The motivation of this research is the need for reducing time and cost associated with maintaining information and communication technology infrastructure for design and manufacturing in digitally networked environments, enhancing design communication and collaboration in distributed and collaborative design processes, and adapting to rapidly changing market demands. The objective of this dissertation is to propose a new design and manufacturing paradigm, namely, Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing (CBDM), for enhancing collaborative product development in distributed settings. In this dissertation, the following challenges pertaining to CBDM are addressed: the systematic development of a conceptual framework and a holistic vision for CBDM systems; the development of a new approach for visualizing distributed and collaborative design processes, measuring tie strengths in a complex and large design collaboration network, and detecting design communities with common design activities in cloud-based design (CBD) settings from a social network perspective; and the development of a new approach that helps identify potential manufacturing bottlenecks and scale manufacturing capacity in cloud-based manufacturing (CBM) settings from a manufacturing network perspective. The contributions of this dissertation are categorized in three research domains: (1) proposing the first definition, a holistic vision, and an example of application scenario for CBDM, (2) modeling and analyzing information flow in cloud-based design for improving design collaboration, and (3) modeling and analyzing material flow in cloud-based manufacturing for planning manufacturing scalability.

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Inledning: Digitaliseringen har påverkat samhället i stor utsträckning under de senaste åren ochdetta kan också observeras i olika företagsverksamhet, som började använda nya teknologier(Manyika et al., 2011). Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka revisorernas uppfattningar från olikarevisionsbyråer i Sverige kring användningen av molntjänster i revisionsarbetet. Metod: Metoden som användes för att genomföra denna studie var semistruktureradeintervjuer med sex revisorer från lokala revisionsbyråer. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att revisorerna har över lag en positiv inställning till användningenav molntjänster i revisionsarbetet, samtidigt som de är medvetna om ett antal risker och nackdelar.Revisorerna anser att användningen av molntjänster i revisionsarbetet bidrar till öka effektivitetengenom att de sparar allting digitalt. Revisorerna menar att det också finns nackdelar medmolntjänster, bland annat säkerhetsrisker och svagare relationer till kunden, som kan bidra negativttill revisorernas relation till kunden. Några revisorer anser att molntjänsternas användning kommeratt fortsätta sprida sig inom branschen och kommer att vara centrala i att automatiserarevisionsarbetet med hjälp av framtidens AI. Detta väcker frågor om blivande revisorers utbildningoch professionell utveckling. / Introduction: Digitalization has had a great impact on our society in the past few years and that can be observed among different companies, which started using new technologies (Manyika et al.,2011). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the auditors’ perceptions in different audit firms in Sweden in regard to using cloud services in audit. Method: Semi-structured interviews with six auditors from local audit firms were conducted in this study. Conclusion: The results show that auditors have a positive attitude when it comes to using cloud services in their work, while they also aware of certain challenges associated with cloud auditing. Auditors consider that cloud services contribute to increase efficiency by storing everything in the cloud. Auditors consider that there are also disadvantages with cloud services, including security risks and weaker relations with the client, which can contribute in a negative way to auditors’ relations with their clients. Some auditors believe that the use of cloud services will continue to spread within the industry and will be key in automating audit work with the help of future developments within the field of AI. This raises questions about the education and professional development of future auditors.

Titel: Riskhantering av molnbaserade affärssystem Författare: Fredrik Forsberg & Kevin Adamsson Handledare: Pia Nylinder Examinator: Petter Boye Kurs: Företagsekonomi, Kandidatuppsats inom ekonomistyrning/redovisning Kurskod: 2FE75E Frågeställning: Hur arbetar företag inom bilförsäljningsbranschen med riskhanteringen av molnbaserade affärssystem? Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka risker molnbaserade affärssystem medför och hur företag inom bilhandeln arbetar för att hantera riskerna. Metod: För att uppfylla studiens mål har vi använt oss av den abduktiva ansatsen. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts och vi har genom detta samlat in empiri från åtta olika respondenter som är verksamma inom bilhandeln. Slutsats: Vi har kommit fram till att storleken på företag har en stor påverkan på hur riskprocessen samt riskhanteringen sker, även om riskerna har samma prioriteringsnivå. De flesta företagen har en plan för hur de skall hantera riskerna och arbeta för att motverka dessa. Vi har även kommit fram till att större ekonomiska resurser ger större utrymme för att arbeta i förebyggande syfte och på så sätt motverka de riskerna som studien har handlat om. Nyckelord: molntjänster, molnbaserade affärssystem, risker med molnbaserade affärssystem, riskhantering i samband med molnbaserade affärssystem, riskprocess. / Title: Risk management of cloud-based ERP-systems Writers: Fredrik Forsberg & Kevin Adamsson Supervisor: Pia Nylinder Examiner: Petter Boye Course: Business administration, Bachelor thesis in finance/accounting Course code: 2FE75E Research question: How do companies in the automotive trade industry work with risk management of cloud-based ERP-systems? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine what risks that the cloud based ERP-systems entail and how companies in the automobile trade work with the risk management. Method: To fulfill the purpose of this paper we have used the abductive approach. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted in order to retrieve empirical data from eight different respondents who operates in the automobile trade. Conclusion: We have come to the conclusion that the size of the companies has a major impact on how the risk process and the risk management are done, even if the risks have the same level of priority. Greater financial resources provides more space for the companies to work with the risk management. Keywords: Cloud based services, Cloud based ERP-system, Risks with the cloud based ERP-systems, Risk management, Risk process.

Molnbaserade affärssystem är standardiserade och blir alltmer populära systemstöd i företagen. Om företagen ska kunna få stöd för sina arbetsuppgifter behöver de ändra sina arbetsprocesser för att de ska kunna utföras i det molnbaserade affärssystemet. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur molnbaserade affärssystem kan stödja respektive inte kan stödja SME-företagens dagliga verksamhet för att besvara studiens frågeställning: ”Hur stödjer molnbaserade affärssystem den dagliga verksamheten i SME-företag?” Studien har använt en kvalitativ ansats för att besvara forskningsfrågan. De semistrukturerade intervjuerna som användes i studien bidrog till att undersöka området på djupet och sedan när resultatet analyserades framkom betydelsefulla teman som utgjorde grunden till studiens diskussion och slutsats. Studiens slutsats visar att molnbaserade affärssystem generellt är stödjande för SME-företagens dagliga verksamhet. Molnbaserade affärssystem stödjer den dagliga verksamheten genom att företag får bättre kontroll över arbetet, optimerar arbetsuppgifterna samt att de möjliggör att kunna utföra arbete oberoende av geografisk plats. I studiens slutsats framkommer det att det finns arbetsprocesser som går att utföra i molnbaserade affärssystem, men användarna väljer att utföra dem i andra system eller program för att funktionaliteten och flexibiliteten är begränsad i molnbaserade affärssystem. Det finns arbetsuppgifter som inte går att utföra i molnbaserade affärssystem därav behöver de utföras i andra system. / Cloud-based enterprise resource planning system (ERP-system) isstandardized and is becoming an increasingly more popular support systemwithin enterprises. For enterprises to be able to receive support for theirwork tasks, they need to change their work processes for them to be carriedout in the cloud-based ERP-systems. The purpose of the study is to describehow cloud-based ERP-systems can support or cannot support the dailyoperations of SME-enterprises to answer the study's question: "How docloud-based enterprise resource planning support the daily operations ofSME-enterprises?"The study used a qualitative approach to answer the research question. Thesemi-structured interviews used in the study contributed to being able toinvestigate the area in depth and when the result was analyzed, significantthemes emerged that were the foundation for the study’s discussion andconclusion. The study’s conclusion indicates that cloud-based ERP-systemsgenerally is supportive for SME-enterprises daily operations. Cloud-basedERP-systems support daily operations by giving companies better control ofthe work processes, optimizing their tasks, and to be able to perform work inindependent of geographical location. The study’s conclusion it appears thatthere are work processes that can be done in cloud-based ERP-systems, butusers choose to do them in other systems or programs because thefunctionality and flexibility is limited in cloud-based ERP-systems

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<div>A central issue in systems engineering is to design systems where the stakeholders do not behave as expected by the systems designer. Usually, these stakeholders have different and often conflicting objectives. The stakeholders try to maximize their individual objective and the overall system do not function as expected by the systems designers.</div><div><br></div><div><div>We specifically study two such systems- a) cloud-based design and manufacturing system (CBDM) and b) Air Transportation System (ATS). In CBDM, two stakeholders</div><div>with conflicting objectives are designers trying to get their parts printed at the lowest possible price and manufacturers trying to sell their excess resource capacity at maximum prots. In ATS, on one hand, airlines make route selection decision with the goal of maximizing their market share and prots and on the other hand regulatory bodies such as Federal Aviation Administration tries to form policies that increase overall welfare of the people.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>The objective in this dissertation is to establish a mechanism design based framework: a) for resource allocation in CBDM, and b) to guide the policymakers in channeling the evolution of network topology of ATS.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>This is the rst attempt in literature to formulate the resource allocation in CBDM as a bipartite matching problem with designers and manufacturers forming two distinct set of agents. We recommend best mechanisms in different CBDM scenarios like totally decentralized scenario, organizational scenario etc. based on how well the properties of the mechanism meet the requirements of that scenario. In addition to analyzing existing mechanisms, CBDM offers challenges that are not addressed in the literature. One such challenge is how often should the matching mechanism be implemented when agents interact over a long period of time. We answer this question through theoretical propositions backed up by simulation studies. We conclude that a matching period equal to the ratio of the number of service providers to the arrival rate of designers is optimal when service rate is high and a matching period equal to</div><div>the ratio of mean printing time to mean service rate is optimal when service rate is low.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>In ATS, we model the evolution of the network topology as the result of route selection decisions made by airlines under competition. Using data from historic decisions we use discrete games to model the preference parameters of airlines towards explanatory variables such as market demand and operating cost. Different from the existing literature, we use an airport presence based technique to estimate these parameters. This reduces the risk of over-tting and improves prediction accuracy. We conduct a forward simulation to study the effect of altering the explanatory variables on the Nash equilibrium strategies. Regulatory bodies could use these insights while forming policies.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>The overall contribution in this research is a mechanism design framework to design complex engineered systems such as CBDM and ATS. Specically, in CBDM a matching mechanism based resource allocation framework is established and matching mechanisms are recommended for various CBDM scenarios. Through theoretical and</div><div>simulation studies we propose the frequency at which matching mechanisms should be implemented in CBDM. Though these results are established for CBDM, these</div><div>are general enough to be applied anywhere matching mechanisms are implemented multiple times. In ATS, we propose an airport presence based approach to estimate</div><div>the parameters that quantify the preference of airlines towards explanatory variables.</div></div>

This thesis communicates a new approach for the future Library system using secure NFC technology. Today we can use NFC and Android based mobile phones to build modern library system in which user will instead of standing in the queue can directly borrow and return books. The NFC technology which will use in this thesis is capable of storing small amount of information. This storage will be used for maintaining the books records. Although the NFC works in close proximity but still there are possibilities of attacks. Due to contact less communication the victim cannot notice the attacks. There are different types of attacks which can occur including modification of data and listening to the communication by unknown user. Therefore in this thesis the author will look into how one can protect the system from these kinds of at-tacks. The motivation behind the thesis is to introduce scalable cloud based infrastructure as a backbone Library. Current systems using bar code technology are not secure. Therefore an infrastructure needs to be built which includes cloud based server for key distribution and data storage. Furthermore, this thesis includes a study of the encryption and decryption schemes for close proximity communications. A new novel algorithm has been introduced and implemented as an encryption scheme for this thesis work. The Huffman scheme has been modified and 16 bit keys have been used for the key exchange. The new approach is compared with the existing techniques and found that it is reliable as compared to other techniques.

Problem: Practical industry advancements associated with cloud computing in the contextof supply chain rapidly proliferate. However, there is a lack of academic research that investigatesthe application of this technology from a theoretical standpoint. A significantpart of the literature explores the perceived advantages and disadvantages related to the decision-making process of the adoption of the specific technology, rather than the perceivedbenefits and challenges when the cloud has been already adopted and used. Furthermore,absent from the literature is a thorough understanding of the cloud-based applications inthe industry of 3PLs, and the perceived benefits and challenges not only from the userχsside but from the supply side as well. The research is limited referring to critical aspects ofcloud computing applied on 3PLs within a theoretical basis. Thus, in this study, the authorsaim at filling these gaps by exploring what types of cloud-based services are applied on3PLs, what are the perceived benefits and challenges from the 3PLs perspective as well asfrom their cloud providers/IT companies. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what cloud-based services are used inthe 3PL industry as well as the challenges and benefits perceived by the cloud providers of3PL firms and by the 3PL firms that use this technology. In order to gain a thorough understandingof this usage and grasp the full picture within the focal industry, the research isfocusing on the perspectives of three cloud providers and three 3PLs that use and/or providecloud based services. Method: : This is a qualitative study. The authors are making use of a case study strategywith six investigated companies. The majority of the data is gathered from semi-structuredinterviews, while documentary secondary data concerning basic companiesχ information,have been collected as well. The analysis of the findings is based on the revision of the settedapriori codes by the authors. A cross-analysis between 3PLs and cloud providers ofthose firms is being conducted in order to identify the perceived challenges and benefits ofcloud by both, within the 3PL industry. Conclusion: The findings of this thesis demonstrate Software as a Service (SaaS) and moreprecisely, transportation administration (TA) software, as the most prevailing cloud-basedsystem applied in the 3PL industry nowadays. It has been revealed that 3PLs benefit fromcloud technology in terms of cost savings, strategic flexibility, access to leading-edge IT resourcesand security, whereas the challenges faced are related to performance and strategicaspect. Furthermore, the authors identify and propose the different phases of cloud computingimplementation in the 3PL sector. Lastly, a model of perceived challenges and benefitsof cloud in 3PLs firms has been compiled and presented.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical impulses from myocardium, reflects the underlying dynamics of the heart and has been widely exploited to detect and identify cardiac arrhythmias. This dissertation examines a resource-saving cloud based long-term ECG (CLT-ECG) monitoring system which consists of an ECG raw data acquisition system, a mobile device and a serve. Three issues that are critically pertaining to the effectiveness and efficiency of the monitoring system are studied: the detection of life-threatening arrhythmias, the discrimination of normal and abnormal heartbeats to facilitate the resource-saving operation and the multi-class heartbeat classification algorithm for non-life-threatening arrhythmias. The detection algorithm for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, which is critical to saving patients’ lives, is investigated by exploiting personalized features. Two new personalized features, namely, aveCC and medianCC, are extracted based on the correlation coefficients between a patient-specific regular QRS-complex template and his/her real-time ECG data, characterizing subtle differences in the QRS complexes among different people. A small set of the most effective features is selected for efficient performance and real-time operation using Support Vector Machines (SVMs). The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated in enhancing the performance under both the record-based and database-based data divisions. The classification algorithm achieves results outperforming the existing classification performances using top-two or top-three features. A novel patient-specific arrhythmia detection algorithm, which discriminates the normal and abnormal heartbeats, is proposed using One-Class SVMs. Conventionally, CLT-ECG systems are used to solve problems such as the portable problem and the difficulty of capturing the intermittent arrhythmias. However, CLT-ECG systems are subject to several practical limitations: battery power restriction, network congestion and heavily redundant ECG data. To overcome these problems, a resource-saving CLT-ECG system is studied, in which a novel arrhythmia detection algorithm closely related to the resource-saving rate is proposed and examined in detail. The proposed arrhythmia detection algorithm explores two types of variations: waveform change indicator (WCI), which reflects a change within one heartbeat; modified RR interval ratio (modRRIR), which characterizes the successive heartbeat interval variation. The overall classification result is obtained from combining the results separately adopting WCI and modRRIR. The proposed algorithm is validated using the public ECG database with a result outperforming others in the literature, as well as using the data collected from the ECG platform HeartCarer built in our research group. Considering the multi-class classification in the cloud server, a patient-specific single-lead ECG heartbeat classification strategy is proposed to discriminate ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) and Supraventricular Ectopic Beats (SVEBs). Two types of features are extracted: Intra-beat features characterize the distortion of the waveform within one heartbeat, while inter-beat features reflect the variation between successive heartbeats. A novel fusion strategy consisting of a global classifier and a local classifier is presented. The local classifier is obtained using the high-confidence heartbeats extracted from the first 5-minute data of a specific patient, while the global classifier is trained by the public training data. The advantage of the developed strategy is that fully automatic classification is realized without the intervention of physicians. Finally, simulation results show that comparable or even better classification performance is achieved, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. / Graduate / 2019-03-19