abstract: The German pianist and composer Johannes Brahms (1883-1897) wrote more than 122 works for a wide variety of ensembles and genres. Despite this remarkable productivity, and his widely heralded talent for innovation and technique as a composer, few of his works have been arranged for solo guitar, and these have focused primarily on his simpler, more melodic works. Conventional wisdom is that his music is "too dense" to be played on the guitar. As a result, there are no arrangements of orchestral works by Brahms in the standard repertoire for the guitar. In arranging Brahms's Serenade in D Major, movt. 1 for the guitar, I provide a counter argument that not all of Brahms's orchestral music is too dense all of the time. In Part I, I provide a brief overview of the history of, and sources for, the Serenade. Part II describes a step-by-step guide through the process of arranging orchestral repertoire for the solo guitar. Part III is an examination of the editing process that utilizes examples from the guitar arrangement of the Serenade in order to illustrate the various techniques and considerations that are part of the editing process. Part IV is a performance edition of the arrangement. In summary, the present arrangement of Brahms's Serenade, op.11 is the beginning of a conversation about why the "guitar world" should be incorporating the music of Brahms into the standard repertoire. The lessons learned, and the technical challenges discovered, should help inform future arrangers and guitar performers for additional compositions by Brahms. / Dissertation/Thesis / D.M.A. Music 2013

In which ways have composing processes in music appeared over the past 300 years? How may composing processes work today? What does new technology do to this processes? The key purpose of this study is to investigate various composing processes. A further purpose is also to gain an awareness of how we use modern technology by computers and their notation programmes. The research design of this thesis includes a display of literature related to composing processes. along with an analysis of the writer’s own experiences in the area. Therefore, included in this thesis, is a score and a recording of a new composition together with an analysis of the writer’s own composing process. The results of the writer’s composing process of this piece, are furthermore discussed with three of the writer’s colleauges. This study deliberately focuses on Western classical music and jazz improvisation as these are genres where the writer has his own musical background. He will therefore be able to reflect upon his own experiences in the area. Today the computer and its programs is a natural component in the musical process, however, it might tempt us to take ’short cuts’ in parts of the creating process. The findings of this study point towards the idea that in order to create a sense of inspiration in a composition or in a performance, the process has to be rooted physically in the body, without any use of ’short cuts’.

About three years ago I started developing a project from Classical to Flamenco music with the clarinet as the main voice. There is a mix of music with basically two styles in the project in a concert form. I approached a new style that was not mine, and with some work of exploration I have been learning how to play and connect with it from a classical perspective into the flamenco style and tradition.This work is based on research of the tradition. I have been exploring the history of this art to understand how it has evolved and the main characteristics. After this, I looked for classical musicians who started to learn flamenco and got some inspiration for my project.The last part is the action phase, where I started to make the project real and what the process looked like. This work concludes with the results of the practical part and a discussion about how I would like to develop this project in the future. / <p>Inspelningen av konserten startar efter några minuter.</p>

In this project I aimed to deepen my insight into musical craftsmanship, form conclusions about counterpoint, harmony and melody (both written and improvisational) and how these can intertwine in order to create a larger coherent musical work. Whilst working on the project I used a wide plethora of jazz and classical techniques to create programmatic music molded after the great Swedish novel Doktor Glas. The music was written for a small orchestra with musicians with backgrounds in jazz, classical and folk music, and was performed live at KMH on the 12th of April 2022.

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My project explores why it is so difficult to reconcile questions about the nature and meaning of music in philosophy with the case of Iranian classical music. This tradition is highly performative, musicians rarely use scores, and, importantly, that anyone who calls herself a musician but cannot extemporize is not really considered much of a musician in Iran at all. Yet curiously, despite the emphasis on extemporization in this tradition, there is, nonetheless, a resounding sonic familiarity among performances considered as falling in the classical genre, so much so that it seems odd to say that extemporization is the extemporization of something new. Moreover, there is very little concern with musical works, as understood in the western classical sense. My first chapter articulates the methodology I advocate. This methodology is adapted from Lydia Goehr’s The Imaginary Museum of Musical Works (1992). Goehr offers a reading of the history western classical music that looks for the concepts around which its discourses center. I argue that the application of similar analysis to what scholars in other music traditions have to say about music will reveal something about the concepts around which their practices center. The emphasis is on reading the discourses of a practice for the concepts that dictate the thinking about it. This, I suggest, helps to make sense of what musicality means in the tradition in question. My central claim is that when Iranian classical music is read this way, one concept emerges as centrally significant. This concept is not of the work, but of embodied activity: a notion of doing in musical practice that relies heavily on the idea of musical dexterity in the performing moment, without this doing being oriented to the creation of something work-like. My second, third, and fourth chapters articulate and situate this reading against discussions about the ontological significance of performance in the philosophy of music. In my second chapter, I argue that the historical attention to mentally composed sound structures in Eduard Hanslick’s 1854 book, On the Musically Beautiful—a foundational text for the contemporary philosophy of music—leaves out the performing activity in musical practice. This, I suggest, is captured in the difference of approach to the musical nightingale: a metaphor that serves to illustrate musicality in the Iranian context but stands in Hanslick’s theory, for everything that music is not. In my third chapter, I offer a detailed reading of Iranian classical music to expose more fully the conceptual shape and force of the sort of embodied activity that the trope of the nightingale captures, when scholars of Iranian classical music analogize it—as they so often do—as the metaphorical aspiration of classical musicians, because it is considered the most musical being on earth in virtue of its dexterity. This, I contextualize using Polanyi’s notion of tacit knowledge (1966). In my fourth chapter, I explore the extent to which the reading I offer of Iranian classical music may be accommodated by contemporary discussions in the ontology of performance by turning to contemporary discussions that move away from addressing performances of works, but center on the significance of performative activity itself. This happens most commonly for the case of musical improvisation, after the question is introduced by Philip Alperson in “On Musical Improvisation” (1984). My claim here is that there is a crucial difference between the two cases. This difference is that embodied activity is not product-oriented in Iranian classical music practice, but rather, dexterity or technique oriented. In my final chapter, I explore how this insight can be extended more broadly into philosophical analysis, particularly in its comparative dimensions. I suggest there are implications not only for the ontology of performance, but notions of self-expression, creativity, and aesthetic attention, when they are considered in this culturally comparative light. In doing so, I hope to raise questions about the potential for doing non-reductive comparative ontology, and what can be gained, in a broad sense, from the effort of looking at artistic practice through a culturally different lens. / Philosophy

This work is concerned with the ways m which status is manifested, determined and altered within the Hindustani musical world of North India. This enquiry is undertaken by investigating two seemingly distinct, yet profoundly intertwined parts of North Indian classical music - the Hindustani violin and the significance of gender distinctions within Hindustani music. The 'stories' of both the Hindustani violin and of women as public performers of Hindustani classical music are inextricably tied to the larger paths of colonialism and nationalism, as they have manifested in India over the past century. At the same time, a deeper understanding of these two subjects is found in an engagement with the individuals who, through their personal actions and endeavors, have sought to shift their status within Hindustani music, thereby changing the Hindustani musical world in the process. This work is therefore grounded in the musical and social knowledge of the Hindustani violinist Kala Ramnath. Kala-ji's innovative violin technique, insights into gender differentiation within the Hindustani musical world, and articulated identity as a female Hindustani instrumentalist provide new understandings of how music, words, and personal action can affect a performer's relationship with the sociomusical world that she inhabits.

The process by which the classical music business operates in the UK changed significantly through the marketing of a classical music recording which took place in 1989. EMI’s recording of Vivaldi’s work Four Seasons with the violinist Nigel Kennedy was given a unique marketing campaign for a classical music recording. Instead of the traditional marketing approach for a classical music release, pop marketing techniques were employed. In a different but related development, in 1990, the first of the Three Tenors concerts was held in Rome to mark the final match of the 1990 Fédération Internationale de Football Association’s (FIFA) world cup competition. The success of this second record campaign lay in the novelty of three tenors performing together at a football competition. The result was classical music achieving worldwide exposure through global radio and television broadcasts. Both case studies help further classical music as a form of popular culture. Earlier precedent demonstrates pieces of classical music being used for adverts or films and becoming popular. For example Ravel’s Bolero was used in a seduction scene in the film 10 between Bo Derek and Dudley Moore in 1984, and by ice-skaters Torvill and Dean in the same year for the final of the 1984 Winter Olympics. Another example is Orff’s Carmina Burana sections of which have been used for aftershave and lager adverts as well as being sung at football matches. Because the reach of the audience is larger than that in a traditional classical music setting, the pieces achieve a mass cultural perspective in this context. My thesis examines the impact that the success of the Four Seasons and Three Tenors releases had on the classical music business and the development in marketing and selling techniques that emanated from their success. Examples of marketing campaigns post the Four Seasons are included to show the extent of non-traditional classical marketing techniques used subsequently by the classical music industry, some of which I devised and implemented. My research also analyses how trading over the internet has had an impact on the music business as a whole, and how the classical music sector has followed the pop area of the music industry in creating different ways of selling to traditional and new consumers through online trading. This part of the thesis focuses on the period between 2000-2010, especially from 2006 when developments in this field progressed. My study will draw on a Case Study approach using multiple data collection methods. Also employed is descriptive analysis using a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques, in particular through industry reports. The reasons for the sales success of both recordings are examined in my thesis. The Four Seasons achieved 2 million sales and an entry into the Guinness Book of Records as the best-selling classical music recording of all time at that point. The recording of the 1990 Three Tenors concert and the successive recordings of similar concerts in 1994 and 1998 led to these albums becoming the all-time best-selling classical recordings. For example, worldwide sales for the 1990 recording reached over 12 million CDs, cassettes and videos combined and 23 million for the 1990, 1994 and 1998 Three Tenors recordings. These projects not only gave increased exposure to the classical music genre by expanding its traditional consumer reach, they also created a force for change in business models affecting the marketing and visibility of classical music since 1989. A further significant factor in the success of these vocal recordings (as well as the chance for classical music to be heard outside its traditional boundary) was the use of the arresting aria Nessun dorma from Puccini’s opera Turandot. This was sung by Pavarotti and used by the BBC for all its programmes broadcasting the 1990 football matches in the competition. The effect of internet selling and downloading on the music business was encouraged by the creation of Apple’s iTunes program in 2001. The invention of the iPod in 2002 and the legal entity of Napster in 2004 led to much increased accessibility of music. For classical music with its long movements and being part of a slow-moving market (compared to pop music), this area of the business only witnessed an increase in activity through the expansion of Broadband nationally during 2006 and 2007, reaching 70% in 2009 (discussed on page 90, chapter 4). Since then, the growth of classical music e-tailers has forged a new way of operating in the classical music field. The thesis will give examples of the leading companies trading over the internet and their influence on the classical music market. Contributions from practitioners in the music business inform my thesis through their own witnessing of changes in the classical music business since the Four Seasons campaign. My own experience as a former Head of Press and Promotion for both Decca Classics and EMI Classics, and also currently as a marketing and business consultant for classical music organisations, offers a useful and relevant addition to my research. My contribution to knowledge is to identify the adaptation of pop music marketing tools by the classical music industry over a 20 year time frame. My close involvement in the EMI Four Seasons campaign places me in a unique position to identify and evaluate the significance of the publicity campaign of that recording not only at that time but in the years that followed.

I föreliggande studie är syftet att få en djupare förståelse för hur instrumentalister i olika genrer arbetar för att memorera musik och vad som eventuellt skiljer sig mellan de valda metoderna, arbetssätten och verktygen som används. Detta undersöks utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Bakgrundskapitlet tar upp tidigare forskning om det mänskliga minnet, hur vi minns saker generellt samt om skillnader mellan klassiska musiker och folkmusiker inom processen att minnas musik. Sedan presenteras metoderna som används i arbetet. Det är semistrukturerade intervjuer och tematisk analys tillsammans med en komparativ forskningsdesign. Därefter följer resultatet som visar att det förekommer både skillnader och likheter mellan de båda genrerna och även bland intervjupersonerna inom samma genre under processen att memorera musik utantill. Vidare framkommer även vilka de två mest använda verktygen för att memorera musik utantill är och om det är möjligt att memorera musik utan ett instrument närvarande. Slutligen diskuteras resultaten med kopplingar tillbaka till de tidigare kapitlen och det valda teoretiska perspektivet. / In the present study, the aim is to gain a deeper understanding of how the musicians in different genres work to memorize music by heart and what might differ in the chosen methods, procedures and tools that is used. This must be examined on the basis of a socio-cultural perspective. The background highlights earlier research about the human mind, how we remember things in general, and about the differences between classical musicians and folk musicians in the process that is memorizing music. Thereafter is the methods used in this study presented. They include semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis together with a comparative research design. This is followed by the result which shows that there are both similarities and differences between the two genres and even among interviewees within the same genre in the process of memorizing the music by heart. Further will the two most commonly used tools for memorizing music be presented, and the answer to whether it is possible to memorize music without using an instrument. Then the results will be discussed with links back to the previous chapters and the chosen theoretical perspective.

This thesis will describe a system for the production of generative music through specific methodology, and provide an approach for the delivery of this material. The system and body of work will be targeted specifically at the personal listening audience. As the largest current consumer of music in all genres of music, this represents the largest and most applicable market to develop such a system for. By considering how recorded media compares to concert performance, it is possible to ascertain which attributes of performance may be translated to a generative media. In addition, an outline of how fixed media has changed how people listen to music directly will be considered. By looking at these concepts an attempt is made to create a system which satisfies societies need for music which is not only commodified and easily approached, but also closes the qualitative gap between a static delivery medium and concert based output. This is approached within the context of contemporary classical music. Furthermore, by considering the development and fragmentation of the personal listening audience through technological developments, a methodology for the delivery of generative media to a range of devices will be investigated. A body of musical work will be created which attempts to realise these goals in a qualitative fashion. These works will span the development of the composition methodology, and the algorithmic methods covered. A conclusion based on the possibilities of each system with regard to its qualitative output will form the basis for evaluation. As this investigation is seated within the field of music, the musical output and composition methodology will be considered as the primary deciding factor of a system's feasibility. The contribution of this research to the field will be a methodology for the composition and production of algorithmic music in realtime, and a feasible method for the delivery of this music to a wide audience.