Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do citrato de sildenafila na circulação do clitóris em mulheres na pós-menopausa com disfunção orgástica avaliadas por Doppler. Casuística e métodos: Foram selecionadas 22 mulheres atendidas no Setor de Ginecologia Endócrina e Climatério da Clínica Ginecológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Destas, 11 constituíram o grupo que recebeu 50mg de citrato de sildenafila (Grupo A) e outras 11 o grupo controle (Grupo B-placebo). Em todas aplicaram-se a entrevista Questionário de sexualidade HC e Escala de Griss. A circulação do clitóris foi avaliada por meio de Doppler nos tempos 0(T0), 1(T1) uma hora após a ingestão do comprimido e após 15 (T15) dias de tratamento. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, ao avaliarmos alterações nas medidas dos diferentes momentos (T0, T1,.T15), quando comparamos os 2 grupos (medicamento x placebo), utilizando-se os índices de resistência e velocidade. Conclusão: Podemos inferir melhora apresentada pelo grupo A (citrato de sildenafila), consideravelmente superior ao demonstrado pelo grupo B (placebo). / This study has as objective to evaluate the effects of Sildenafil Citrate in the circulation of the clitoris in women in post-menopause with orgastic dysfunction, appraised through color-pulse Doppler. 22 women were selected in the Endocrine Gynecology and Climacteric clinic of Hospital das Clínicas. 11 women received 50mg of Sildenafil Citrate (Group A) and 11 women received Placebo (Group B). All the women were submitted to the interview “Sexuality Questionnaire HC" and to GRISS Scale. The circulation of the clitoris was evaluated through Doppler in different moments: 0 (T0), 1(T1) one-hour after the ingestion of the tablet and 15 (T15) 15-days of treatment. The results showed differences, statistically significant, when evaluating the measures of the different moments (T0, T1, .T15). When comparing the 2 groups (medicine x placebo), using resistance and speed indexes, we can infer that the improvement presented by Group A (Sildenafil Citrate) is considerably superior to the improvement demonstrated by the Group B (placebo).

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do citrato de sildenafila na circulação do clitóris em mulheres na pós-menopausa com disfunção orgástica avaliadas por Doppler. Casuística e métodos: Foram selecionadas 22 mulheres atendidas no Setor de Ginecologia Endócrina e Climatério da Clínica Ginecológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Destas, 11 constituíram o grupo que recebeu 50mg de citrato de sildenafila (Grupo A) e outras 11 o grupo controle (Grupo B-placebo). Em todas aplicaram-se a entrevista Questionário de sexualidade HC e Escala de Griss. A circulação do clitóris foi avaliada por meio de Doppler nos tempos 0(T0), 1(T1) uma hora após a ingestão do comprimido e após 15 (T15) dias de tratamento. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, ao avaliarmos alterações nas medidas dos diferentes momentos (T0, T1,.T15), quando comparamos os 2 grupos (medicamento x placebo), utilizando-se os índices de resistência e velocidade. Conclusão: Podemos inferir melhora apresentada pelo grupo A (citrato de sildenafila), consideravelmente superior ao demonstrado pelo grupo B (placebo). / This study has as objective to evaluate the effects of Sildenafil Citrate in the circulation of the clitoris in women in post-menopause with orgastic dysfunction, appraised through color-pulse Doppler. 22 women were selected in the Endocrine Gynecology and Climacteric clinic of Hospital das Clínicas. 11 women received 50mg of Sildenafil Citrate (Group A) and 11 women received Placebo (Group B). All the women were submitted to the interview “Sexuality Questionnaire HC” and to GRISS Scale. The circulation of the clitoris was evaluated through Doppler in different moments: 0 (T0), 1(T1) one-hour after the ingestion of the tablet and 15 (T15) 15-days of treatment. The results showed differences, statistically significant, when evaluating the measures of the different moments (T0, T1, .T15). When comparing the 2 groups (medicine x placebo), using resistance and speed indexes, we can infer that the improvement presented by Group A (Sildenafil Citrate) is considerably superior to the improvement demonstrated by the Group B (placebo).

<p>Between one hundred and one hundred and forty million young girls around the world have reportedly been subjected to some form of genital excision during 2005. Approximately three million young girls are at risk every year of undergoing this harmful procedure (WHO, 2008). Female genital mutilation is reported to occur, and is expected to continue occurring in twenty-eight African countries (London Safeguarding Children Board, 2007). This paper aims to firstly observe the levels of excision in Africa, and then highlight the underlying factors that encourage certain women to continue this dangerous ritual by analysing national datasets, such as the child info database, obtained form the United Nations Children&rsquo / s Fund. By calculating and comparing common indicators, the prevailing ones that dominate FGM appreciation can be further analysed. The final objective will be to suggest strategies that can be put in place to encourage the discontinuation of female genital cutting universally.</p>

<p>Between one hundred and one hundred and forty million young girls around the world have reportedly been subjected to some form of genital excision during 2005. Approximately three million young girls are at risk every year of undergoing this harmful procedure (WHO, 2008). Female genital mutilation is reported to occur, and is expected to continue occurring in twenty-eight African countries (London Safeguarding Children Board, 2007). This paper aims to firstly observe the levels of excision in Africa, and then highlight the underlying factors that encourage certain women to continue this dangerous ritual by analysing national datasets, such as the child info database, obtained form the United Nations Children&rsquo / s Fund. By calculating and comparing common indicators, the prevailing ones that dominate FGM appreciation can be further analysed. The final objective will be to suggest strategies that can be put in place to encourage the discontinuation of female genital cutting universally.</p>

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Between one hundred and one hundred and forty million young girls around the world have reportedly been subjected to some form of genital excision during 2005. Approximately three million young girls are at risk every year of undergoing this harmful procedure (WHO, 2008). Female genital mutilation is reported to occur, and is expected to continue occurring in twenty-eight African countries (London Safeguarding Children Board, 2007). This paper aims to firstly observe the levels of excision in Africa, and then highlight the underlying factors that encourage certain women to continue this dangerous ritual by analysing national datasets, such as the child info database, obtained form the United Nations Children's Fund. By calculating and comparing common indicators, the prevailing ones that dominate FGM appreciation can be further analysed. The final objective will be to suggest strategies that can be put in place to encourage the discontinuation of female genital cutting universally. / South Africa

The intent of this examination is to study anatomical jewelry design, withreproductions of the clitoris and uterus, its feminist connection and symbolism.Three Swedish female designers represent the foundation for this study, wheretheir specific jewelry is analyzed. Choice of designers are Clit co,Feministsmeden and Statement by Lann, a presentation of them can be found inthe second part on page 15. The main question in this study is; How come thewoman's body and genitals have become jewelry and how are these symbolslinked to feminism? Are these anatomical images inclusive or exclusive from agender perspective? The method in this survey focuses on semiotics and imageanalysis with inspiration from discourse analysis and hermeneutics, with atheory rooted in gender, feminism and exposition of the female body. Byfocusing on signification and intention, the study reaches a hypotheticalconclusion about the connection between anatomical jewelry and feminism. / Syftet med denna undersökning är att studera anatomisk smyckesdesign, med återgivningenav klitoris och livmodern, dess feministiska anknytning och symbolik. Tre svenska kvinnligadesigners står som material för studien, där deras specifika smycken analyseras. I del två avarbetet presenteras de utvalda kreatörerna Clit co, Feministsmeden och Statement by Lann.Huvudfrågan i denna studie är; Hur kommer det sig att kvinnans kropp och könsorgan harblivit smycken och hur är dessa symboler kopplade till feminism? Är dessa anatomiskaskildringar inkluderande eller exkluderande ur ett genusperspektiv? Metoden i studienfokuserar på semiotisk bildanalys med inspiration ur diskursanalys och hermeneutik, medteori förankrad i genus, feminism och kroppspolitik. Genom att fokusera på budskap ochintention når studien en hypotetisk slutsats kring sambandet mellan anatomiska smycken ochfeminism.

Die menschliche sexuelle Reaktion erfordert somatosensorische Informationen, um nach einem Orgasmus eine Auflösung zu erreichen. Diese somatosensorischen Informationen müssen zur weiteren Verarbeitung und Integration an das zentrale Nervensystem weitergeleitet werden. In dieser Arbeit wird in zwei getrennten Studien der Dorsalnerv von Penis und Klitoris untersucht, der die somatosensorischen Informationen von Glans penis bzw. Glans clitoris weiterleitet. In der ersten Studie haben wir nicht nur die Innervation des Penis untersucht, sondern auch die Nervenfasern mit ihrem Myelinisierungsanteil quantifiziert. Wir fanden heraus, dass es im einseitigen Pudendusast etwa 4400 Fasern gibt, von denen 60 % myelinisiert sind. Außerdem fanden wir heraus, dass es im proximalen Penisschaft einseitig etwa 8300 Fasern mit einem Myelinanteil von 45 % gibt. In der zweiten Studie haben wir die Techniken der ersten Studie angewandt, um die Fasern des Nervus dorsalis der Klitoris und ihren Myelinanteil zu quantifizieren. Darüber hinaus untersuchten wir die innere Struktur der Erektionskörper der Klitoris mittels mikroCT-Scanning. Wir identifizierten die "Pars intermedia", die den Klitoriskörper stützt, als ein vom Corpus spongiosum der Vestibularisbulben getrenntes Gewebe. Wir fanden heraus, dass der Pudendusast an der Crura einseitig etwa 2300 Fasern hat, von denen 76 % myelinisiert sind. Außerdem fanden wir etwa 3200 Fasern in der Mitte des Klitoris-Halbkörpers mit einem Myelinanteil von 71 %. Schließlich verglichen wir die Innervationsdichte von Penis und Klitoris und stellten fest, dass die Nervendichte in der Klitoris im Vergleich zum Penis 7-mal höher ist. Zusammengenommen geben unsere Daten i) Einblicke in das Innervationsmuster des Dorsalnervs von Penis und Klitoris, ii) quantifizieren die Fasern im Dorsalnerv von Penis und Klitoris, iii) zeigen den Anteil der Myelinisierung, iv) zeigen den Unterschied in der Nervendichte von Penis und Klitoris. / Somatosensory information plays a decisive role in the human sexual response and orgasm. Accordingly, somatosensory information needs to be relayed to the central nervous system for further processing and integration. In this thesis, two separate studies investigate the dorsal nerve of penis and clitoris relaying the somatosensory information from glans penis and glans clitoris, respectively. In the first study we not only investigated the innervation of penis, but also quantified the number of nerve fibers and the fraction of myelinated axons. We found that there are approximately 4400 fibers in the pudendal branch unilaterally and 60 % of them are myelinated. Moreover, we found there are approximately 8300 fibers in the proximal shaft of the penis unilaterally with a myelin fraction of 45%. In the second study, we applied similar techniques as in the first study to quantify the fibers of the dorsal nerve of clitoris and their myelin fraction. Additionally, we investigated the inner structure of erectile bodies of clitoris with microCT scanning. We identified the “pars intermedia” supporting the clitoral body as a separate tissue from the corpus spongiosum of vestibular bulbs. We found there are approximately 2300 fibers in the pudendal branch at the crura unilaterally and 76 % of them are myelinated. We also found there are approximately 3200 fibers in the middle of clitoral hemibody with a myelin fraction of 71%. Lastly we compared the innervation density of penis and clitoris and revealed that nerve density in clitoris is 7 fold compared to penis. Taken together, our data i) gives insights about the innervation pattern of dorsal nerve of penis and clitoris ii) quantify the fibers in dorsal nerve in penis and clitoris iii) reveal the fraction of myelination iv) reveal the difference in nerve density of penis and clitoris.

No description available.

Si les connaissances anatomiques supportent l’élaboration des techniqueschirurgicales, peu d’informations étaient disponibles sur l’anatomie et la physiologie del’innervation pelvi-périnéale. La détermination précise de l’origine, du trajet péri-viscéral, desrapports anatomiques avec les organes et les vaisseaux de voisinage et de la terminaison deces nerfs au niveau d’organes dont ils commandent la fonction était jusqu’alors peu accessibleaux techniques anatomiques classiques de dissection macroscopique sur sujet cadavérique.Dans le domaine de la chirurgie pelvienne pour cancer, l’amélioration de la qualité de vie desmalades passe par la préservation de ces structures nerveuses, la dimension fonctionnelle étantdésormais indissociable des impératifs carcinologiques. En effet, l’intégrité de ces nerfs estindispensable aux fonctions de continence sphinctérienne et de sexualité. Par ailleurs, lamajorité des travaux s’intéressant aux séquelles fonctionnelles postopératoires sont réaliséschez l’homme et très peu de travaux concernent exclusivement les femmes dont les troublessexuels sont plus difficiles à identifier. La réduction de ces troubles fonctionnelspostopératoires passe donc par une meilleure compréhension de l’anatomie nerveuse pelvipérinéale,qui peut être éclaircie par de nouvelles techniques d’étude / Anatomical knowledge is required for the development of surgical techniques,but little is known about the anatomy and physiology of innervation in the pelvic/perinealarea. The origin, perivisceral trajectory, anatomical relationships to organs and neighbouringvessels and of the endings of these nerves in the organs they control has not, to date, beeneasy to determine precisely by classical anatomical techniques based on the macroscopicdissection of cadavers. In the domain of pelvic cancer surgery, improvements in the quality oflife of patients are dependent on the preservation of these nervous system structures; themaintenance of function cannot be dissociated from oncological imperatives. Indeed, theintegrity of these nerves is essential for sphincter continence and sexual functions. Moststudies have focused on the functional sequelae of surgery in men. Very few studies havefocused exclusively on women, in whom sexual problems are more difficult to identify. Thereduction of such postsurgical functional problems thus requires a more completeunderstanding of the anatomy of the pelvic/perineal nervous system. This may be possiblethrough the use of new investigative techniques

Si les connaissances anatomiques supportent l'élaboration des techniqueschirurgicales, peu d'informations étaient disponibles sur l'anatomie et la physiologie del'innervation pelvi-périnéale. La détermination précise de l'origine, du trajet péri-viscéral, desrapports anatomiques avec les organes et les vaisseaux de voisinage et de la terminaison deces nerfs au niveau d'organes dont ils commandent la fonction était jusqu'alors peu accessibleaux techniques anatomiques classiques de dissection macroscopique sur sujet cadavérique.Dans le domaine de la chirurgie pelvienne pour cancer, l'amélioration de la qualité de vie desmalades passe par la préservation de ces structures nerveuses, la dimension fonctionnelle étantdésormais indissociable des impératifs carcinologiques. En effet, l'intégrité de ces nerfs estindispensable aux fonctions de continence sphinctérienne et de sexualité. Par ailleurs, lamajorité des travaux s'intéressant aux séquelles fonctionnelles postopératoires sont réaliséschez l'homme et très peu de travaux concernent exclusivement les femmes dont les troublessexuels sont plus difficiles à identifier. La réduction de ces troubles fonctionnelspostopératoires passe donc par une meilleure compréhension de l'anatomie nerveuse pelvipérinéale,qui peut être éclaircie par de nouvelles techniques d'étude