and political climate of their time and examines how the search for freedom changes over time.

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Thesis advisor: Geoffrey Sanzenbacher / Oddly, as acceptance of LGBT+ individuals continues to rise in the United States, the number of reported anti-LGBT+ hate crimes also rises (McCarthy 2022, Author’s calculations from Uniform Crime Reporting data). Could this be the result of a violent backlash against the legalization of same-sex marriage? This paper investigates this love-hate relationship using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics’s Uniform Crime Reporting system. Utilizing a collection of difference-in- differences regressions, this analysis compares the number of reported anti-LGBT+ hate crimes in a state before and after that state’s legalization of same sex marriage. The results suggest that states have a higher number of reported hate crimes per month after their legalization of same-sex marriage when controlling for population. A placebo regression shows that this effect is not found with other kinds of hate crimes. Two potential explanations for this finding are explored: firstly, that reporting of anti-LGBT+ hate crimes in a state becomes more reliable after that state’s legalization of same-sex marriage or, alternatively, that the number of hate crimes committed against LGBT+ individuals rises. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.

This thesis addresses events and issues that occurred in 1963, how President Kennedy responded to them, and what followed after Kennedy's assassination. This thesis was created by using books published about Kennedy, articles from magazines, documents, telegrams, speeches, and Internet sources. What has been disclosed is that many of the legends attributed to Kennedy simply are not true. In examining this thesis, the reader will understand what Kennedy's political interests were and the impact of his Presidency on future generations.

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s profoundly changed the lives of many young southern White citizens. Southern racism was a product of traditional indoctrination common in the culture of the Old South. During the generations after slavery to the Civil Rights Era, vulnerable White children were typically exposed to racist and prejudiced influences from families, fellow citizens, education, popular culture, and segregation laws established within their communities. The Civil Rights Movement brought forth elaborate legal reforms that broke segregation and enabled integration programs to take place at schools and other public institutions, which ultimately expanded many southerners' cultural awareness of different racial groups. Many accounts on the Civil Rights Movement and its relation to southern White racism are generally confined to narrow descriptions that emphasize extreme resistance measures, such as violence or civil disobedience acted out from members of the White community. Many students who do not study American history beyond the high school or college survey course levels unfortunately learn a limited history about White racism and its relation to the Civil Rights Movement. The sources commonly used in these courses include textbooks, films, and documentaries. Based in part by time and budget constraints, oral histories about White racism are often not incorporated in the classroom curricula. The available sources explain the history of White racism to a limited degree and the fact that it contributed to a mobilization effort to gain civil rights protection for racial minorities. However, they leave out other accounts about White racism relative to the history of the Civil Rights Movement. Many southern White children from this time grew up around prejudiced influences and witnessed blatant racist treatment of African Americans. During their upbringing many of these southern citizens developed solid beliefs in White supremacy and justifiable racial prejudice. Oral testimonies told by them that focus on their racism reveal social, economic, and political details which standard sources do not provide. Their stories demonstrate learned factors commonly found in racism and show how contemporary circumstances, such as living with segregation every day, can impact behaviors. Many common social factors that relate to understanding the roots of southern White racism are often not provided in sources used in most American history courses. Such works leave out a significant percentage of stories from regular White people from the South, and in particular many young individuals, who throughout the Civil Rights Era showed passive contempt, i.e., remaining silent on issues of overt discrimination and racism, toward African Americans as a result of cultural indoctrination. These White individuals' resistances and their youth illustrate a different aspect of prejudice in contrast to the traditional reports on the topic that highlight hate crimes and more stubborn forms of racism. Passivity expressed by these southern White citizens enabled them to reform their prejudices through the encouragement of the Civil Rights Movement. The impact of the era on their thinking offers an important lens that illustrates Civil Rights Movement and southern segregation history. Yet, generally, such perceptions are ignored in many historical works. This thesis attempts to bring out the social and evolutionary elements of White racism in the twentieth century South and the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on White prejudiced behaviors once traditionally found in southern culture that date back to the end of the Civil War and the birth of segregation. In reference to the use of capitalization of certain words I have placed capitals on terms that refer to periods of time such as the Civil Rights Era or events like the Civil Rights Movement. Additionally, groups of people identified with a racial group received recognition with a capital letter. Some of the sources I used from previous eras do not apply capitalization with specific color group terms such as "black" or "white," and I have left them as they are printed in their works. As I explain the evolution of racism and prejudice in the first half of the twentieth century, I also want to illustrate the evolution of racial labeling from the past three decades. For example, textbooks from the early 1990s describe African Americans and Caucasians as "black" and "white." However, texts from the twenty-first century label these groups as either "African Americans" or "White." The purpose of this is to show that many American historians and authors continue to evolve their understanding of racial identification.