President John F. Kennedy’s announcement, on Monday 22 October 1962, that there were offensive missiles on the island of Cuba began the public phase of what would be remembered as the Cuban missile crisis. This Cold War crisis had ramifications in many other countries than just the Soviet Union and the United States. Due to the danger involved in this nuclear confrontation, the entire globe was threatened. If either side lost control of negotiations, an atomic war could have broken out which would have decimated the planet. As the direct northern neighbors of the United States and partners in continental defence, Canadians experienced and understood the Cuban missile crisis in the context of larger issues. In many ways, Canadian and American reactions to the crisis were similar. Many citizens stocked up their pantries, read the newspapers, protested, or worried that the politicians would make a mistake and set off a war. However, this dissertation argues that English Canadians experienced the crisis on another level as well. In public debate and print sources, many debated what the crisis meant for Canadian-Cuban relations, Canadian-American relations and Canada’s place in the world. Examining these print and archival sources, this dissertation analyzes the contour of public debate during the crisis, uniting that debate with the actions of politicians. Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker hesitated for two days before making a statement which fully committed Canada to a position which supported the American quarantine of Cuba, and shortly after the crisis, was defeated at the polls. This dissertation argues that understanding the Canadian reaction to and experience of the Cuban missile crisis necessitates an understanding of how different Canadians talked about and understood the actions of their leaders. The shifting terrain of memory also serves to demonstrate the manner in which this history is told and remembered in Canada. This dissertation, therefore, examines the intersections between this Cold War confrontation and Canadian identity in the postwar period. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2011-12-23 09:01:36.5

No description available.

Initial experiments were conducted to determine the microbial development in blocks of ground beef. In the top layers of the meat, Pseudomonas spp. predominated. Attempts were made, as well, to measure the microenvironmental changes occurring in ground beef using pH, oxygen, and redox potential micro-electrodes. / Some of the extrinsic (relative humidity, O(,2)), as well as intrinsic factors (pH, redox potential, ions, nutrients) affecting microbial development in aerobically stored meats, were examined. The decrease in glucose levels observed during the aerobic storage of longissimus dorsi (l. dorsi) muscle at 4(DEGREES)C, was accompanied by an increase in the activity of glucose dehydrogenase, and by the appearance of gluconate and 2-ketogluconate on the meat surface. / The attachment of various meat spoilage organisms to l. dorsi muscle was studied. Generally, the pseudomonads attached in higher numbers than the other bacteria, but possessed lower attachment strengths. Investigations on the attachment of two competing organisms to l. dorsi muscle demonstrated that limited competition occurs between the organisms. / A model of the microbial ecology of aerobically stored fresh beef was developed, based on existing evidence. / Various chemicals were added to minced or whole meat to evaluate their effectiveness as food preservatives. As a single compound, potassium sorbate appeared to have the greatest potential as a meat preservative. Meats > into solutions of 5.0% potassium sorbate for 1 min had their shelf-life substantially increased as compared with control samples > into water.

Membrane proteins specific to cold acclimation were studied in alfalfa (Medicago falcata L. cv Anik) seedlings and cell cultures. They were identified following separation on polyacrylamide gels and localized as far as possible to specific membranes by fractionation on continuous sucrose gradient and analysis of marker enzyme assays. / With cold acclimation, certain membrane proteins from seedlings showed subtle changes (mainly increases) in their steady-state amount and in their net synthesis rate. Most of these changes were in proteins with molecular weights below 100 kDa and were associated with light fractions of the sucrose gradient, favoring a Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum or tonoplast location for the proteins. Preliminary work done on membrane proteins from cell cultures showed more pronounced changes with cold acclimation. Most of the changes were in proteins with molecular weights below 100 kDa and were associated with heavy fractions of the sucrose gradient. Since they are easier to harvest and to manipulate, cell cultures appear to be the better system to use in future studies.

No description available.

The existence of anchor ice in supercooled water can have a profound impact on the management of water resource infrastructures in cold regions. For example, it can raise a tailrace water level and cause significant losses in generation revenue. So far, there have been limited studies on anchor ice, therefore, many problems still exist and much more study is needed. In the present research, experimental and mathematical studies of anchor ice were carried out. Experiments were conducted in a counter-rotating flume, located in a cold room at the University of Manitoba. The experiments were mainly focused on anchor ice evolution around rocks and on gravel beds under different hydro-meteorological conditions. The results are compared to a mathematical model developed herein and some important parameters such as anchor ice porosity and frazil ice deposition coefficient are examined. The growth process of anchor ice was monitored by two CCD cameras. A digital processing program was developed to analyze anchor ice images and determine the growth rate of anchor ice. In addition, anchor ice density, an important factor when studying anchor ice, was estimated and the effect of air temperature, Froude number and Reynolds number is explored. By analyzing torque load signals from the counter-rotating flume, the variation of bed roughness with the growth of anchor ice is elucidated. The deposition coefficient of anchor ice growth was also determined from the experiments. A mathematical model was developed based on a two-stage method to simulate the process of frazil ice transportation and deposition. Both frazil ice attachment and heat transfer between the supercooled water and ice crystals are considered in the model. Four governing equations related to the distribution of velocity and frazil ice transportation and deposition inside and outside the roughness layers were built. A fourth-order Runge- Kutta numerical method was used and programmed in Matlab to solve the governing equations. The growth rate of anchor ice under different hydro-meteorological conditions can be simulated by this numerical model. The proposed experimental and mathematical studies of anchor ice are presented intuitively in this paper and the results from this study contribute to a better understanding of the anchor ice growth mechanism. This study will help to develop better management strategies to mitigate ice related complications associated with hydroelectric generating stations and other hydraulic structures in cold regions.

Some species of sundew (Drosera spp.), harvested from the wild for use in homeopathic cold remedies, are now endangered. This research consisted of two experiments in hydroponic production of sundew. The first investigated the effects of four nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (0.0, 5.1, 25.5 or 51.0 mg/L added N) and three harvest methods (after two months, four months, and sequential harvest at two and four months) on the growth of Drosera adelae (F. Muell.). In addition, the effect of N on the production of a medicinal active ingredient in D. adelae was examined. The second experiment investigated effects of the same nitrogen treatments in combination with three substrates (long fiber sphagnum, peat or rockwool) on growth. The growth rate of D. adelae was greatest at low levels of nitrogen fertilization, and slowed after two months of growth. Plants that were sequentially harvested had the lowest growth rate among all the harvest method treatments. Young plants and plants that received little or no N fertilizer had a greater water concentration than the other plants. Substrate and N level interacted, but generally peat and rockwool produced greater yields than did sphagnum. The medicinal compound plumbagin and a similar but unidentified compound were detected in the leaf extracts of D. adelae. However, whether N fertilization influenced the concentration of these compounds remains inconclusive.

Išstudijavus mokslinius literatūros šaltinius susijusius su hipotermija pastebėta, kad kūno temperatūros sumažėjimas sukelia daug fiziologinių reakcijų žmogaus organizme, tačiau vis dar mažai darbų, nagrinėjančių aklimacijos (aklimacija – tai dirbtinėse sąlygose (laboratorijoje) sukelta ilgalaikė aklimatizacija) hipotermijai, sukeltos dirbtiniu būdu, poveikį žmogaus fiziologinių rodiklių kaitai. Nepavyko rasti duomenų, kurie nagrinėtų kontroliuojamo kartotino pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį iki tam tikros fiksuotos rektalinės temperatūros taip pat nėra aišku apie blauzdos raumens vidinės temperatūros kaitą, priklausančią nuo aklimacijos hipotermijai. Tyrimo problema: Ar dirbtinėmis sąlygomis sukeliant aklimaciją hipotermijai, žmogaus organizmas adaptuojasi? ir kaip kinta fiziologiniai rodikliai? Kaip žmogaus organizmas toleruoja temperatūros sumažėjimą? Pagrindinis šio tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti ir įvertinti kartotinio pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį aklimacijos šalčiui požymių kaitai. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti kartotinio pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį aklimacijos šalčiui temperatūrų kaitai (Traumens, Tsk, Tre ir Tb). 2. Nustatyti kartotinio pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį aklimacijos šalčiui subjektyvių požymių kaitai: a) drebėjimo b) šiluminio/terminio pojūčio c) šiluminio/terminio komforto. 3. Nustatyti kartotinio pasyvaus vėsinimo poveikį aklimacijos šalčiui, fiziologinio streso (šalčio) indekso kaitai.. Šio tyrimo metu tiriamieji buvo pasyviai pratinami prie šalčio taikant septyniolikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Studied scientific literature related with hypothermia observed that decrease in body temperature causes a lot of physiological reactions in human body, but still there are low works dealing with acclimation (acclimation – in artificial conditions (laboratory) caused long-term acclimatization) hypothermia, induced artificially, impact on human physiological indicators of change. Unable to find data, that deal with controlled confirmatory passive cooling effect up to a fixed rectal temperature is also not clear about the internal temperature change of the shank muscle, depends on the acclimation to hypothermia. Research problem: Does by artificial conditions causing acclimation to hypothermia human body adapts? And the evolution of physiology indicators? How the human body tolerates decrease of temperature? The main purpose of the study was to identify and evaluate repeated passive cooling effect to acclimation to cold symptoms change. Objectives: 1. Identify repeated passive cooling effect of acclimation frost temperature changes (Tmuscle, Tsk, Tre ir Tb). 2. Identify repeated passive cooling effect of acclimation frost subjective symptoms change: a) shaking, b) heat/thermal sense, c) heat/thermal comfort. 3. Identify effects of repeated passive cooling to cold acclimation, physiological stress (cold) index change. In this study subjects were passively to the cold with seventeen courses program, passive cooling course was repeated every day, the experimental from control... [to full text]

Introduction 100Mo target design is key to commercially viable large scale cyclotron production of 99mTc. The target back plate supporting the 100Mo must be chemically inert to the target dissolution conditions but ideally it should also be able to dissipate the high thermal loads of irradiation, not contaminate target substrate with radionuclidic by-products, and be adequately inexpensive to allow for single use. Aluminum was selected as our target support as it satisfies these requirements. Our process entails rolling 100Mo powder into a foil of desired thickness, and then diffusion bonding [1] the foil onto an aluminum back plate. The 100Mo targets were designed to be 20×80×0.1 mm to match our TR24 cyclotron’s proton beam profile and energy. Efforts are currently underway to scale up the process to allow for simultaneous production of multiple targets at once. Material and Methods The crude enriched 100Mo foil (99.815% enrichment) was made from 100Mo powder using a horizontally mounted rolling mill and an aluminum hopper. The crude foil was rolled repeated-ly, and the space between the rollers gradually reduced until the thickness of the foil was changed from an initial thickness of 0.3 mm to a thickness of 0.1 mm. The rolled 100Mo foil was annealed under reducing atmosphere and then bonded to the aluminum target plate support under inert atmosphere in a heated press at 500 °C. Results and Conclusion By rolling 100Mo foils from powder we were able to produce uniform foils with an average density of > 98 % compared to the maximum theoretical density of 100Mo (n = 5) and thicknesses of roughly 0.1 mm. All foils produced were the desired 20 mm width (i.e. limited by the width of the opening of the hopper) and trimmed to the desired 80 mm length. The annealing process was necessary due to the brittleness of the un-annealed rolled foil and the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of molybdenum and aluminum which caused un-annealed foils in previous experiments to crack and break off during pressing (n = 10). Surface preparation of the aluminum support plate was also found to play a critical step in the efficiency of the bond, and continuing effort to scale the above de-scribed procedure to mass produce 100Mo tar-gets is ongoing. Targets have undergone preliminary testing to 250 μA.

The Antarctic Ice Sheets responded significantly to climatic conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the subsequent warming that followed. Therefore, an understanding of how Antarctica reacted to past climates is necessary to predict the response of its ice sheets to current and future climate change. This thesis presents new evidence about the timing and magnitude of East and West Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS & WAIS) changes during the Quaternary Period, from the Darwin Hatherton glacial system (DHGS, 79.5S, 158E). The DHGS drains the EAIS through the Transantarctic Mountains into the Ross Ice Shelf and glacial deposits have been used to constrain ice sheet thicknesses in this sector of the Ross Sea Embayment. At four sites along the length of the system, glacial deposits were mapped and 73 erratic and bedrock samples collected for ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al surface exposure dating (SED). The exposure ages range from 0.01 to 2.2 Ma and generally show a trend of oldest ages at the highest elevations, thus suggesting an overall decrease of ice volume within the DHGS over the Quaternary. The older ages suggest that during the Plio-Pleistocene, DHGS ice was at least 800-1000 metres thicker than present, while in the mid to late-Holocene thickening was less than 50-80 metres. Four glacial advance and retreat events were described and mapped previously from the DHGS by Bockheim et al (1989). The Isca and Danum drifts, are ~1-2 and 0.6 Ma respectively. The Britannia-II Drift, previously assumed to mark the maximum extent of the Last Glacial Maximum advance is more complex, with clusters of ages at ~6.5, ~36 and ~125 ka. The youngest drift, the Hatherton is mid to late-Holocene (<4.5 ka) and suggests that the DHGS has been near its equilibrium position during this period. Throughout the DHGS no unequivocal evidence of the LGM was observed and therefore poses questions about the past thickness of the Antarctic ice sheets during the LGM. Exposure ages from sites near the head of the Hatherton Glacier (Dubris Valley & Lake Wellman) suggest that at the LGM, the East Antarctic Ice Sheet may have been of similar size, or slightly smaller, than present. In stark contrast, at the confluence of the Darwin Glacier and the Ross Ice Shelf, a WAIS ~400-900 metres above the modern ice surface is tentatively suggested; A value in agreement with that proposed by modern glaciological models. Additionally, while the results from the Dubris and Bibra valleys show that the EAIS thins during glacial climates (i.e. the LGM), it also suggests thickening during interglacials. The Britannia-I and II drifts representing retreats at~6.5 and ~125 ka from glacial highstands. A number of key findings related to the application of SED in Antarctic settings are also presented. The use of dual-nuclides (¹⁰Be & ²⁶Al) show that within the DHGS, the proportion of samples displaying a prior burial history increases with distance from the catchment. The spread of exposure ages observed in the dataset also show the complexity of the depositional processes occurring at cold-based glacial margins and therefore judicious sample selection is required to obtain exposure ages that are representative of the true deglaciation age.