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The friction in China-Japan trade co-operation (1979-1985) : a case study on the impact of the different developments of two Confucian societiesZhou, Jonathan, n/a January 1989 (has links)
After a long period of isolation, China embarked on an open
door policy in 1978. Keen to modernize her economy and
improve her living standards, China sought to intensify her
economic relations with Japan, one of her closest neighbours
and one of the most advanced and dynamic economies in the
world.
An air of optimism marked the signing of the Japan-China
Long Term Trade Protocol in 1978. China was confident that
this agreement would launch her into the path of modernization
in a relatively short period of time. This process of
intensification of economic links with Japan, however, was not
without difficulties. Over the years between 1979 and 1985,
the Chinese failed to fulfil key obligations of the agreement
including the non-payment for service received and the
permiting of, severe shortfalls in the supply of agreed goods.
The execution of the agreement was beset with problems. The
agreement from which both sides had hoped to reap
substantial economic benefits did not bear fruit; instead friction
developed, which had ensued with disastrous consequences
for both sides.
What was the root cause of this friction? Was it the
consequence of the incompatibility of the economic systems,
one communist and the other capitalist? Or was the failure the
result of political factors? Or could it be a much deeper reason
relating to inherent socio-cultural factors which affected the
decision-making processes in each of the countries?
This thesis seeks to examine closely the root cause of the
Chinese-Japanese trade friction. The writer argues that while
different ideologies and political systems contributed to the
problem, the dominant reason has socio-cultural origins, which
have to do with the way the Chinese and Japanese societies
evolved historically. Although both societies had Confucian
ethical underpinnings of their social systems, they began to
develop their own distinct characteristics. This coloured their
world views and had a major impact in the way each society
evolved its management practices. The Chinese rejection of
some key aspects of Confucianism and its acceptance of Qinstyle
authoritarianism, as subsequently modified by Sino-
Marxist principles, produced an organisational framework and
set of practices that did not prepare China to meet the
demands of economic modernisation. This had adversely
effected China's abilities to manage its trade relations with the
economically advanced Japan.
Section One of this thesis, which includes Chapters 1 and 2,
outlines the framework of Chinese-Japanese trade cooperation
beginning in the late 1970's. Chapter 1. seeks to give
an overview of the rationale behind China's new open-door
policy and its expectations of trade co-operation with Japan. It
outlines the nature of trade co-operation including the structure
of China-Japan trade. Chapter 2. proceeds to discuss the
ensuing difficulties and the responses of the Chinese and
Japanese governments. The writer then discusses the
subsequent actions taken by the two governments to revive the
co-operation that had gone wrong. An analysis of the faults of
both governments that led to the disastrous consequences is
then made.
Section Two, which includes Chapters 3 and 4, seeks to
examine the fundamental causes of the friction in the trade
relations between the two countries. The writer examines the
role played by socio-cultural factors and how they affected the
decision-making processes in both countries. In particular,
Chapter 3. analyses the role of feudalism in China as modified
by the emergence of the centralized bureaucracy which
characterize the Qin dynasty (221 to 207 BC). The impact of
the anti-merchantilism, which was the direct consequence of
Qin-style bureaucracy, and the question of the destruction of
the urban middle class by the bureaucracy are highlighted.
The writer argues that the absence of the urban middle class is
one of the fundamental reasons why China is unable to
produce an economically-progressive, capitalist-oriented
society. This led to a state of economic backwardness.
Chapter 4. contrasts the Chinese situation with Japan, by
analysing the ideological underpinning of Japanese society. It
outlines the various reform movements in Japan that led to the
development of a society that is economically dynamic . A
modern state has emerged in Japan in contrast to the
emergence of a backward society in China. The writer also
discusses the influence of Japanese Confucian values in the
development of this modern state. This was to have a
significant impact on Japanese management philosophy and
practices.
The last Section, which includes Chapter 5, 6, and 7,
discusses the lessons to be learnt from the trade friction
betwen the two countries. In particular, Chapter 5. analyses
the vastly different approaches taken by the Chinese in
contrast to the Japanese. The Chinese decision-making
process which is characterized by chaos, inefficiency and
bureaucratic bungling is contrasted with the Japanese style.
The latter's approach is systematic, well thought out and
meticulously planned. The Japanese, however, failed to take
into account the vastly different operating environment in their
dealings with China. Chinese behavioural responses were a
variable that the Japanese were unprepared to deal with. This
resulted in chaos in the strategic management of the trade
relations between the two countries. Notwithstanding this
friction, however, both China and Japan realize that they must
proceed with their trade relations and minimize whatever
frictions emerged over time. The last part of the thesis, Chapter
6. outlines the possible approaches that both sides can adopt
in their dealings with each other. An approach with Lindblom's
"muddling through" perspective is recommended by the writer.
Chapter 7 contains the conclusion drawn from this study.
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Strategic Alliances in German Banking : MBA-thesis in marketingMeese, Mikaela January 2008 (has links)
<p>The core purpose of this study is to follow the development of strategic alliances within the banking sector. The objective is to get an idea of the use of strategic alliances in German banking and, furthermore, to understand what kind of alliances are entered and why. This will be achieved by analyzing and evaluating different German banks. The aim is to follow the tendency of banks to co-operate with other banks and competitors as well as intersectoral partners.</p>
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Design Decisions and Co-operative Development of Manufacturing SystemsMårtensson, Pär January 2006 (has links)
This thesis presents contributions within two domains of manufacturing system development. The first domain is systematic design of product and manufacturing system. The second domain is model based co-operative development between manufacturing companies and manufacturing system suppliers. The axiomatic design framework for design is used to describe the product design and the manufacturing system design. The most important contributions are that product properties and analysis of product function are considered when specifying the manufacturing system. The systematic adaptation of product to the selected manufacturing solution is another contribution. A new concept of manufacturing phase functional requirements has been defined in order to cope with requirements from the manufacturing process on the in process product. The co-operative concept is based on the use of ISO 10303-214 for specification and communication of proposed systems and equipment. The concept has been tested using real project information in prototype implementation / QC 20100913
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Strategic Alliances in German Banking : MBA-thesis in marketingMeese, Mikaela January 2008 (has links)
The core purpose of this study is to follow the development of strategic alliances within the banking sector. The objective is to get an idea of the use of strategic alliances in German banking and, furthermore, to understand what kind of alliances are entered and why. This will be achieved by analyzing and evaluating different German banks. The aim is to follow the tendency of banks to co-operate with other banks and competitors as well as intersectoral partners.
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The Impact of Co-operation Policies on Participation in Online Learning Object Exchange: A Preliminary InvestigationJin, Lei January 2002 (has links)
This research investigates the impact of cooperation policies on participation in, and benefits from, online learning object exchanges.
First, an in-depth study of issues encountered in other online contexts (peer-to-peer systems, discussion group with lurkers, reputation systems) provided evidence that explicit cooperation policies and motivation techniques could bring benefits to online object exchanges. A case study is presented based on the comparison between two peer-to-peer systems, Mojo Nation and Gnutella, to show how cooperative policies could add value to online communities. This case study highlights several issues, such as the algorithm of pricing/exchange mechanism. Successfully solving these issues will be the key to identifying the benefits of an e-marketplace based online object exchange.
An outline of an experimental exchange mechanism is presented, along with a prototype interface for users. To investigate further issues for users, an online scenario-based questionnaire was set up to measure potential users' attitudes towards cooperation policies. The detailed analysis on questionnaire results shows that cooperation policies hold promise to make the online object exchange more efficient. The results also illustrated how a transaction-based community could achieve the following benefits:
increase of ROI
object value discovery
faster repository expansion
better motivation through reputation recognition
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The Impact of Co-operation Policies on Participation in Online Learning Object Exchange: A Preliminary InvestigationJin, Lei January 2002 (has links)
This research investigates the impact of cooperation policies on participation in, and benefits from, online learning object exchanges.
First, an in-depth study of issues encountered in other online contexts (peer-to-peer systems, discussion group with lurkers, reputation systems) provided evidence that explicit cooperation policies and motivation techniques could bring benefits to online object exchanges. A case study is presented based on the comparison between two peer-to-peer systems, Mojo Nation and Gnutella, to show how cooperative policies could add value to online communities. This case study highlights several issues, such as the algorithm of pricing/exchange mechanism. Successfully solving these issues will be the key to identifying the benefits of an e-marketplace based online object exchange.
An outline of an experimental exchange mechanism is presented, along with a prototype interface for users. To investigate further issues for users, an online scenario-based questionnaire was set up to measure potential users' attitudes towards cooperation policies. The detailed analysis on questionnaire results shows that cooperation policies hold promise to make the online object exchange more efficient. The results also illustrated how a transaction-based community could achieve the following benefits:
increase of ROI
object value discovery
faster repository expansion
better motivation through reputation recognition
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Övergång mellan förskola och förskoleklass : En inblick i hur pedagoger ser på kunskap, social förmåga och samverkan. / The Transition between the pre-school and the pre-school class : An insight of how the teachers regard knowledge, social abilities and the cooperation between the organisationsKiviniemi-Svensson, Johanna January 2011 (has links)
The curriculum of the Swedish school system explains how the transitions between the preschool class and the pre-school should be. The co-operation between the organisations should aim for a long term perspective with the students learning process in mind (Lgr11). The pre-school has almost the same aim in their curriculum, as the curriculum of the Swedish school system. The aim with my study is to examine how the teachers from the different organizations relate to knowledge and how they look at the students social interactions. Also how the transition between the pre-school and the pre-school class is viewed from their point of view. How do the teachers from the different organisations comprehend knowledge? How do the teachers from the different organisations comprehend the social abilities? How do the teachers from the different organisations work and interact in terms of the transition between the pre-school and the pre-school class? The study that has been made is about the transitions between the pre-school and the pre-school class. It´s been investigated by doing interviews with teachers from both the pre-school and the pre-school class. The result from these is that the teachers from the different organisations have the same view about knowledge and social interactions. They didn´t have the same view at Co-operation this because their organizations was structured in a different way and also they hadn´t any guidelines to follow.
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Pradinio ugdymo mokytojų bendradarbiavimo su mokinių tėvais organizavimas / Organization of co-operation primary education teachers with children parentsBaronienė, Vida 17 June 2004 (has links)
The pedagogical process is a kind of people activities without which society can not exist and develop. If we want the society to be not only educated but also up brought, the parents and teachers have to take part in this process together. Family and school are two institutes which are connected by the subject of upbringing – children. The purposes of upbringing these, two main institutes (family and school) have to be the same because the third “institute” (the yard and street) will be the winner. If we want to solve the problem connected with the upbringing of a child, the active co-operation between school and family is necessary. The efficient co-operation creates mutual reliance. So it is important to know the parent’s opinion about cooperation with the school, how the teachers of primary education organizes the work with the parents. This was the reason why the author wrote this work. The purpose of the work – to analyze the peculiarities of organizing the cooperation between the primary school teachers and the parents. 50 primary education teachers and 100 parents from 5 school took part in the questionnaire. Ten principals from the same schools were interviewed. To know the importance and significance of cooperation between the school and family, the law documents were analyzed, the scientific literature was studied and the questionnaires were used to know the opinion of the teachers, parents and headmasters. When the scientific literature was finished to analyze... [to full text]
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Upplevelsen av att arbeta inom ett personalkooperativt företag : Skillnaden mellan medlem och anställdhedman, ulrika January 2014 (has links)
Studien undersökte hur arbetet inom den personalkooperativa verksamheten upplevdes av medlemmar och anställda, samt skillnaden dem emellan. I denna studie användes personalkooperativ för att det där ingår både medlemmar, som är ägare av kooperativet, och anställda. Syftet uppnåddes genom intervjuer där tre frågeställningar användes: vad upplevda erfarenheten är av att ingå i ett personalkooperativ, hur företagets handlingar stämmer överens med de aktuella kooperativens sju principer, samt hur deltagarna förhåller sig till Maslows behov. Resultatet visade dels att möjligheten att själv kunna påverka arbetet var skälet till varför deltagarna valt att ingå i ett kooperativ. Dock angavs som negativt saknaden av en chef och den bristande ekonomin. Skillnaden mellan medlemmar och anställda framgick genom att medlemmarna fokuserade mer på verksamheten som helhet medan de anställda lade fokus på interaktionen mellan kollegor. Validiteten försvagades då urvalet skedde via målinriktat urval.
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Adoption of the innovation system concept in Sweden /Eklund, Magnus, January 2007 (has links)
Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007.
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