Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-05-08T16:50:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arthur Müller Fiedler_.pdf: 22598610 bytes, checksum: 11acf1db9e40cbe9e9ee1f83f9d058bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T16:50:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arthur Müller Fiedler_.pdf: 22598610 bytes, checksum: 11acf1db9e40cbe9e9ee1f83f9d058bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-18 / Nenhuma / A convenção de cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas permite arranjar contratualmente os diferentes métodos adequados de solução de conflitos (ADR) com o objetivo de resolver os mais diversos tipos de disputas empresariais no âmbito nacional e internacional. Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar se a convenção de cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas em instrumentos contratuais é eficiente para a solução de conflitos empresariais no Brasil. Para tanto, recorreu-se a revisão bibliográfica e identificou-se que o tema permite um estudo de caráter exploratório, a fim de investigar a percepção de eficiência do instituto no âmbito das câmaras de mediação e arbitragem brasileiras. Dessa forma, foram aplicados questionários com presidentes, diretores e gerentes jurídicos de 18 (dezoito) câmaras de mediação e arbitragem, dentre às quais, 8 (oito) das câmaras mais relevantes do Brasil, o que possibilitou a coleta de dados e a análise do conteúdo. A pesquisa contribui com diversos elementos de análise da eficiência das cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas, contudo, para o presente trabalho, foram definidos alguns critérios, como frequência e volume, vantagens, desvantagens, motivos e razões de utilização ou não pelas empresas, aplicações práticas por tipo de conflito e, por fim, eficiência para a solução de disputas. Os resultados da pesquisa oferecem elementos conclusivos de que a convenção de cláusulas arbitrais escalonadas em instrumentos contratuais trata-se de uma ferramenta em pleno crescimento e desenvolvimento, ágil e frequentemente eficiente na solução de diversos tipos de conflitos empresariais no Brasil. / The dispute resolution clause allows contractual arrangements to be made for the different alternative methods of dispute resolution (ADR) in order to solve the most diverse types of business disputes in the national and international scope. The purpose of this study is to identify whether the dispute resolution clauses in contractual instruments are effective for resolving corporate disputes in Brazil. To do so, we resorted to the bibliographic review and it was identified that the theme allows an exploratory study, in order to investigate the perception of efficiency of the institute within the Brazilian mediation and arbitration chambers. Thus, questionnaires were administered to presidents, directors and managers of 18 mediation and arbitration chambers, including 8 of the most relevant chambers in Brazil, which enabled data collection and content analysis. The research contributes with several elements of analysis of the efficiency of dispute resolution clauses, however, for the present work, some criteria were defined, such as frequency and volume, advantages, disadvantages, reasons of use or not by companies, practical applications by type of conflict and, ultimately, efficiency in general. The results of the research offer conclusive evidence that the agreement of dispute resolution clause in contractual instruments is a fast growing and agile and often efficient tool for solving various types of business conflicts in Brazil.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-133). / This thesis investigates relative clauses (henceforth RCs) in Mandarin Chinese as spoken in Taiwan from both syntactic and processing perspectives. I also explore the interaction between these two areas, for example, how evidence from one area lends support to or undermines theories in the other area. There are several goals I hope to achieve: First of all, there is a significant gap in the sentence processing literature on Mandarin Chinese and in particular on RCs in Mandarin Chinese. I aim to bridge this gap by conducting experiments that will provide basic understanding of how Chinese RCs are processed. In doing so, I also provide a more complete picture of processing RCs across languages. In this thesis, I report three online reading experiments on Chinese RCs. I show that even though Chinese is also an SVO language like English and French, the results with regard to processing subject-extracted versus object-extracted RCs in Mandarin Chinese are very different from results for the same construction in other SVO languages. Thus, even though subject-extracted RCs are less complex in other SVO languages, they are more complex in Mandarin Chinese. These findings help tease apart various processing theories, in particular, I show that even though resource-based theories, canonical/non-canonical word order (frequency) theories, theory based on accessibility of syntactic positions and perspective shift theory all account for the facts reported in other SVO languages, results from Chinese are only compatible with resource-based theories and canonical/non-canonical (frequency) theories. / (cont.) Secondly, it has been noted that in many cases, resource-based theories and canonical/non-canonical word order (frequency) theories are both compatible with data from sentence processing studies. Resource-based theories attribute processing difficulty associated with subject-extracted RCs to higher storage cost in processing subject-extracted RCs whereas frequency-based canonical word order theory such as the one proposed in Mitchell et al. 1995 attributes this to the less frequent occurrences of subject-extracted RCs in corpora. As a result, it is very difficult to tease these two theories apart. However, I conducted a Chinese corpus study in this thesis and I show that there is no correlation between structural frequencies in corpora and behavioral measures such as reading times, as predicted by frequency theories. As a matter of fact, subject-extracted RCs occur more frequently in the Chinese corpus. This undermines the validity of frequency theories in explaining the processing data reported in this thesis. Thirdly, Aoun and Li to appear argue that there is syntactic and semantic evidence in favor of positing two distinct syntactic derivations for RCs with or without resumptive pronouns. RCs containing gaps involve head-raising of the head NP (i.e. no operator movement) as reconstruction of the head NP back to the RC is available. On the other hand, RCs containing resumptive pronouns involve an empty operator in [Spec, CP] and no head-raising of the head NP (since reconstruction is unavailable) ... / by Franny Pai-Fang Hsiao. / Ph.D.

Este trabalho descreve diversos aspectos da formação de perguntas complexas, orações subordinadas e ordem de palavras no Karitiana, uma língua Tupi da família Arikém. Primeiramente, descrevemos a formação de perguntas bi-oracionais como perguntas indiretas e perguntas de longa-distância. No primeiro caso, argumentamos que perguntas indiretas strictu sensu não existem em Karitiana, pois pronomes interrogativos não são em geral permitidos dentro de orações subordinadas. Já perguntas de longa-distância são possíveis na língua, mas sua formação inclui uma estratégia conhecida como pied-piping de larga-escala, na qual a oração subordinada inteira contendo o pronome interrogativo é movida para a posição inicial da sentença. Argumentamos que estes dois fatos podem ser capturados se assumirmos uma estrutura para orações subordinadas (1) que não contém certos núcleos oracionais, como C; e (2) que é a projeção de um núcleo nominalizador n. Essas propriedades seriam capazes de explicar o comportamento ambíguo destas construções, que ora se comportam como orações, ora como sintagmas nominais. Além disso, essa proposta também explica outros fenômenos aparentemente não relacionadas, como a ausência de tough-constructions, a extração com verbos factivos, a cliticização em subordinadas e a presença de relativas de núcleo interno. Propomos ainda que este núcleo n de caráter nominal teria como uma possível realização fonética um sufixo -a, que pode ser detectado em diversos ambientes nominais da língua e que possivelmente teria conexões históricas com o nominalizador -a presente em outras línguas Tupi. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, discutimos ainda construções com o morfema de voz inversa ti-, reanalisadas aqui como configurações de redobro de clítico. Essa proposta é capaz de explicar diversas propriedades deste morfema, como sua emergência em diferentes construções, o padrão de concordância excêntrica disparado por ele, a distribuição complementar com a passiva e a leitura pressuposicional do tema nestes ambientes. Por fim, discutimos ainda dois fenômenos prosódicos - o sufixo -o e a intonação de relativas de objeto com ti- - que poderiam constituir argumentos adicionais para as análises desenvolvidas neste trabalho. / This dissertation investigates aspects of question formation, embedded clauses, and word order in Karitiana, a Tupi-Arikém language spoken in Brazil. Firstly, the formation of bi-clausal questions such as indirect questions and long-distance questions is described. Regarding indirect questions, our claim is that there are no indirect questions in Karitiana, as interrogative pronouns are usually disallowed inside embedded clauses. On the other hand, the language has long-distance questions, but they obligatorily involve a strategy known as clausal/large-scale pied-piping - i.e., fronting of the whole embedded clause containing the interrogative pronoun. These two facts can be explained if one assumes a structure for embedded clauses that does not contain certain clausal projections, such as CP, and that includes a nominalizing head n. These properties also account for the mixed behavior of these constructions, which exhibit a clausal template while manifesting several nominal features. Moreover, the proposed analysis also explains other apparently non-related properties of the language, such as the lack of tough-constructions, extraction with factive verbs, obligatory cliticization, and internally-headed relative clauses. Additionally, we claim that this nominal head has a phonetic realization as a suffix -a, detected in several nominal phrases and which is possibly linked to a Tupian nominalizer of the same form. In part II, we discuss constructions with the inverse voice morpheme ti-, claiming that these can be reanalyzed as cases of clitic-doubling. This analysis accounts for several properties of this preffix, such as its presence in cases of WHmovement, the eccentric pattern of agreement that it triggers, the complementary distribution with the passive, and the pressupositional reading of the theme in these constructions. Finally, two prosodic phenomena - the suffix -o and the intonational pattern of object relative clauses with ti- - are describedin detail and it will be shown how these provide additional evidence for the analyses developed in this dissertation.

This thesis aims to investigate the performance of different types of franchisees, in terms of perceived market share and profitability, are affected by constrains defined by the theories of franchise selection and contractual terms. The two different types of franchisees researched include novice and parallel. This begins by examining how the constraints defined by the Resource Base, Social Exchange and Equity theories of franchise selection are applicable to entrepreneurs who want to become franchisees, and by examining the differences in the attitude of franchisees toward contractual terms. The main contribution is that the research broadens and extends other franchising and entrepreneurship studies by exploring external and internal factors to examine perceived franchisee performance. Therefore, this study relates the criteria used by franchisees in the selection of potential franchisors and contract clauses, to their performance in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Sultanate of Oman in the food and beverage sector. Moreover, existing research has primarily focused on the perspective of franchisors and has not adequately explored the franchisee's perspective on determining success. Therefore, this study contributes to franchising literature by broadening the scope of existing theories. The study has adopted a multi-methodology strategy, employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Qualitative data was collected through 11 face-to-face interviews, 5 franchisees in Oman, and 6 in Saudi Arabia; using semi-structured questionnaires. Quantitative data was collected via a survey. A self-administrated questionnaire was designed, translated, piloted and distributed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data analysis was conducted on a sample of 123 responses. Factor analysis was implemented to test the scale, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test, regression, and moderation analysis. The qualitative findings show that constraints defined by the resource-based theory are applicable to novice franchisees. However, franchisor training and support were found to be exceptional resources, applicable to both novice and parallel franchisees. Constraints defined by the social exchange theory are applicable to both novice and parallel franchisees; whereas constraints defined by the equity theory are applicable only to parallel franchisees. The quantitative findings indicate that both types of franchisee have different attitudes toward training clauses; support clauses; contract duration clauses; territorial exclusivity clauses; tying arrangement clauses and franchise fees clauses. However, both types of franchisees have similar attitudes toward termination clauses. Moreover, the results show that franchisor brand reputation, technical know-how and high franchise fee factors will increase the franchisee perceived market share. Additionally, franchisor brand reputation and higher franchise fees, will increase franchisee perceived profitability. Furthermore, parallel franchisees believe that a franchisor's local market knowledge will decrease their performance in terms of perceived profitability. Alternatively, novice franchisees believe long contract duration will help them increase their perceived profitability. In addition, imposing higher franchise fees on novice franchisees will increase their perceived profitability more than that of parallel franchisees. Finally, the results show that contract clauses such as: extensiveness of support; long contract duration, and stricter termination clauses, will affect franchisee perceived market share positively. Finally, contract clauses such as extensiveness of support and short contract duration clauses, will affect franchisee perceived profitability positively; whereas extensiveness of training clauses will affect franchisee perceived profitability negatively.

Este trabalho descreve diversos aspectos da formação de perguntas complexas, orações subordinadas e ordem de palavras no Karitiana, uma língua Tupi da família Arikém. Primeiramente, descrevemos a formação de perguntas bi-oracionais como perguntas indiretas e perguntas de longa-distância. No primeiro caso, argumentamos que perguntas indiretas strictu sensu não existem em Karitiana, pois pronomes interrogativos não são em geral permitidos dentro de orações subordinadas. Já perguntas de longa-distância são possíveis na língua, mas sua formação inclui uma estratégia conhecida como pied-piping de larga-escala, na qual a oração subordinada inteira contendo o pronome interrogativo é movida para a posição inicial da sentença. Argumentamos que estes dois fatos podem ser capturados se assumirmos uma estrutura para orações subordinadas (1) que não contém certos núcleos oracionais, como C; e (2) que é a projeção de um núcleo nominalizador n. Essas propriedades seriam capazes de explicar o comportamento ambíguo destas construções, que ora se comportam como orações, ora como sintagmas nominais. Além disso, essa proposta também explica outros fenômenos aparentemente não relacionadas, como a ausência de tough-constructions, a extração com verbos factivos, a cliticização em subordinadas e a presença de relativas de núcleo interno. Propomos ainda que este núcleo n de caráter nominal teria como uma possível realização fonética um sufixo -a, que pode ser detectado em diversos ambientes nominais da língua e que possivelmente teria conexões históricas com o nominalizador -a presente em outras línguas Tupi. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, discutimos ainda construções com o morfema de voz inversa ti-, reanalisadas aqui como configurações de redobro de clítico. Essa proposta é capaz de explicar diversas propriedades deste morfema, como sua emergência em diferentes construções, o padrão de concordância excêntrica disparado por ele, a distribuição complementar com a passiva e a leitura pressuposicional do tema nestes ambientes. Por fim, discutimos ainda dois fenômenos prosódicos - o sufixo -o e a intonação de relativas de objeto com ti- - que poderiam constituir argumentos adicionais para as análises desenvolvidas neste trabalho. / This dissertation investigates aspects of question formation, embedded clauses, and word order in Karitiana, a Tupi-Arikém language spoken in Brazil. Firstly, the formation of bi-clausal questions such as indirect questions and long-distance questions is described. Regarding indirect questions, our claim is that there are no indirect questions in Karitiana, as interrogative pronouns are usually disallowed inside embedded clauses. On the other hand, the language has long-distance questions, but they obligatorily involve a strategy known as clausal/large-scale pied-piping - i.e., fronting of the whole embedded clause containing the interrogative pronoun. These two facts can be explained if one assumes a structure for embedded clauses that does not contain certain clausal projections, such as CP, and that includes a nominalizing head n. These properties also account for the mixed behavior of these constructions, which exhibit a clausal template while manifesting several nominal features. Moreover, the proposed analysis also explains other apparently non-related properties of the language, such as the lack of tough-constructions, extraction with factive verbs, obligatory cliticization, and internally-headed relative clauses. Additionally, we claim that this nominal head has a phonetic realization as a suffix -a, detected in several nominal phrases and which is possibly linked to a Tupian nominalizer of the same form. In part II, we discuss constructions with the inverse voice morpheme ti-, claiming that these can be reanalyzed as cases of clitic-doubling. This analysis accounts for several properties of this preffix, such as its presence in cases of WHmovement, the eccentric pattern of agreement that it triggers, the complementary distribution with the passive, and the pressupositional reading of the theme in these constructions. Finally, two prosodic phenomena - the suffix -o and the intonational pattern of object relative clauses with ti- - are describedin detail and it will be shown how these provide additional evidence for the analyses developed in this dissertation.

Resumo: O estudo da variação de modo em estruturas complexas reveste-se de um interesse especial, em virtude de o modo verbal se manifestar morfologicamente, mas o seu uso estar fortemente determinado pelas relações que se manifestam no interior de um complexo oracional. Sendo assim, assumimos como tarefa investigar a manifestação do modo subjuntivo em estruturas complexas utilizando como principal ferramenta a Teoria da Variação Lingüística (LABOV, 1972). A utilização desse aparato como instrumento de investigação de um fenômeno morfossintático, entretanto, requer cuidado, já que há, no interior dos estudos lingüísticos, debates acalorados acerca da pertinência de investigar fenômenos para além do nível fonológico adotando a perspectiva da Teoria da Variação. Para realizarmos essa investigação utilizamos dois corpora: Discurso & Gramática, que contém amostras de fala da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e Iboruna, com amostras de fala da região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Do conjunto de variáveis lingüísticas postulado, foram selecionadas pelo programa estatístico apenas três variáveis lingüísticas: carga semântica do predicado matriz, grau de certeza epistêmica e tipo de oração subordinada. Desse modo, no cálculo da regra variável, os resultados gerais apontam que o subjuntivo é favorecido: (i) em orações encaixadas em predicados não-factivos volitivos, e (ii) em orações condicionais irreais e potenciais. É desfavorecido em: (i) orações temporais provenientes de relatos de procedimento, (ii) em orações condicionais reais, e (iii) em orações encaixadas em predicados indiferentes de opinião, bicondicionais e emotivos/avaliativos. Como variáveis sociais possivelmente correlacionadas ao fenômeno investigado, compuseram nosso envelope de variação: (i) escolaridade; (ii) sexo; e, (iii) procedência do informante (identificada pelos corpora...(Resumo completo, ckicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The study of mood variation in complex structures needs a special interest, since verbal mood is marked morphologically, but its use is highly determined through the relations which take place within the complex structure. In this way, we aim at investigating the manifestation of the subjunctive mood in complex structures using as main tool the Theory of Linguistic Variation (LABOV, 1972). The use of this theory as the investigation instrument of a syntactic phenomenon, however, requires some care, since there are, in the linguistic studies, vehement debates about the relevance of studying phenomena outside the phonological level adopting the Variation Theory perspective. In order to carry out this research, we used two corpora: Discurso & Gramática, which contains a sample of spoken language from Rio de Janeiro city, and Iboruna, with samples of spoken language from the northeast region of the state of São Paulo. From the group of linguistic variables postulated, only three of them were selected: semantic value of the matrix predicate, level of epistemic certainty and kind of subordinate clause. Thus, in the calculation of the variable rule, the general results show that the subjunctive is favored: (i) in clauses embedded in non-factive volitional predicates, and (ii) in unreal and potential conditional clauses. It is disfavored in: (i) temporal clauses from proceeding reports, (ii) in real conditional clauses, and (iii) in clauses embedded in indifferent of opinion, biconditional and emotive/evaluative predicates. The social variables probably correlated to the investigated phenomenon are: (i) education level; (ii) sex/gender; and, (iii) informant's origin (identified by the corpora used). After the investigation of the social variables, we noted that the variable use of the subjunctive mood is not related to social factors, since the subjunctive behavior manifests in a homogeneous way among the factors of the social variables considered. / Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves / Coorientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho / Banca: Ronald Belini Mendes / Banca: Marize Mattos Dall'Aglio-Hattnher / Mestre

As cláusulas restritivas de direitos fundamentais pertencem à perspectiva da norma, ao contrário das restrições que pertencem à perspectiva do direito. É comum nos depararmos no controle judicial de constitucionalidade das leis com o fenômeno das cláusulas restritivas, sobretudo, em casos versando sobre colisões de direitos fundamentais. Por se tratar de uma característica presente em muitas normas jurídicas, tanto no nível constitucional como no nível infraconstitucional, o recurso ao sopesamento, diante da carência argumentativa de outros métodos para lidar com essa problemática, tem se mostrado uma ferramenta eficaz. O objetivo deste trabalho é descobrir o quão eficaz é essa ferramenta e se a interpretação e aplicação dos direitos fundamentais só têm a ganhar em desenvoltura argumentativa quando ela é adotada em detrimento de outras alternativas. Para isso, é preciso saber como o sopesamento opera na justificação constitucional de normas de direito fundamental, especificamente em situações nas quais uma cláusula restritiva com a estrutura de princípio é inserida na formulação de uma norma com estrutura de regra ou vice-versa. Essa circunstância revela o duplo caráter das normas de direitos fundamentais, um fenômeno normativo pouco explorado, porém muito comum, cuja argumentação jurídica traz consigo uma série de dificuldades de congruência teórica. Explorar tais dificuldades constitui a essência do objeto desta pesquisa, pois compreendê-las é imprescindível à adequada satisfação do ônus argumentativo decorrente das cláusulas restritivas de direitos fundamentais. O argumento que pretendo defender, aqui, é o de que a prática argumentativa baseada isoladamente no raciocínio do sopesamento é incapaz de produzir uma resposta adequada a esse ônus argumentativo. No entanto, quando combinada com o raciocínio da subsunção, ela tem à sua disposição uma racionalidade jurídica que permite uma leitura correta das cláusulas restritivas de direitos fundamentais na formulação de normas de estrutura dúplice. / Fundamental rights limiting clauses belongs to the perspective of the norm, contrary to limitations which belong to the perspective of law. It is common in the judicial review of legislation to come across with the phenomenon of limiting clauses, namely in cases concerning collisions of fundamental rights. Since it is a characteristic present in quite many legal norms both in the constitutional and infra-constitutional levels, the recourse to balancing because of the argumentative deficiency of other methods to deal with this problematic has showed to be an efficient tool. The objective of this essay is to discover how effective is this tool and whether the interpretation and application of fundamental rights has only to win in argumentative resourcefulness when it is adopted to the detriment of other alternatives. For that, it is needed to know how balancing operates in fundamental rights norms constitutional justification, specifically in situations where a limiting clause with principle structure is inserted in the formulation of a norm that has a rule structure, and vice-versa. This circumstance reveals the double character of fundamental rights norms, an underexplored normative phenomenon but a very common one, whose legal argumentation brings with it a series of theoretical congruency difficulties. Explore these difficulties constitutes the essence of the object of this research, because to comprehend them is indispensable to achieve an adequate satisfaction of the burden of argumentation coming from the fundamental rights limiting clauses. The argument that I seek to defend here is that the argumentative practice based solely in the balancing reasoning is unable to produce an adequate answer to this burden of argumentation. However, when combined with the subsumption reasoning, it has at its disposal a legal rationality that allows a correct reading of the fundamental rights limiting clauses in the formulation of double structure norms.

Essa dissertação pretende esclarecer o estatuto das orações relativas do karitiana (tupi- Arikém). Orações relativas podem ser classificadas como relativas de núcleo externo (RNE) e de núcleo interno (RNI), sendo o principal critério de diferenciação a posição do núcleo em relação à relativa: relativas com o núcleo adjacente à oração subordinada são classificadas como RNEs, enquanto aquelas com o núcleo interno à subordinada são RNIs (DE VRIES, 2006, CULY, 1990). Outro critério utilizado é a marcação de caso: se o núcleo estiver marcado com o caso exigido pelo verbo da matriz, a relativa será uma RNE; se for aquele exigido pelo verbo da relativa, ela será uma RNI (COLE, 1987). Dentro desse quadro, as orações do karitiana são difíceis de classificar: por um lado, o núcleo aparece sempre deslocado para a periferia esquerda (STORTO, 1999), algo característico de RNEs; por outro, a marcação de caso no núcleo segue o padrão de RNIs. À luz do trabalho de Basilico (1996), hipotetizamos que as relativas do karitiana seriam RNIs com frontalização opcional do núcleo. Se for o caso, é esperado que relativas com núcleos não frontalizados sejam permitidas. Montamos então um experimento para verificar se as relativas poderiam ter seus núcleos não frontalizados e testamos 14 falantes com uma metodologia de produção elicitada. Os resultados mostram que, embora haja uma tendência pela frontalização, núcleos não frontalizados são permitidos na língua, pois há casos de relativas de sujeito com a ordem OSV e de relativas de objeto SOtiV, OSV e SOV. Também foram produzidas relativas de objeto sem o morfema de foco do objeto , indicando que ele não é imprescindível para a relativização. Esse quadro aproxima nossas relativas das RNIs, pois RNEs não podem ter núcleos em outras posições além da periferia da oração relativa. Também analisamos propostas de análise sintática para as diversas ordens de palavras coletadas em nosso experimento. Vemos que aquelas que assumem algum tipo de deslocamento do núcleo para Spec de uma projeção de periferia seja CP ou AspP incorrem em diversos problemas, como a impossibilidade de derivar relativas de objeto SOtiV e a incapacidade de excluir estruturas agramaticais com advérbios. Assim, propomos que a frontalização do núcleo é uma adjunção a AspP. Dados de orações relativas com advérbios nos levam ainda a postular que, em relativas de objeto, a frontalização do núcleo ocorre em duas etapas: primeiro um movimento para Spec, vP e, em seguida, a frontalização para uma posição de adjunto de AspP. Essa primeira etapa do movimento seria marcada pela presença de em v e estaria na base do sincretismo desse morfema, que também está presente em perguntas qu- de objeto e em construções de foco do objeto. Por fim, oferecemos ainda uma análise da correlação entre a presença do morfema e a frontalização do objeto a partir do modelo de fases de Chomsky (2000, 2001), admitindo que o movimento do objeto para a borda do sintagma verbal seria uma operação sintática imprescindível para a subsequente frontalização do objeto / This dissertation aims to clarify the status of relative clauses in Karitiana (Tupi-Arikém). Relative clauses are traditionally classified as externally (EHRC) or internally-headed (IHRC) and the main criterion for their differentiation is the heads position: EHRCs have their heads adjacent to the relative clause itself, whereas IHRCs have internal heads (DE VRIES, 2006, CULY, 1990). Another criterion is case-marking: if the head is marked with the case demanded by the matrix verb, the relative is an EHRC; if it is the one demanded by the embedded verb, it will be an IHRC (COLE, 1987). Within this framework, karitiana relative clauses are hard to classify: on one hand, the head always appears fronted to the left periphery (STORTO, 1999), which resembles the pattern found in EHRCS; on the other hand, the case-marking on the head is similar to IHRCs. In the light of Basilicos (1996) work, one can hypothesize that karitiana relative clauses are IHRCs with optional head frontalization. In this case, it is expected that relatives with non-fronted heads will be allowed in the language. An experiment was designed in order to verify if karitiana relatives could have non-fronted heads and 14 speakers were tested with an elicited production methodology. The results show that, although there is a preference for frontalization, non-fronted heads are possible in the language, since subject relatives OSV and object relatives SOtiV, OSV and SOV were produced. There are also cases of object relatives without the object focus morpheme , indicating that it is not indispensable in relative clause formation. These results bring karitiana relatives closer to IHRCs, because EHRCs cannot have their heads in any other positions than in the periphery of the clause. We also discuss some syntactic proposals for the word orders found in our experiment, claiming that those which assume head dislocation to Spec of CP and AspP face some problems, such as the derivation of SOtiV object relatives and ungrammatical structures with adverbs. Therefore, our proposal is that the frontalization of the head is an adjunction to AspP. Paradigms of relative clauses with adverbs also show that, in object relatives, the frontalization of the head occurs in two steps: first the head moves to Spec, vP and then it is further fronted to the position of adjunct of Spec, AspP. The first step is marked with on v and it underlies the syncretism of this morpheme, which is also present in object wh- questions and object focus constructions. Finally, the correlation between and the frontalization of the head is analyzed within the phase theory framework (CHOMSKY, 2000, 2001) and it is assumed that object movement to vPs edge is a syntactic requirement for further frontalization

This study is an examination of how English courts have approached, or are likely to approach - and therefore, the effectiveness of - attempts by the parties to oil and gas contracts to allocate risks arising from the activities which form the subject matter of their respective contracts inter se. The study utilises petroleum industry standard form offshore drilling contracts in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States of America as the context for this analysis, and examines the risks associated with drilling and other incidental operations, in the light of catastrophic events such as the Macondo disaster in the Gulf of Mexico and the Montara disaster in the Timor Sea. Drawing from the Economic Theory of Law espoused by Richard Posner, which correlates market behaviour, resource allocation and the legal system, and so conceptualises risk from a cost and utility perspective, the study will show that it is actually the economic consequences of the occurrence of an event that are being allocated, and that the entire notion of risk allocation is a determination of how the economic cost of the occurrence of the particular consequence will be borne by the parties to the contract. The study will conclude with a comparative analysis of risk allocation in the different model contracts, and an opinion on the success/effectiveness of the model contracts, as tools used by parties for risk allocation inter se, in response to the challenges created by legislative and judicial intervention. Justification for this opinion will be given, with reference to relevant case law and statutes in the different jurisdictions. Recommendations will be made on how the risk allocation structure can be improved, either by reference to other approaches the parties could adopt, or by clarifying ambiguities in the current approach (where applicable), and proposing a balance in the instances in which, from the study's perspective, the allocation formula is skewed, either due to the imbalance of power between the parties or by the interference of external forces such as the courts and legislature.

Dans notre monde actuel, les entreprises utilisent, pour se prémunir de toute atteinte et protéger au maximum leurs intérêts économiques, des techniques contractuelles élaborées par la pratique telles que les clauses de non-concurrence, les clauses de confidentialité, les clauses de non-réaffiliation et les clauses de non sollicitation.Ces clauses occupent de multiples champs de l’activité contractuelle en mêlant le droit des contrats, le droit des affaires et le droit du travail. Elles visent à interdire au cocontractant, d’exercer une activité professionnelle, de divulguer des informations secrètes, ou encore d’embaucher certains collaborateurs. Ainsi, elles viennent limiter une liberté fondamentale, plus spécialement la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie. Dès lors, il semble nécessaire d’élaborer un régime juridique commun à toutes ces clauses afin de préserver d’un coté la protection de l’activité économique des entreprises et de l’autre la sauvegarde de la liberté économique des contractants soumis à de telles clauses. L’intérêt d’un régime commun est d’anticiper les conditions de validité et de mise en œuvre des ce type de clauses. De cette façon, la prévisibilité ne ferait plus défaut aux contractants. L’élaboration de ce droit commun passe par deux étapes. La première est relative à l’identification des clauses limitatives de concurrence. Il s’agit de saisir leur autonomie par rapport aux contrats dans lesquels elles peuvent être insérées et d’en tirer les conséquences au niveau leur validité. La seconde est relative à la mise en œuvre de ces clauses. Leur application est délicate car dépendante pour une grande partie de la précision de leur contenu. En cas de non-respect, un vaste choix de remèdes est offert au contractant déçu pour venir sanctionner le manquement contractuel constaté. / In the modern world, to guard themselves from damage and to protect at best their economical interests, companies use contractual techniques developed by usage such as non-compete clauses,confidentiality clauses, non-reaffiliation clauses and non-solicitation clauses. These clauses cover many fields of contractual legality, mixing contract law, labor law and business law. Their aim is to prohibit the co-contractor to practice a professional activity, to disclose secret information, or even to employ specific colleagues, or contributors. Thus, they are brought to restrict a fundamental freedom, specifically the freedom of trade and of industry. As a result, it appears necessary to formulate a common legal system for all these clauses so as to preserve on one side the protection of the economic activity of the companies et on the other side the safeguard of the economic freedom of the co-contractors subject to these clauses. The benefit of a common legal system is the anticipation of the conditions of validity and implementation of this type of clause. In this way, the cocontractants will not lack in foresight. The development of this common right is in two steps. This includes confirming their autonomy relative to the contracts in which they may be inserted and draw the necessary conclusions regarding their validity. The second step is relative to the implementation of these clauses. Their application is sensitive because it depends for the most part on the precision of their content. In case of a breach of contract, a large array of legal remedies is available to the aggrieved contractor to penalize the breach of contract.