Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do citrato de sildenafila na circulação do clitóris em mulheres na pós-menopausa com disfunção orgástica avaliadas por Doppler. Casuística e métodos: Foram selecionadas 22 mulheres atendidas no Setor de Ginecologia Endócrina e Climatério da Clínica Ginecológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Destas, 11 constituíram o grupo que recebeu 50mg de citrato de sildenafila (Grupo A) e outras 11 o grupo controle (Grupo B-placebo). Em todas aplicaram-se a entrevista Questionário de sexualidade HC e Escala de Griss. A circulação do clitóris foi avaliada por meio de Doppler nos tempos 0(T0), 1(T1) uma hora após a ingestão do comprimido e após 15 (T15) dias de tratamento. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, ao avaliarmos alterações nas medidas dos diferentes momentos (T0, T1,.T15), quando comparamos os 2 grupos (medicamento x placebo), utilizando-se os índices de resistência e velocidade. Conclusão: Podemos inferir melhora apresentada pelo grupo A (citrato de sildenafila), consideravelmente superior ao demonstrado pelo grupo B (placebo). / This study has as objective to evaluate the effects of Sildenafil Citrate in the circulation of the clitoris in women in post-menopause with orgastic dysfunction, appraised through color-pulse Doppler. 22 women were selected in the Endocrine Gynecology and Climacteric clinic of Hospital das Clínicas. 11 women received 50mg of Sildenafil Citrate (Group A) and 11 women received Placebo (Group B). All the women were submitted to the interview “Sexuality Questionnaire HC" and to GRISS Scale. The circulation of the clitoris was evaluated through Doppler in different moments: 0 (T0), 1(T1) one-hour after the ingestion of the tablet and 15 (T15) 15-days of treatment. The results showed differences, statistically significant, when evaluating the measures of the different moments (T0, T1, .T15). When comparing the 2 groups (medicine x placebo), using resistance and speed indexes, we can infer that the improvement presented by Group A (Sildenafil Citrate) is considerably superior to the improvement demonstrated by the Group B (placebo).

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do citrato de sildenafila na circulação do clitóris em mulheres na pós-menopausa com disfunção orgástica avaliadas por Doppler. Casuística e métodos: Foram selecionadas 22 mulheres atendidas no Setor de Ginecologia Endócrina e Climatério da Clínica Ginecológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Destas, 11 constituíram o grupo que recebeu 50mg de citrato de sildenafila (Grupo A) e outras 11 o grupo controle (Grupo B-placebo). Em todas aplicaram-se a entrevista Questionário de sexualidade HC e Escala de Griss. A circulação do clitóris foi avaliada por meio de Doppler nos tempos 0(T0), 1(T1) uma hora após a ingestão do comprimido e após 15 (T15) dias de tratamento. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, ao avaliarmos alterações nas medidas dos diferentes momentos (T0, T1,.T15), quando comparamos os 2 grupos (medicamento x placebo), utilizando-se os índices de resistência e velocidade. Conclusão: Podemos inferir melhora apresentada pelo grupo A (citrato de sildenafila), consideravelmente superior ao demonstrado pelo grupo B (placebo). / This study has as objective to evaluate the effects of Sildenafil Citrate in the circulation of the clitoris in women in post-menopause with orgastic dysfunction, appraised through color-pulse Doppler. 22 women were selected in the Endocrine Gynecology and Climacteric clinic of Hospital das Clínicas. 11 women received 50mg of Sildenafil Citrate (Group A) and 11 women received Placebo (Group B). All the women were submitted to the interview “Sexuality Questionnaire HC” and to GRISS Scale. The circulation of the clitoris was evaluated through Doppler in different moments: 0 (T0), 1(T1) one-hour after the ingestion of the tablet and 15 (T15) 15-days of treatment. The results showed differences, statistically significant, when evaluating the measures of the different moments (T0, T1, .T15). When comparing the 2 groups (medicine x placebo), using resistance and speed indexes, we can infer that the improvement presented by Group A (Sildenafil Citrate) is considerably superior to the improvement demonstrated by the Group B (placebo).

<p>Between one hundred and one hundred and forty million young girls around the world have reportedly been subjected to some form of genital excision during 2005. Approximately three million young girls are at risk every year of undergoing this harmful procedure (WHO, 2008). Female genital mutilation is reported to occur, and is expected to continue occurring in twenty-eight African countries (London Safeguarding Children Board, 2007). This paper aims to firstly observe the levels of excision in Africa, and then highlight the underlying factors that encourage certain women to continue this dangerous ritual by analysing national datasets, such as the child info database, obtained form the United Nations Children&rsquo / s Fund. By calculating and comparing common indicators, the prevailing ones that dominate FGM appreciation can be further analysed. The final objective will be to suggest strategies that can be put in place to encourage the discontinuation of female genital cutting universally.</p>

<p>Between one hundred and one hundred and forty million young girls around the world have reportedly been subjected to some form of genital excision during 2005. Approximately three million young girls are at risk every year of undergoing this harmful procedure (WHO, 2008). Female genital mutilation is reported to occur, and is expected to continue occurring in twenty-eight African countries (London Safeguarding Children Board, 2007). This paper aims to firstly observe the levels of excision in Africa, and then highlight the underlying factors that encourage certain women to continue this dangerous ritual by analysing national datasets, such as the child info database, obtained form the United Nations Children&rsquo / s Fund. By calculating and comparing common indicators, the prevailing ones that dominate FGM appreciation can be further analysed. The final objective will be to suggest strategies that can be put in place to encourage the discontinuation of female genital cutting universally.</p>

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Between one hundred and one hundred and forty million young girls around the world have reportedly been subjected to some form of genital excision during 2005. Approximately three million young girls are at risk every year of undergoing this harmful procedure (WHO, 2008). Female genital mutilation is reported to occur, and is expected to continue occurring in twenty-eight African countries (London Safeguarding Children Board, 2007). This paper aims to firstly observe the levels of excision in Africa, and then highlight the underlying factors that encourage certain women to continue this dangerous ritual by analysing national datasets, such as the child info database, obtained form the United Nations Children's Fund. By calculating and comparing common indicators, the prevailing ones that dominate FGM appreciation can be further analysed. The final objective will be to suggest strategies that can be put in place to encourage the discontinuation of female genital cutting universally. / South Africa

The intent of this examination is to study anatomical jewelry design, withreproductions of the clitoris and uterus, its feminist connection and symbolism.Three Swedish female designers represent the foundation for this study, wheretheir specific jewelry is analyzed. Choice of designers are Clit co,Feministsmeden and Statement by Lann, a presentation of them can be found inthe second part on page 15. The main question in this study is; How come thewoman's body and genitals have become jewelry and how are these symbolslinked to feminism? Are these anatomical images inclusive or exclusive from agender perspective? The method in this survey focuses on semiotics and imageanalysis with inspiration from discourse analysis and hermeneutics, with atheory rooted in gender, feminism and exposition of the female body. Byfocusing on signification and intention, the study reaches a hypotheticalconclusion about the connection between anatomical jewelry and feminism. / Syftet med denna undersökning är att studera anatomisk smyckesdesign, med återgivningenav klitoris och livmodern, dess feministiska anknytning och symbolik. Tre svenska kvinnligadesigners står som material för studien, där deras specifika smycken analyseras. I del två avarbetet presenteras de utvalda kreatörerna Clit co, Feministsmeden och Statement by Lann.Huvudfrågan i denna studie är; Hur kommer det sig att kvinnans kropp och könsorgan harblivit smycken och hur är dessa symboler kopplade till feminism? Är dessa anatomiskaskildringar inkluderande eller exkluderande ur ett genusperspektiv? Metoden i studienfokuserar på semiotisk bildanalys med inspiration ur diskursanalys och hermeneutik, medteori förankrad i genus, feminism och kroppspolitik. Genom att fokusera på budskap ochintention når studien en hypotetisk slutsats kring sambandet mellan anatomiska smycken ochfeminism.

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Si les connaissances anatomiques supportent l’élaboration des techniqueschirurgicales, peu d’informations étaient disponibles sur l’anatomie et la physiologie del’innervation pelvi-périnéale. La détermination précise de l’origine, du trajet péri-viscéral, desrapports anatomiques avec les organes et les vaisseaux de voisinage et de la terminaison deces nerfs au niveau d’organes dont ils commandent la fonction était jusqu’alors peu accessibleaux techniques anatomiques classiques de dissection macroscopique sur sujet cadavérique.Dans le domaine de la chirurgie pelvienne pour cancer, l’amélioration de la qualité de vie desmalades passe par la préservation de ces structures nerveuses, la dimension fonctionnelle étantdésormais indissociable des impératifs carcinologiques. En effet, l’intégrité de ces nerfs estindispensable aux fonctions de continence sphinctérienne et de sexualité. Par ailleurs, lamajorité des travaux s’intéressant aux séquelles fonctionnelles postopératoires sont réaliséschez l’homme et très peu de travaux concernent exclusivement les femmes dont les troublessexuels sont plus difficiles à identifier. La réduction de ces troubles fonctionnelspostopératoires passe donc par une meilleure compréhension de l’anatomie nerveuse pelvipérinéale,qui peut être éclaircie par de nouvelles techniques d’étude / Anatomical knowledge is required for the development of surgical techniques,but little is known about the anatomy and physiology of innervation in the pelvic/perinealarea. The origin, perivisceral trajectory, anatomical relationships to organs and neighbouringvessels and of the endings of these nerves in the organs they control has not, to date, beeneasy to determine precisely by classical anatomical techniques based on the macroscopicdissection of cadavers. In the domain of pelvic cancer surgery, improvements in the quality oflife of patients are dependent on the preservation of these nervous system structures; themaintenance of function cannot be dissociated from oncological imperatives. Indeed, theintegrity of these nerves is essential for sphincter continence and sexual functions. Moststudies have focused on the functional sequelae of surgery in men. Very few studies havefocused exclusively on women, in whom sexual problems are more difficult to identify. Thereduction of such postsurgical functional problems thus requires a more completeunderstanding of the anatomy of the pelvic/perineal nervous system. This may be possiblethrough the use of new investigative techniques

Si les connaissances anatomiques supportent l'élaboration des techniqueschirurgicales, peu d'informations étaient disponibles sur l'anatomie et la physiologie del'innervation pelvi-périnéale. La détermination précise de l'origine, du trajet péri-viscéral, desrapports anatomiques avec les organes et les vaisseaux de voisinage et de la terminaison deces nerfs au niveau d'organes dont ils commandent la fonction était jusqu'alors peu accessibleaux techniques anatomiques classiques de dissection macroscopique sur sujet cadavérique.Dans le domaine de la chirurgie pelvienne pour cancer, l'amélioration de la qualité de vie desmalades passe par la préservation de ces structures nerveuses, la dimension fonctionnelle étantdésormais indissociable des impératifs carcinologiques. En effet, l'intégrité de ces nerfs estindispensable aux fonctions de continence sphinctérienne et de sexualité. Par ailleurs, lamajorité des travaux s'intéressant aux séquelles fonctionnelles postopératoires sont réaliséschez l'homme et très peu de travaux concernent exclusivement les femmes dont les troublessexuels sont plus difficiles à identifier. La réduction de ces troubles fonctionnelspostopératoires passe donc par une meilleure compréhension de l'anatomie nerveuse pelvipérinéale,qui peut être éclaircie par de nouvelles techniques d'étude

Knowledge of the course of the pudendal nerve (PN) is important when performing perineal surgery. Distances between landmarks were measured after PN dissections in 71 cadavers and after perineal procedures on 30 cadavers. Separate inferior rectal nerve (IRN) entry and medial position of the PN/IRN with shortened sacrospinous ligaments were often seen in black individuals. A PN block should therefore be placed more proximally and medially. The Richter’s stitch should be placed further from the ischial spine. During ischioanal procedures the IRN is at risk in white females, as it was more superficial. The dorsal nerve of the clitoris/penis (DNC/DNP) is in danger during the outside-in procedures in white or obese individuals, as it was closer to the inferior pubic ramus. The dorsal penile nerve block should be administered deeper in white and obese individuals, as the DNP was deeper. The above-mentioned findings should be verified in a clinical setting. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Anatomy / Unrestricted