Global ETD Search

41	Fiduciary duties of company directors with specific regard to corporate opportunities Havenga, Michele Kyra 06 1900 (has links) South African company law is currently the object of comprehensive review. One o f the areas under scrutiny is that of corporate governance. Control over management is vital in the interests of the company itself, its shareholders and its creditors. Effective accountability should be balanced against the need to allow those who manage a certain measure of freedom and discretion in the exercise of their function. Company directors are subject to various duties. This thesis concentrates on their fiduciary obligation. It is suggested that this sui generis obligation is owed to the company as a separate entity. Interests of other groups may sometimes merit con sideration. Against the background o f a com parative investigation, a "corporate opportunity" is defined as any property or economic opportunity to which the com pany has a claim. South African law protects a company’s claim to an opportunity if it is in the company’s line of business and if the company has justifiably been relying upon the director(s) to acquire it or to assist in its acquisition for the company. The application of established fiduciary principles suffice to resolve corporate opportunity matters. Essentially the application o f these rules amount to a determination whether the director has complied with his fundamental duty to act in the company’s best interests. There seems to be no need for a separate doctrine of corporate opportunities.' A director should only be absolved from liability on account of the company’s inability to pursue an opportunity or its rejection by the company if there was no real conflict of interest. The appropriation of corporate opportunities should not be ratifiable, both because the ratification constitutes a fraud on the minority, and because the decision to ratify cannot be regarded as being in the interests of the company. The relationship between the appropriation of corporate opportunities, misuse of confidential information and competition is investigated. These aspects fre quently overlap, but should be distinguished because their bases, and accordingly their appropriate remedies, may differ. Effective control may benefit by a restatement of directors’ fiduciary duties in the Companies Act. To this end certain amendments to the Act are recommended. / Mercantile Law / LLD Corporate opportunities Directors Fiduciary duties Codification Codes of conduct Ratification Competition Confidential information Multiple directorships Secret profits Corporate opportunity doctrine Conflicts of interest 346.66068 Fiducia Corporation law
42	The code of conduct of the South African public service compared with international guidelines Nagiah, Kanthi 27 September 2012 (has links) The overall aim of this research was to understand the essential elements/factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the content of codes of conduct in the public service in addressing corruption. The ultimate objective was to compare the South African public service code of conduct with practical guidelines to determine whether it complies with international practice. The international guidelines used in this research were that of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on codes of conduct, the Technical Guide to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the United Nation’s International Code of Conduct for public officials and the Council of Europe’s Model Code of Conduct for public officials. The findings of this research confirmed that the South African public service code of conduct is deficient in some areas and it is recommended that these deficiencies be addressed, having regard to the provisions of the International Guidelines. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Auditing / unrestricted Public sector corruption Codes of conduct government corruption Professional ethics in south africa Code of conduct in south africa Code of conduct for government UCTD
43	La responsabilité sociale des entreprises : une forme de régulation des relations de travail ? / The corporate social responsibility : a regulation form of labour relations ? Fraisse, Wolfgang 12 September 2016 (has links) La responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE), définie comme l’intégration volontaire des préoccupations sociales et écologiques à l’activité commerciale des entreprises et dans leurs relations avec leurs parties prenantes, est devenue le lieu d’une série d’actes et de normes de nature et aux effets divers. Incitées à développer leurs démarches sociales responsables, les entreprises se sont dotées progressivement d’instruments volontaires. Or, comme tout fait social, ces derniers sont susceptibles de donner lieu à interprétation juridique d’autant plus que les sujets sur lesquels ils portent peuvent faire l’objet d’obligations posées par la réglementation étatique. En ce sens, les actes volontaires de RSE peuvent par leur formulation recommandatoire, proclamatoire ou déclaratoire opérer un renvoi au droit positif et constituer ainsi une base informationnelle voire pédagogique de la règle de droit offrant par-là un cadre pour le suivi d’une conduite juste et raisonnée. D’autres instruments peuvent également prescrire des comportements et ainsi constituer des modes de régulation des comportements. De plus, l’intensification de la force normative de ces instruments dits volontaires s’accompagne de leviers juridiques tant contraignants qu’incitatifs favorables au développement de la RSE. Le cadre national contribue de la sorte à façonner les initiatives des entreprises en cette matière. Ce maillage juridique fait de la RSE un espace de diverses formes de régulation. D’acte d’autorégulation lorsque les règles posées sont le résultat d’une volonté unilatérale, l’instrument peut devenir un mode de mise en œuvre du droit lorsqu’il s’inscrit dans le cadre d’obligations légales. Dans cette nouvelle dynamique, il ne faut pas occulter les potentialités juridiques offertes par le droit qui au fil des décisions de justice et analyses permet de concevoir la RSE comme un standard de conduite générateur de formes de régulation et de responsabilités au sein du rapport d’emploi. / The corporate social responsibility (CSR) of major companies, defined as the voluntary integration of social and environmental concerns in both business itself and in the relationships with stakeholders, has become the site of a series of acts and standards of diverse nature and effects. Encouraged to develop social initiatives, firms have experimented with several initiatives to promote the image of social responsibility. However, with any endeavour, these are likely to demand legal assessment, especially as the subjects to which they relate are subject to state regulation. Voluntary acts of CSR can, by their recommandatory, proclamatory or declaratory formulation, refer to hard law and thus constitute an educational or informational basis of the rule of law, offering a framework for monitoring fair and rational conduct. Other standards can also prescribe behaviours and act as a form of control. Moreover, the intensification of the normative force of those voluntary measures involves legal implications, both binding and inspiring CSR development. The national framework helps to shape the initiatives in this area. This legal mesh makes the CSR a space of varying regulation, including self-regulation as a result of unilateral will in light of legal obligations. In this new dynamic, one must not overshadow the legal freedom granted by the law, which, over judgment and analysis facilitates the conception of CSR as a standard of conduct, generating regulation forms and responsibilities within the employment report. Responsabilité sociale des entreprises Accords transnationaux d’entreprise Alerte professionnelle Chartes éthiques Codes de conduite Densification normative Obligation de transparence Reporting social Obligation de vigilance Responsabilisation du salarié Responsabilité de l’employeur Transnational Company agreements Whistleblowing Ethical conventions Codes of conduct Duty of care Social reporting Employee accountability Employer liability Corporate social responsibility
44	Direct stakeholder perceptions of collaboration, indicators, and compliance associated with the wilderness best management practices in Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness, Alaska Pomeranz, Emily F. 08 December 2011 (has links) Increasingly popular methods for managing impacts of tourism in nature-based settings include collaborative and voluntary codes of conduct. In southeast Alaska, for example, the Tourism Best Management Practices (TBMP) in Juneau and Wilderness Best Management Practices (WBMP) in Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness have been created to address shore and marine based tourism (e.g., cruise ships). This thesis contains three articles examining stakeholder: (a) definitions of wilderness and their influence on perceptions of the WBMP process, (b) motivations for collaboration in the WBMP and effects of this process on stakeholder relations, and (c) perceptions of indicators in the WBMP and motivations for compliance. Data were obtained from 28 interviews with tour operators, cruise industry representatives, US Forest Service personnel, and local residents. Findings in the first article showed that most respondents had some degree of purism in their definitions of wilderness (e.g., solitude, minimal impact), although cruise industry personnel had less purist definitions. With the exception of cruise representatives, most respondents felt that the wilderness character of this wilderness area was being threatened by vessel traffic, especially cruise ships. Most interviewees supported the WBMP as an alternative to regulations because it allowed for personal freedom and input into rulemaking, but many felt that the WBMP may be unable to address some future effects of tourism in the area. Many of the smaller and more purist operators felt that if the pristine character of this area was threatened, they might support regulations. Most stakeholders, however, displayed a type of cognitive dissonance by expressing concern over threats to the wilderness character of this area, yet rejecting formal regulations that may be needed for protecting the wilderness experiences they value most. Results from the second article demonstrated that the WBMP has enhanced stakeholder relations by improving communication and dialogue, and instilling an ethic of compromise and sharing. Lack of trust, however, was a concern, especially between smaller tour operators and cruise lines due to a perception that cruise lines are not following all of the WBMP guidelines. There was concern regarding how inclusive the WBMP should be, as many cruise representatives felt that local residents should not participate. Respondents also stated some concerns with Juneau's TBMP that could be used as lessons for improving the WBMP (e.g., noncompliance, incentives, monitoring). Findings covered in the third article showed that stakeholders considered the most contentious guideline in the WBMP to be the preservation of solitude, but they felt that the most important guidelines involved environmental factors such as impacts of tourism on seals. Compliance with the WBMP guidelines was motivated by altruism, peer pressure, and self-interest. Noncompliance was attributed to a lack of awareness of the WBMP and effects of noncompliant behavior, and perceptions that the WBMP was an example of government interference in private business operations. These findings may help agencies continue facilitating the WBMP and similar collaborative processes in other locales. / Graduation date: 2012 voluntary codes of conduct tourism collaboration
45	El contrato normativo : análisis de una categoría / Le contrat normatif : analyse d'une catégorie / The normative contract : analysis of a cathegory Soro Russell, Olivier 03 July 2013 (has links) L'objet principal de notre recherche sera d'essayer d'éclairer l'obscurité relative à la figure du contrat normatif, existante particulièrement en espagne, en élaborant une étude minutieuse et en profondeur qui fait actuellement défaut dans la littérature juridique. de même, il sera aussi bien nécessaire d'analyser si la notion de contrat normatif, telle qu'elle est proposée par la doctrine et jurisprudence espagnole et surtout italienne, peut être transposée au droit français des contrats. et, d'autre part, si la notion française de contrat-cadre correspond à celle, espagnole, de « contrato marco ». pour ce faire, il sera nécessaire d'entamer une étude de ses différences et similitudes au moyen d'une comparaison de l'emploi, par les professionnels du droit de chaque pays, de chacun des termes. finalement il sera envisagé, le cas échéant, l'opportunité d'une éventuelle transposition de la figure du contrat-cadre au droit espagnol à travers celle de « contrato marco », l'intégrant comme équivalente ou application de la figure de contrat normatif.ainsi, une fois notre recherche achevée nous serons en mesure de proposer une définition complète et claire de contrat normatif, de déterminer sa nature juridique, d'obtenir ses principaux caractères, d'en tirer sa portée et, enfin, de rassembler ces principales applications pratiques. et ce, naturellement sans oublier de relever tant l'histoire ou la genèse de cette figure que sa valeur actuelle, en tant que nouvelle forme de négociation, d'autorégulation et de limitation volontaire de la liberté contractuelle. / How far are now individuals free to create the most appropriate contractual tool to achieve the satisfaction of their needs and interests? What they have in common figures as diverse as a joint-venture agreement, a franchise agreement or a marriage contract? Is the old general theory of contract adapted to the contractual practice of the XXI century? A deep study of the normative contract in this book provides answers to these and to many other momentous matters of Private Law of Contract. Reconstructed from the detailed analysis of the theory and legal practice, the notion of normative contract as an agreement of cooperative nature could constitute the bridge to a new and inspiring way of conceiving the contract. Not surprisingly, as shown by its main practical manifestations, the contract is often more than just an instrument to organize an exchange of goods and services, a powerful regulatory tool of reality and human behavior. To put it briefly, if on the one hand in this essay the author seeks find a remedy for a situation of great uncertainty regarding the so-called normative contract, in the other hand he also invites the legal community to reflect calmly on the role played by contract in present society.Keywords: Normative contract, Normenvertrag, Alfred HUECK, genesis, concept, pactum de modo contrahendo, contrat-cadre, framework agreements, distribution, collective agreement, financial transactions, joint venture, marriage contract, codes of conduct, Spanish private law, French private law, contractual clause, cooperative agreement, intuitus personae, no-obligational and obligational content of the contract, union of contracts, regulatory function of contract, general contract theory, theory of legal regulation, Hans KELSEN , freedom of contract. Contrat normatif Normenvertrag Alfred HUECK Genèse Notion Pactum de modo contrahendo Contrat-cadre Distribution Convention collective Conventions matrimoniales Codes de conduite Droit privé espagnol Droit privé français Clause contractuelle Contrat coopératif Ensemble contractuel Fonction régulatrice du contrat Théorie de la norme juridique Théorie générale du contrat Ordre contractuel Hans KELSEN Autonomie de la volonté Intuitus personae Joint-venture Normative contract Normenvertrag Alfred HUECK Genesis Concept Pactum de modo contrahendo Contrat-cadre Framework agreements Distribution Collective agreement Financial transactions Marriage contract Codes of conduct Spanish private law French private law Contractual clause Cooperative agreement Union of contracts Regulatory function of contract General contract theory Theory of legal regulation Hans KELSEN Freedom of contract Intuitus personae Joint-venture 340

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