Orientador: Vivaldo Silveira Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T19:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_VitordeFreitas_M.pdf: 10753538 bytes, checksum: ccb0035f9b68546ce1a7f4b63d16cdd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar as condições operacionais de temperaturas e pressões do sistema de refrigeração e do transporte frigorificado urbano de alimentos resfriados e congelados durante as entregas dos produtos e avaliar a influência das aberturas das portas da carroceria nas alterações das temperaturas internas dos ambientes frigorificados, bem como das temperaturas de produtos-teste. Para isso, instrumentou-se uma carroceria frigorificada de caminhão com diversos sensores de temperatura e de pressão, os quais foram instalados em pontos específicos no sistema de refrigeração e nas superfícies internas e externas da carroceria. Após a realização das monitorações, foi verificado que as práticas adotadas pelos operadores de transporte juntamente com as aberturas de portas durante as entregas resultaram na elevação da temperatura interna da carroceria acima dos valores recomendados para a conservação adequada dos produtos transportados, sendo observado o caso em que a temperatura do ar de retorno permaneceu 48 minutos acima de 0 ºC, quando registrou-se um máximo de 6,1 ºC. Constatou-se também que o aumento do número de entregas no dia e, consequentemente, o aumento de abertura de portas, provoca um efeito acumulativo de aumento da temperatura interna, principalmente no compartimento de resfriados, uma vez que a capacidade do sistema de refrigeração não foi suficiente para suprir esta demanda térmica. Foram registrados também aumentos nas temperaturas superficiais dos produtos refrigerados que podem ter contribuído para a perda da qualidade sensorial e nutricional dos alimentos. Concluiu-se que o sistema de refrigeração atualmente utilizado na distribuição de alimentos refrigerados e congelados sob condições tropicais apresenta limitações quanto à manutenção da temperatura interna da carroceria durante a rotina real de distribuição, já que não possui capacidade instantânea suficiente para retomar a temperatura adequada entre as entregas / Abstract: The objective of this work was to monitor the transport of chilled and frozen foods during their deliveries and to evaluate the influence of the door openings in the alteration of the internal temperature of the refrigerated environment, as well as the temperature of products. To do that, many temperature and pressure sensors were used in a refrigerated container and they were installed in specific points of the refrigeration system unit and in the internal and external surfaces of the truck container. After the accomplishment of the monitoring tests, it was verified that the door openings during the deliveries resulted in a disturbance that raised the internal temperature of the refrigerated container above of the values recommended for adequate conservation and health of the carried products. Moreover, increasing the number of deliveries in the day promoted an accumulating increase effect in the internal temperature, mainly in the chilled food compartment of the container. Increases in the superficial temperatures of the cooled products were also registered. These increases might have contributed for the sensorial and nutritional loss in the quality of the products. The refrigeration system unit currently used in the chilled and frozen food distribution under tropical conditions presented serious limitations on the maintenance of the container internal temperature during the real routine of distribution, since it does not possess enough instantaneous capacity to retake the set-point temperature between the deliveries / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

The aim of the diploma thesis is to propose assorted variants of the cold chain solution for the humanitarian projects in Iraq. Another target is to carry out a systematic analysis of Iraqi infrastructure. The application part is based on a personal interviews and information provided by the organization Doctors Without Borders. This data were supported by secondary and publicly available data and their subsequent processing and evaluation. Another aim pose the fact that ongoing humanitarian projects in some country do not automatically mean that the country has unusable infrastructure. These conclusions are not based on the outcomes and internal policies of organization Doctors Without Borders. At the end of the thesis, there are also presented proposals for future research in the field of humanitarian logistics and the outlines of the possible constraints related to them.

The study aims to identify which performance appraisal system is currently used in The Cold Chain, how this system compare with the fundamental requirements of a successful appraisal system and what requirements can be adopted to make the way in which Team Leaders are appraised more effective. An introduction into The Cold Chain, the identification of the problem and the relevance of the study is followed by a literature overview of performance management, the role of performance appraisals and the requirements for a successful performance appraisal system. Various appraisal systems, problems associated with performance appraisals and a framework for the development of an efficient system is discussed. Research conducted using a questionnaire sent to Team Leaders in The Cold Chain, delivered results which were analysed and discussed in Chapter four. In addition to biographical information, the function, effectiveness, evaluator involvement, objectives and criteria, requirements for performance appraisals, organisational alignment and evaluator faults were discussed. It was found that the current performance appraisal system in use at Mercor is a trait scale system. A trait scale method of performance appraisals does not reflect measurement against clearly defined job criteria and is difficult to legally defend. The essential elements for successful appraisal systems such as reliability, relevance, sensitivity, uncontaminated information, acceptability, practicality and legality will be present in a 360-degree approach and the implementation of such a system in Mecor was recommended.

Orientador: Orlando Fontes Lima Júnior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_CarolinaCorreade_D.pdf: 5176798 bytes, checksum: 95342f9a296b035e2a6efd2a07ec8e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O problema do transporte de produtos refrigerados e congelados é de grande importância e vem sendo cada vez mais estudado. Na cadeia do frio, o controle da temperatura é o fator determinante da qualidade e da validade de produtos alimentícios. Qualquer variação da temperatura fora da faixa padrão especificada ao produto pode levar a danos e perdas. Muitos trabalhos buscam entender o que acontece durante o processo de transporte com a temperatura da carga e do veículo, na qual é possível observar grandes variações deste parâmetro em função dos procedimentos pertencentes ao processo. Alguns elaboram modelos matemáticos que buscam exprimir o comportamento térmico do veículo e da qualidade do alimento em função do tempo decorrido no processo de transporte. Porém, quando se aborda o tema de roteirização de veículo dedicada exclusivamente ao tipo de carga que requer a manutenção adequada da temperatura, nota-se que ainda é uma área em desenvolvimento. Poucos trabalhos fazem uma abordagem de roteirização visando à preservação da qualidade da carga e, consequentemente, a manutenção da temperatura. No geral, modelos de roteirização buscam minimizar as variáveis relacionadas com custos operacionais, quase sempre expressas indiretamente através de medidas de tempo e de distância percorrida pelo veículo. Na sua grande maioria dos estudos, a otimização de problemas de roteirização é obtida com a aplicação de uma heurística do tipo PCV (Problema do Caixeiro Viajante). Entretanto, no processo de roteirização de um veículo envolvendo a distribuição de alimentos refrigerados e congelados, a variável temperatura deve ser incluída neste tipo de modelo, porém com certo cuidado, pois ela não apresenta um comportamento linear durante o percurso. Este cenário exige uma modelagem matemática específica, e obviamente mais complexa que respeite os limites de temperatura específicos ao alimento transportado e, ao mesmo tempo, assemelhe-se a situações reais. Deste modo, o objetivo do trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia para roteirização dinâmica de veículo que combine o problema da variação da temperatura no transporte de alimento refrigerado e congelado a aspectos logísticos, melhorando assim o cenário atual de perdas e danos deste tipo de mercadoria. Esta metodologia foi aplicada a um cenário hipotético de distribuição utilizando a sequência do PCV. Foi possível constatar que este tipo de sequência, que busca menores distâncias, não consegue garantir as temperaturas ideais da carga transportada. Por outro lado, quando o algoritmo é aplicado novamente buscando soluções de sequências que garantam os índices térmicos e minimizam a distância, soluções ponderadas são obtidas. Além da contribuição acadêmica para a área de roteirização e modelagem dinâmica o presente trabalho visa auxiliar empresas que realizam o transporte e distribuição deste tipo de mercadoria / Abstract: The transportation problem of refrigerated and frozen products is of great importance and is being increasingly studied. In the cold chain, temperature control is determinant of quality and shelf life of food products. Any variation of the temperature product out of range can lead to damage and loss. Many studies seek to understand what happens during the transportation process to load and vehicle temperature, in which is possible observe large variations of that parameter. Some of tham, elaborate mathematical models that express the vehicle thermal behavior and the quality of the food according to elapsed time in the transport process. However, when addressing the issue of routing vehicle dedicated to this type of cargo, we note that it is still a developing area. Few studies make a routing approach in order to preserve the quality of the load and, consequently, the maintenance of temperature. Overall, routing models seek to minimize the variables related to operating costs, often expressed indirectly through measures of time and distance traveled by the vehicle. Mostly, the optimization of routing problems is obtained by applying a heuristic type PCV (TSP). However, in the routing vehicle process involving the distribution of chilled and frozen foods, the temperature variable should be included, but with some atention, since it does not present a linear behavior during the journey. This scenario requires a specific mathematical modeling, and obviously more complex than meets the specific temperature limits to food transported and at the same time, resemble to real situations. Thus, the aim of this work is to develop a methodology for dynamic vehicle routing that combines the problem of temperature variation in the transport of chilled and frozen food with logistics aspects, thus improving the current scenario of loss and damage of this type of products. This methodology was applied to a hypothetical distribution scenario using the sequence of the PCV. It was possible to show that this type of sequence, seeking shorter distances, can not guarantee the cargo optimal temperatures. On the other hand, when the algorithm is applied again looking for solutions that that can ensure thermal indices and minimize the distance, weighted solutions are obtained. Besides contributing to the academic research, the resulting developments will also contribute to the logistic practice, providing the transportation companies with elements to improve the distribution planning and to maintain the temperature limits inside the acceptable levels / Doutorado / Transportes / Doutora em Engenharia Civil

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The Northern Cape province has not been able to achieve the 90% immunization target recommended for South Africa’s expanded programme on immunisation (EPI). The situation has been attributed to the lack of access to EPI in the rural community. The Northern Cape’s poor infrastructure renders the provision of equitable preventive care service to rural communities a complex and costly task. The province is predominantly a rural setting consisting of farmland, with low population densities, and many residents have poor access to public transport to receive primary health care services from surrounding fixed or satellite clinics. Consequently, mothers often do not adhere to the immunization schedules, and lack awareness of the risks associated with the failure to have their infants vaccinated against communicable diseases. EPI services delivered via mobile clinics serve the primary health care needs for rural communities, but their sustainability remains a challenge. Additional barriers are found in literature which highlighted the shortage of health professionals, unreliable funding, limited transportation within rural areas and deficiencies in maintenance and suitability of mobile clinic vehicles.

No description available.

El Proyecto tiene como objetivo plasmar propuestas desarrolladas y orientadas en mejoras efectivas en toda la cadena de suministro en una empresa que se dedica a la venta y distribución al por mayor de frutas y verduras frescas. Con la finalidad de encontrar oportunidades de mejora en cada proceso, se realizaron diversos análisis de costo-beneficio para sustentar la inversión en las propuestas. Por ello, se proporciona en primera instancia reducir mermas y mantener la cadena de frío. Para obtener resultados enfocado en el logro de objetivos era necesario realizar mejoras tales como: Implementar buenas prácticas de manipuleo de material, instruidos bajo “Manuales de Manipulación”, con el cual se ha trabajado y capacitado al equipo, Óptima y eficiente distribución de Carga en camiones frigoríficos de acuerdo a capacidad de pallets por camión y criterios de apilamiento por producto, Implementación de equipos de refrigeración en almacén (diseño de secos y refrigerados), con aporte de codificación de productos para definir las ubicaciones, Implementar mejoras en el empaque al vacío con la finalidad de extender la vida perecible del producto, Cumplimiento y monitoreo de salidas de camiones hacia puntos de minas y por último la creación de una línea de producción a partir de los productos “no aptos por calidad” para reutilizarlos y convertirlos en fruta deshidratada para la comercialización. Obteniendo un resultado cuantitativo de reducción de 15% a 3% en términos de mermas y reprocesos. / The project aims to translate proposals developed and oriented towards effective improvements throughout the supply chain in a company that is dedicated to the wholesale sale and distribution of fresh fruits and vegetables. In order to find improvement opportunities in each process, several cost-benefit analyses were carried out to support the investment in the proposals. Therefore, the first step is to reduce losses and maintain the cold chain. To obtain results focused on the achievement of objectives it was necessary to make improvements such as Implementing good practices for handling materials, instructed under "Handling Manuals", with which the team has worked and been trained, Optimal and efficient distribution of cargo in refrigerated trucks according to the capacity of pallets per truck and stacking criteria for each product, Implementation of refrigeration equipment in the warehouse (design of dry and refrigerated), with product coding to define locations, implement improvements in vacuum packaging to extend the shelf life of the product, compliance and monitoring of truck departures to mining sites and finally the creation of a production line from the products "not suitable for quality" to reuse them and turn them into dried fruit for marketing. The result is a quantitative reduction of 15% to 3% in terms of losses and reprocessing. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Development of temperature controlled packaging (TCP) systems involves a significant lead-time and cost as a result of the large number of tests that are carried out to understand system performance in different internal and external conditions. This MPhil project aims at solving this problem through the development of a transient spreadsheet based model using lumped system approach that predicts the performance of packaging systems under a wide range of internal configurations and dynamically changing environmental thermal conditions. Experimental tests are conducted with the aim of validating the predictive model. Testing includes monitoring system temperature in a wide range of internal configurations and external thermal environments. A good comparison is seen between experimental and model predicted results; increasing the mass of the chilled phase change material (PCM) in a system reduces the damping in product performance thereby reducing the product fluctuations or amplitude of the product performance curve. Results show that the thermal mathematical model predicts duration to failure within an accuracy of +/- 15% for all conditions considered.

The overarching theme of this dissertation is analytically analyzing the cold supply chain from a financial and environmental perspective. Specifically, we develop inventory policy models in the cold supply chain that consider holding and transportation unit capacities. The models provide insights for the decision maker on the tradeoff between setting order quantities based on the cost or the emission function. In Chapter 2, we review two major bodies of literature: 1) supply chain design, and 2) sustainability in supply chain design. We benefit from this literature review to map the current body of research on traditional supply chain for further comparison with the cold supply chain. Sustainability in supply chain network design is often measured by the carbon footprint; other sustainability metrics such as water footprint and sustainable energy are not included. Literature on supply chain design can be further broken down into its three major components: 1) facility location/allocation, 2) inventory management, and 3) facility location/allocation combined with inventory management. In Chapter 3, we study and present an overview of the cold chain. In accordance to the three levels of supply chain management decision making, the study is divided into the following three sections: (1) strategic level, (2) tactical level, and (3) operational level. Specifically, we capture how these decisions will impact the three main components of sustainability: economic, environmental, and social components. In addition, we explain how these components are different in the cold chain, in comparison to the traditional supply chain, and why such unique differences are worth studying. The intent of this chapter is to provide an overview of cold chains and to identify open areas for research. Examples from industrial cases, in addition to data and information from white papers, reports and research articles are provided. In Chapter 4, the cold item inventory problem is formulated as a single-period model that considers both financial and emissions functions. A new formulation for holding and transportation cost and emission is proposed by considering unit capacity for holding and transportation. This model applies to cold items that need to be stored at a certain, non-ambient temperature. Holding cold items in a warehouse is usually done by dividing the warehouse into a set of cold freezer units inside rather than refrigerating the entire warehouse. The advantage of such a design is that individual freezer units can be turned off to save cost and energy, when they are not needed. As a result, there is a fixed (setup) cost for holding a group of items, which results in a step function to represent the fixed cost of turning on the freezer units, in addition to the variable cost of holding items based on the number of units held in inventory. Three main goals of studying this problem are: 1) deriving the mathematical structure and modeling the holding and transportation costs and environmental functions in cold chains, 2) proposing exact solution procedures to solve the math models, and 3) analyzing the tradeoffs involved in making inventory decisions based on minimizing emissions vs. minimizing cost in cold chains. This problem demonstrates the tradeoff between the cost and the emission functions in an important supply chain decision. Also, the analytical models and solution approaches provide the decision maker with analytical tools for making better decisions. In Chapter 5, we expand the developed model from Chapter 4 to include multiple types of products. We consider a group of products that share capacities as a family of products. According to the problem formulation, we have two types of decision variables: (1) determining if a product is a member of a family or not, and (2) how much to order and how frequently to order for products within each family. We propose a solution procedure in accordance with the decision variable types: (1) a procedure for grouping (partitioning) the products into different families, and (2) a procedure to solve the inventory problem for each family. A set of experiments are designed to answer a number of research questions, and brings more understandings of the developed models and solutions algorithms. Finally, the conclusions of this dissertation and suggestions for future research topics are presented in Chapter 6.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is great concern in the fruit industry that too much fruit and money is lost each year due to breaks occurring in the export cold chain of fresh fruit. Therefore, the CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) and Stellenbosch University were approached to do research on this problem. This particular study focuses on the cold chains of table grapes, summer pears and plums as these fruit are especially sensitive to temperature. Observations were made on fruit farms, in pack houses, in cold stores as well as in the Port of Cape Town. From these observations it was clear that protocols are not always followed and fruit quality is sometimes neglected because of pressure to speed up the exporting process. In order to analyse the export cold chains of these fruit types, temperature trials were conducted and temperature data received from exporting companies was analysed. The data was analysed from the cold store up to the point where the vessel sailed out of the Port of Cape Town. From the analysis it became clear that too many cold chain breaks occur during fruit exports from South Africa, especially during the loading of containers at cold stores. As a final output to the study, a good cold chain practice guide for the export of table grapes was developed with the aim of assisting the fruit industry in minimizing these cold chain breaks. The guide was developed with simplicity to ensure easy understanding under all role-players in the industry. This study was a small step in the right direction, but it should be highlighted that the complexity of the problems in the fruit cold chains are substantial and further research will have to be done in order to eliminate the occurrence of these cold chain breaks.