The word communication originates from the Latin word communicare that means to do something in common. When human beings communicate with each other, we share thoughts, emotions, values and actions. The foundation in communication is found within the interpersonal communication, which is the act of communication between two persons. All types of communications include of verbal and nonverbal acts of communication. The verbal communication consists of words either in speech or writing, the nonverbal act implies gestures, frequency of the tone and facial expressions. Within the pharmaceutical profession, good communication between the pharmacist and the customer is important and can affect the customer’s health and quality of life in both direct as well as indirect ways. In recent years, the pharmacist's role in the pharmacy has drastically changed. Nowadays the care of the customer has gained more significance than before. To improve customer health and quality of life it is important that the pharmacist acts to promote a good relationship with the customer and the foundation for this relationship should be built on good terms of communication. The purpose of this study was to study how common it is with communication errors between pharmacist and customer, and to demonstrate probable underlying causes. Secondary questions were, how is the drug advice the pharmacist provides affected by communication errors? Collection of data for the study was done with structured observation charts, where the customer and pharmacist were strictly observed. A total of 316 meetings were observed and the data collected referred to prescriptions. In more than one-third of the observed meetings, there were communication errors between the pharmacist and the customer. Communication errors that arose concerned lack of eye contact, language barriers, choice of questions, background noise from colleagues and customers and discussions from generic exchanges. To reduce future communication errors, the pharmacist's actions should be strengthened, such as eye contact, clear follow-up questions and improved feedback.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / INTRODUÃÃO: O tratamento da Tuberculose à complexo e demorado, envolvendo a associaÃÃo de vÃrios fÃrmacos. A taxa de abandono do tratamento à elevada e pode levar ao surgimento de formas resistentes da M. tuberculosis. A OrganizaÃÃo Mundial de SaÃde recomendou a implantaÃÃo do tratamento diretamente observado de curta duraÃÃo (em inglÃs, Directly Observed-Short Course Treatment â DOTS), como estratÃgia para que os pacientes tenham tratamento adequadamente acompanhado. No Brasil, o Programa SaÃde da FamÃlia tem gerado perspectivas de ampliaÃÃo de acesso do paciente com TB ao sistema de saÃde, de forma a favorecer o cumprimento das metas estabelecidas pela OrganizaÃÃo Mundial de SaÃde, com respeito à detecÃÃo de casos novos e tratamento da doenÃa. O controle da tuberculose depende ainda da aÃÃo dos gestores na proposiÃÃo de estratÃgias em nÃvel nacional para busca ativa de casos novos, intervenÃÃo em grupos de risco, cuidados com a adesÃo ao tratamento, aumento do nÃvel de informaÃÃo, vigilÃncia epidemiolÃgica. Entretanto, o estado da arte sobre o tratamento da TB revela que ainda à insuficiente o que està sendo realizado em nÃvel de controle da doenÃa. Neste aspecto, o projeto visa oferecer subsÃdios para a proposiÃÃo do desenvolvimento de um modelo de serviÃo em FarmÃcia clÃnica no atendimento ao paciente com TB. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar o perfil dos pacientes com tuberculose em tratamento, e o nÃvel de satisfaÃÃo do atendimento em um Centro de SaÃde Carlos Ribeiro Fortaleza, no perÃodo de janeiro a dezembro de 2007. MÃTODOS: Estudo transversal em pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose em tratamento no Centro de SaÃde Carlos Ribeiro, situado na Secretaria Executiva Regional I, FORTALEZA. RESULTADOS: Os resultados principais foram que os pacientes, 32,5 % eram do sexo feminino e 67,5% do sexo masculino. As idades variaram de 12-81 anos, sendo a faixa etÃria de 12 a 25 (33,3%), 26 a 35 (20,5%), 36 a 45 (24,4%), 46 a 55 anos (12,8%) e 56 a 65 (9,0%). Segundo a escolaridade 21,7% analfabetos, 16,9% 1 a 3 anos, 22,9% 4 a 7 anos, 38,6% mais de 7 anos. Quanto à questÃo ocupacional, 39,8% trabalhavam mesmo informalmente e 60,2% nÃo trabalhavam. Quanto Ãs moradias, a maioria delas era abastecida por Ãgua encanada (88.0%), 31,3% nÃo possuÃam esgoto, 34,9% eram pouco ventiladas, 33,3% apresentavam de 1 a 3 cÃmodos, 34,9 % abrigavam de 5 a 11 pessoas por residÃncia. Quanto ao conhecimento sobre a doenÃa, 34,9% dos pacientes nÃo tinham conhecimento sobre a TB e 41,0% nÃo sabiam como ocorria a transmissÃo da TB. Quanto ao acompanhamento microbiolÃgico durante o tratamento, poucos realizaram o monitoramento de acordo com o protocolo do MinistÃrio da SaÃde. Quanto Ãs reaÃÃes adversas provÃveis aos antimicrobianos, 77,1% % haviam se queixado de algum evento adverso durante o tratamento. Quanto ao desfecho do tratamento, 71,1 % concluÃram o tratamento e 15,7% abandonaram o mesmo. CONCLUSÃES: Os pacientes, em sua maioria do sexo masculino e na faixa etÃria produtiva, apresentaram um perfil similar ao de outros estudos, com alta taxa de analfabetismo, desemprego, com hÃbitos de etilismo e tabagismo. Verificou no estudo o conhecimento inadequado por parte da populaÃÃo estudada sobre a doenÃa e seu tratamento. Observou-se tambÃm que a qualidade no atendimento do paciente foi considerada inadequado. Procedimentos como a monitorizaÃÃo microbiolÃgico e a monitorizaÃÃo das reaÃÃes adversas nÃo vinham sendo realizados. Talvez por isso, observou se uma maior taxa de abandono e consequentemente uma menor taxa de cura. O estudo pode resgatar a partir dos entrevistados sugestÃes para a melhoria da qualidade do atendimento. Desta maneira, o trabalho conseguiu atingir seus objetivos de oferecer subsÃdios para futuro estabelecimento de um modelo para o acompanhamento do tratamento do paciente com tuberculose. / INTRODUCTION : TB has a long-term complex treatment and involves the association of various drugs. The rate of treatment abandonment is high and can lead to the appearance of resistant forms of M. tuberculosis. The World Health Organization recommends the implementation of the Directly Observed Treatment Short Course â DOTS, as a strategy for the detection of new cases and for achieving the completion of TB treatment. In Brazil, the Family Health Program expanded the access of the patient to health care, facilitating the follow-up of his treatment and case detection. The TB control also depends on the government management in order to make available national programs for case active searching, treatment adherence, intervention in risk groups, information accessibility, epidemiological surveillance. However, the state-of-the-art of the TB treatment reveals that it is still insufficient what is being done for the disease control. In this aspect, our work aims to get subsidies for the proposal of a service establishment model in Clinical Pharmacy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the profile of tuberculosis patients under treatment and their level of satisfaction with the service in the Health Center Carlos Ribeiro, from January to December, 2007. METHODS: Descriptive, observational, transversal study of TB patients in treatment at the Health Center Carlos Ribeiro, Fortaleza. RESULTS: The main findings were that among patients, 32.5% were female and 67.5% male. The ages ranged from 12 to 81 years and the age of 12 to 25 (33.3%), 26 to 35 (20.5%), 36 to 45 (24.4%), 46 to 55 (12.8%) and 56 to 65 years (9.0%). According to school graduation, 21.7% were illiterate, 16.9% had studied for 1 to 3 years, 22.9%, for 4 to 7 years, 38.6% more than 7 years. In respect to the job issue, 39.8% were informally employed and 60.2% were unemployed. In respect to the housing, most of them had water supply (88.0%), but few had water drainage (31.3%). Thirty four percent of the houses were poorly ventilated and had 1 to 3 rooms, with 5 to 11 people per residence. In respect to the disease knowledge, 34.9% of the patients were not aware of which kind of disease TB was, and 41,0% did not know how the TB transmission could occur. In respect to the microbiological monitoring during treatment, few have done the whole schedule. In respect to drug adverse reaction, 77.1% have complained about at least one adverse event during the treatment. In respect to completion of the treatment, only 71.1% have concluded it; the others have abandoned it. CONCLUSION: The patients, mostly of the male gender on productive age, presented similar profile compared to other studies, with low graduation rates, alcoholism and smoking habits, unemployment. It has been observed that a percentage of that population had no knowledge about the disease and its treatment. It was also observed that the quality of patient care was considered inadequate. Procedures such as monitoring and microbiological monitoring of adverse reactions had not been conducted. Maybe so, it noted a higher rate, and consequently a lower rate of cure.Anyhow, the study could achieve its goal, that is, to offer subsidies for a future strategy planning model for the follow-up of the TB patient considering Clinical Pharmacy.

Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder estimated to affect 0,4 % of the world's population (1 in 250). Patients with FH have abnormally high LDL-cholesterol.  Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of FH in Stockholm County and to evaluate the health economic impact of diagnosing people with FH early in life. Methods: Two algorithms were used to estimate the number of people with high LDLcholesterol. The first method applied data on cholesterol measurements from patients in Stockholm County between 2006-2008 and a modified version of Dutch Lipid Clinic Network. The second method was based on dispensed prescriptions of ezetimibe, lomitapide, evolucumab and alirocumab during 2019. A health economic model was created to estimate the economical outcome of diagnosing and treating patients early before undergoing a cardiovascular event. Results: The prevalence of FH in Stockholm County was estimated to 0.63 %, corresponding to a total of 12 000 individuals. The accumulated costs over 20 years for FH is estimated to be more than 1,1 billion SEK for diagnosed and treated patients, and 1,7 billion SEK for undiagnosed and untreated patients. Conclusions: The prevalence of FH in Stockholm County is probably higher than previously suggested. Early diagnosis and treatment is an investment for society and necessary for the patients to prevent cardiovascular events and improve quality of life.

ANALYSIS OF DRUG-RELATED PROBLEMS IN A HEALTHCARE FACILITY V. Author: Thu Thao Truongová Supervisor of the diploma thesis: PharmDr. Martin Doseděl, Ph.D. Consultant: PharmDr. Veronika Měrková Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy INTRODUCTION Medication errors are one of the most frequent medicinal errors. They affect patient's safety from the long-term point of view.1 The great part of medication errors occurs on the level of drug administration.2 In healthcare facilities mostly nurses are responsible for medication administration.3 AIM To obtain and evaluate medication errors during drug administration by nurses in a healthcare facility. METHODICS A prospective observational study was conducted in the facility Hamzova léčebna for children and adults focusing on medical rehabilitation. Data collection was performed in May 2019 three consecutive days on each ward, where drugs were administrated by nurse. Direct observation was done in morning, noon and evening drug administrations. Obtained data were recorded into prepared form and were compared with physician's medication order on the patient's record. Afterwards, the forms were transcripted into online database, data were transfered to MS Excel software programme and evaluated by...

Background: The sensitivity to drug-induced QT prolongation is highly variable in heart failure (HF) patients. QT interval prolongation can lead to a life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia known as torsade de Pointes (TdP), which can result in sudden cardiac death. Although QT prolongation is a surrogate marker for sudden cardiac death, the extent of drug-induced QT prolongation, and thus TdP, is largely unpredictable. Therefore, developing a biomarker to predict patients’ sensitivity to drug-induced QTc prolongation could have a profound clinical impact. MicroRNA (miR) are recognized as important regulators of cardiovascular function as they shape the transcriptome by targeting mRNAs for repression of translation. Our multidisciplinary research group has demonstrated that miR-362-3p regulates a potassium channel (i.e., hERG) that is the most widely implicated in drug-induced QTc prolongation. The primary objects of this analysis focus on characterizing serum miR-362-3p expression in the circulation as a potential biomarker to predict subject’s susceptibility to ibutilide exposure induced QT-interval prolongation.<div><br></div><div>Methods: The dataset utilized to develop the PK-PD models were collected from a previous clinical study carried out by Tisdale et al. (Tisdale,et al. 2020).A total of 22 adult subjects who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled and divided into three groups: a group of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, n=10), a group of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, n=2), and ten healthy subjects in the control group who were matched to subjects in the HFpEF group for age and sex. Following a baseline day of triplicate 12-lead ECGs, all subjects received ibutilide 0.003mg/kg intravenously infused over 10 minutes. Serial collection of blood samples to determine serum Ibutilide concentrations (HPLC/MS), serum miR-362-3 expression (qPCR), with triplicate ECG readings were obtained pre-and-post ibutilide administration. To describe ibutilide serum concentration exposure and the9relationship with Fridericia-corrected QT (QTF) intervals, a non-linear mixed effect modeling approach was used along with clinical and demographic data, and serum miR-362-3p expression was evaluated as potential covariates on the PK/PD model.<div><br></div><div>Results: A three-compartment model best described the time course of ibutilide concentrations profile with a proportional residual error. The individual ibutilide concentrations time profile was then used in an indirect response model where ibutilide concentrations are indirectly driving the QT interval prolongation through inhibition of the output (Kout) parameters linked to an indirect response model with zero‐order input parameter best described the ibutilide concentrations QT interval lengthening relationship. The Individual PK/PD parameters using the base model for the Imax and IC50 were 11.4% (9.9%RES) and 0.36(8.4% RES)ng/mL, respectively. Following stepwise forwarding inclusion steps, the final covariate analyses identified circulating miR-362-3p expression associated with a history of myocardial infarction covariate influencing both the Imax and IC50( p<0.05). <div><br></div><div>Conclusions: An indirect response model has been developed to describe the effects of ibutilide concentrations on QT-intervals. Although the semi-mechanistic model could not be developed; serummiR-362-3p expression was identified as a significant predictor for ibutilide-induced QT-interval prolongation. Moreover, the upregulation of serum miR-362-3p expression enhanced IC50 seen after ibutilide administration. The potential use of miR-362-3p as a biomarker warrants further investigation to identify patients at the greatest risk of TdP </div></div></div>

Background: High blood pressure (BP) or hypertension is defined as a systolic and diastolic pressure over 140/90 mmHg. High blood pressure increases the risk for premature death, and previous research has shown that many patients do not reach targets and that there are differences between primary healthcare centers in the proportion of patient reaching targets. The reasons for these variations, however, are unknown. Aim: To investigate variations in blood pressure target achievement between primary care centers in Stockholm county and how different factors such as practice size, ownership, socioeconomic and antihypertensive drug treatment can influence this diversity. Method(s): This study was designed as a cross-sectional register study with a descriptive quantitative perspective. Data was collected from three sources: National Primary Care Quality register, Care Need Index for healthcare in Stockholm region and Stockholm County Council data warehouse VAL. The study included 179 out of all 227 primary care centers in the region. The proportion of all patients with hypertension reaching targets was assessed each year during 2019-2021, and correlations studied for potential predictors. Results: there was a variation between primary care centers in target blood pressure fulfillment, ranging from 22-66% during 2021, 23-63% during 2020 and 33-66% during 2019, respectively. There was no overall difference between public and private centers in the proportion of patients reaching targets, but a larger practice variation among private centers. No correlation was found between the other studied factors and target blood pressure fulfillment during 2021. Conclusion: There was a variation between primary care centers in the proportion of patients reaching blood pressure targets. Different practices may change ranking between years and other factors than practice size, ownership and socioeconomic appears to explain the variation.

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a double stranded RNA retrovirus. According to the World Health Organization more than 30 million individuals were estimated to have HIV by the end of 2020, about 60% of which are in the African region. Pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) can be defined as the resistant virus strains transmitted at the time of infection or acquired during previous exposure to ARV. This study asses the effect of drivers in PDR. Method: This study was conducted with data extracted from published, publicly available data bases and reports by international organizations. The main sources were United Nation data bases and published reports from World Health Organization.  Inferential statistics were used to assess the PDR to anti-retroviral drugs. A linear regression model was used to investigate the association between PDR and previous exposure to anti-retrovirals and anti-retroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis, national health expenditure, human development index, and drug stock-out for different classes of anti-retroviral drugs.   Results: The result indicated that NNRTI drug resistance was most common, and seven out of 29 countries had PDR to all four drug classes. The human development index was positively associated with INSTI and PI PDR (p&lt;0.05), while NNRTI and NRTI were mainly positively associated with previous exposure to anti-retrovirals. Conclusion: This study assessed the impact of socio-economics determinants (human development index and national health expenditure), drug logistic determinants (stock-out), and patients’ determinants (adherence and previous exposure to any kind of anti-retrovirals) on PDR. For expensive drug classes (PI and INSTI) the resistance was positively associated with human development index. Previous exposure to anti-retrovirals was associated with increased resistance in NNRTI and NRTI.

Akut hjärtsvikt definieras som en debut eller försämring av hjärtsvikt. Hjärtsvikt är ett allvarligt tillstånd där hjärtat inte upprätthåller adekvat hjärtminutvolym för att möta kroppens metaboliska behov vilket leder till trötthet och försämrad livskvalitet. Symtom som relaterar till systemisk vätskeansamling är vanliga vid akut hjärtsvikt. Vätskeansamling och hypoperfusion ökar morbiditet och mortalitet. Patienter med akut hjärtsvikt behöver således snabba och effektiva behandlingar, men också långtidsbehandling efter utskrivning. Avsvällande/vattendrivande behandling är hörnstenen i den terapeutiska behandlingen och loopdiuretika anses som det mest effektiva och snabbverkande läkemedlet. I dagsläget är empagliflozin ett rekommenderat läkemedel för behandling av kronisk hjärtsvikt med nedsatt ejektionsfraktion, då empagliflozins diuretiska egenskap kan stärka effekten av loopdiuretika.   Syftet med detta examensarbete var att beskriva effekter hos empagliflozin vid behandling av akut hjärtsvikt som en litteraturstudie. En sökning av randomiserade kliniska prövningar gjordes i PubMed där nio artiklar valdes ut för att ingå i detta examenarbete. Resultatet av de granskade artiklarna visade att empagliflozin som tilläggsbehandling till loopdiuretika ökade urinutsöndring hos patienterna. Resultatet visade också en statistiskt signifikant minskning av NT-proBNP i studierna vars behandlingstid var 5, 7, 15 och 30 dagar jämfört med placebo. Vidare minskade empagliflozin också plasmavolymen och mängden urinsyran i plasman. Två av studierna rapporterade en statistiskt signifikant ökning i andel röda blodkroppar i behandlingsgruppen. Insättning av empagliflozin, hos kliniskt stabila sjukhusvårdade patienterna i studien EMPULSE, gav en statistiskt signifikant klinisk nytta definierat som ett hierarkiskt kompositmått av död oavsett orsak, antal hjärtsviktsepisoder, tid till första hjärtsviktsepisod och klinisk meningsfull förbättring i KCCQ-TSS med vinstratio 1,36. Vidare gav empagliflozin en positiv effekt på viktminskning, ökad diuretisk respons, ödemlindring och ökad livskvalitet under 90 dagars behandling. Hos patienter som fick empagliflozin sänktes eGFR något till en början men återställdes senare. Det fanns dock inte någon statistiskt signifikant skillnad i eGFR mellan grupperna. En av studierna visade på en signifikant minskning av biomarkörer hos patienter som fick empagliflozin vilket gav en njurfunktionsskyddande effekt mot akut njurskada.  Slutsatsen var att empagliflozin gav gynnsamma effekter såsom till exempel avsvällande/vätskedrivande effekt och klinisk fördel hos patienter med såväl akut de novo som med dekompenserad kronisk hjärtsvikt vilket betydde att läkemedlet var både säkert och effektivt. I framtiden behöver effekterna dock styrkas genom ytterligare studier med större antal deltagare och under längre behandlingstid efter sjukhusutskrivning.

<p>  </p> <p><strong>OBJECTIVES:</strong> Medication synchronization (med-sync) aligns patients’ chronic medications to a predetermined routine pickup date at a community pharmacy. An appointment-based model (ABM) med-sync service includes a comprehensive medication review at the pharmacy. We had the following objectives: (1) To systematically characterize literature describing healthcare utilization, cost clinical, and humanistic outcomes for patients enrolled in medication synchronization, (2) to determine the characteristics of Medicare Part D beneficiaries’ receipt of medication synchronization program and (3) to compare healthcare utilization outcomes of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in an ABM med-sync program to beneficiaries not enrolled in such a program.</p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>METHODS:</strong> A systematic literature review was conducted using electronic databases from January 2008 to October 2022. The retrospective cohort study analyzed Medicare claims data from 2014-16 for a sample of 1 million beneficiaries utilizing community pharmacies identified as offering a med-sync program. Medicare inpatient, outpatient, emergency, and pharmacy claims data were used to create med-sync and non-med-sync cohorts. We applied Andersen’s Health Services Utilization model to determine factors associated with med-sync enrollment. We constructed logistic regression models with med-sync enrollment as the dependent variable adding predisposing, enabling, and need variables. Descriptive statistics and bi-variate analysis were performed on the cohorts. All patients were followed longitudinally for 12 months before and after a 2015 index/enrollment month to calculate healthcare utilization. Difference-in-differences (DID) was used to compare mean changes in utilization outcomes between cohorts before and after enrollment.</p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Through systematic review, we found limited studies related to costs and healthcare utilization. Med-sync programs have shown to increase drug adherence to medications and improve patient satisfaction. For our study with Medicare beneficiaries, we identified 13,193 beneficiaries in the med-sync cohort and 156,987 beneficiaries in non-med sync (control) cohort. As age of beneficiaries increased, likelihood of med-sync enrollment increased (AOR=1.003, 95% CI:1.001-1.005). There were ​higher odds of enrollment for beneficiaries residing in Northeast (AOR=1.094, 95% CI:1.018-1.175), South (AOR=1.109, 95% CI:1.035-1.188), and West (AOR=1.113, 95% CI:1.020-1.215) than the Midwest. Beneficiaries residing in non-metro areas had lower odds of enrollment​ (AOR: 0.914, 95% CI: 0.863-0.969) than metro areas. Beneficiaries with less previous inpatient hospitalizations (AOR=0.945, 95% CI:0.914-0.977) were less likely to be enrolled whereas those with higher outpatient visits (AOR=1.003, 95% CI:1.001-1.004) were more likely to be enrolled. Beneficiaries taking a higher number of oral chronic medications (AOR=1.005, 95% CI:1.002-1.008) had greater odds of enrollment in med-sync. After propensity matching, 13,193 beneficiaries in each cohort were used for analysis. Mean pharmacy utilizations increased before and after enrollment for both cohorts while mean outpatient utilization decreased before and after enrollment for med-sync cohort only. Healthcare utilization mean DID were significantly less in the med-sync cohort compared to the non-med-sync cohort for outpatient visits (DID: 0.01, p=0.0073) and pharmacy fills (DID: 0.01, p<0.0001). There was no significant DID for inpatient and emergency visits between cohorts.</p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Disparities in age, geographic region, type of residence and prior health utilization for med-sync enrollment were identified. Outpatient and pharmacy utilization changes were significantly lower in med-sync cohort compared to the non-med-sync cohort in the 12-months after enrollment. Lower pharmacy utilization could be due to optimization of therapy during medication reviews of ABM med-sync. As Medicare is approaching to a value-based system, there needs to be a greater focus on systems such as med-sync that has shown to improve a patient’s adherence. </p>

<p dir="ltr">Over 50% of ambulatory older adults administer at least one anticholinergic medication. Older adults may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of anticholinergic medications, and there is evidence showing an association between anticholinergic exposure and increased risk of dementia. The primary objective of this research is to assess the impact of one-year of prescriptions for strong anticholinergics, with a score of 2 or 3 on the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) Scale, on cognitive measures indicative of dementia, followed by a comparative assessment of the relative impact of medication classes with anticholinergic activity.</p><p dir="ltr">The study utilizes a retrospective observational design to evaluate the relationship between anticholinergic medication prescriptions and cognitive measures. We used one-year EMR prescription data gleaned from R2D2 and BrainSafe clinical trials’ participants prior to baseline for the exposure variable along with the cognitive measures captured at the baseline visit. Total Standardized Daily Dose (TSDD) was computed from prescription records to quantify exposure to strong anticholinergics. Generalized Linear Models and Least Square means with Tukey’s adjustment were computed to detect the relationship between anticholinergic TSDD and anticholinergic medication classes and cognitive measures in multiple models.</p>