Parte da comunidade de pesquisa em ensino de Física tem devotado atenção ao estudo de métodos ativos de ensino que primam pela centralização do processo de ensino-aprendizagem no aluno. Além da aprendizagem conceitual, tais métodos buscam favorecer o desenvolvimento de habilidades associadas ao trabalho colaborativo e à argumentação, e diminuir a evasão estudantil. Em disciplinas de Física Experimental alguns desses métodos envolvem a aprendizagem por modelagem científica. Contudo, o sucesso de tais iniciativas depende, entre outros fatores, do quanto os alunos se julgam capazes de realizar as atividades propostas pelo professor, ou seja, do nível de autoeficácia dos alunos em realizar determinadas ações. Pesquisas do grupo de Ensino de Física da Universidade Internacional da Flórida apontam para uma baixa mudança ou redução em níveis de autoeficácia em função do uso de métodos ativos. Com base nesses resultados propomos um estudo de caso exploratório, único e incorporado com múltiplas unidades de análise. O objetivo geral dessa dissertação é o de estudar as influências do método Episódios de Modelagem (EM) (similar ao método Modeling Instruction - MI) sobre as atitudes e crenças de autoeficácia dos estudantes em aprender física, realizar atividades experimentais e trabalhar colaborativamente. Para isso procuramos responder às seguintes questões: Quais os impactos da aplicação de Episódios de Modelagem nas crenças de autoeficácia e atitudes dos estudantes em relação a: (i) aprender física?; (ii) realizar atividades experimentais?; e (iii) trabalhar colaborativamente? Para responder a tais questões de pesquisa, adotamos as orientações metodológicas para estudo de caso de Yin (2010) e utilizamos a Teoria Social Cognitiva, em específico, o conceito de autoeficácia, de Bandura (1997). Para a investigação, realizamos um estudo exploratório com múltiplas unidades de análise (8 estudantes) na disciplina de Física Experimental II – A, que aborda os conteúdos de oscilações, ondulatória, hidrostática e termodinâmica. Os resultados mostraram que as atitudes dos alunos frente ao aprendizado de física com o método de ensino foram positivas tendo sido destacadas, principalmente, o planejamento e execução de seus próprios experimentos e as discussões fomentadas pelas apresentações dos resultados e correções das tarefas de leitura. Como fatores negativos foram mencionados: o fato da disciplina ser muito trabalhosa e de não ter tempo suficiente em aula para a realização dos planejamentos e análise de dados. Já as atitudes frente às atividades experimentais e trabalho colaborativo foram reforçadas para os sete alunos aprovados na disciplina. Sobre as crenças de autoeficácia em aprender física e em trabalhar colaborativamente, constatamos que as crenças dos alunos foram influenciadas positivamente pelas atividades desenvolvidas com o método de ensino, através de três das principais fontes destacadas por Bandura: experiências de domínio e vicárias e persuasão social. Também constatamos um reajuste na percepção dos alunos quanto aos seus níveis de autoeficácia devido às experiências vivenciadas com o método EM em comparação ao método utilizado na disciplina anterior (que utiliza roteiros dirigidos nos experimentos). Novas pesquisas são necessárias para dar continuidade a este estudo exploratório, investigando mais profundamente o processo de reajuste dos níveis de autoeficácia. / Part of the Physics Education Research (PER) community has devoted its attention to the study of Active Learning methods focusing on the centralization of the teaching-learning process at the students. Beyond the conceptual learning, these methods seek to foster the development of abilities associated to the collaborative work and argumentation, and also to decrease student’s dropout. In experimental physics disciplines, some of those methods involve the scientific modeling learning. However, the success of such initiatives depends on how much the students judge themselves capable of carrying out the activities proposed by the teacher, that is, it depends on the student’s self-efficacy levels in perform certain actions. Studies of the PER from the Florida International University show a small change or even a reduction on self-efficacy levels in function of the use of active methods. Based on those results we propose an exploratory case-study incorporated with multiple analysis unities. The general purpose of this dissertation is to study the influence of the Modeling Episodes (ME) method (similar to the MI method) on the students’ attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs about learning physics; conduct experimental activities; and work collaboratively. We tried to answer the following questions: What are the impacts of the ME application on the students’ self-efficacy beliefs and attitudes regarding: (i) learning physics?, (ii) carrying out experimental activities?, and (iii) working collaboratively? To answer these research questions we adopted the methodological orientations for Yin’s case-study and we used the Cognitive Social Theory, specifically, Bandura’s self-efficacy concept. For the investigation, we carried out an exploratory study with multiple analysis unities (8 students) at Experimental Physics II – A, class that discuss oscillations, waves, hydrostatic and thermodynamic. The results showed the students’ attitudes regarding the learning of physics as a teaching method were positive, specially: the planning and execution of their own experiments; the discussions fomented by the presentation of the results; and the evaluation of the reading assignments by the teacher. As negative factors, it was mentioned: the fact that the class was quite laborious and short time to carry out the planning and data analysis in class. Regarding the self-efficacy beliefs about learning physics and work collaboratively, the students’ beliefs were influenced positively by the activities developed with the teaching method, through three of the main sources highlighted by Bandura: mastery, vicarious experiences and social persuasion. We also identified a readjustment on student’s perception about their self-efficacy levels due to the experience with the ME method when compared to the method used in the previous experimental physics class (which used guided experimental scripts). New studies are necessary to give continuity to this exploratory study, investigating more deeply the readjustment process of the self-efficacy levels.

La tendance actuelle des organisations à développer des collaborations avec différentes parties prenantes a pour objectif de répondre à une complexité de plus en plus importante des produits et de favoriser l'innovation ; le tout sous de fortes pressions d'un environnement économique, liées aux exigences du développement durable, de l'accélération des cycles de vie, des normes qualité, etc. Les SIP tendent à garantir une transversalité entre l'ensemble des phases du cycle de vie produit ; répondant ainsi aux besoins d'amélioration de la qualité produit, de maîtrise des processus et de réduction des délais, tout en favorisant la collaboration. La complexité des processus collaboratifs liée à la gestion du cycle de vie du produit ne peut faire l’économie d’une réflexion sur les ressources engagées au regard des objectifs poursuivis, ni même d’une balance économique globale des coûts supportés. Ainsi les critères d’efficacité et d’efficience s’ajoutent aux critères les plus traditionnels du temps imparti et du degré de qualité visé. L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à définir une démarche méthodologique et applicative pour répondre à la question suivante : "Comment instrumenter le SIP pour analyser les activités menées au sein du système et déceler les freins au travail collaboratif ?". Ainsi, nous présentons dans cette thèse un cadre méthodologique et architectural permettant d'assurer un pilotage des processus collaboratifs dans les SIP. Il s'agit entre autre de mettre en place une expérience d'observation basée sur l’ingénierie des traces ; et de mener une réflexion sur la définition d'indicateurs permettant de mettre en place un contrôle de l'activité collaborative. La mise en œuvre effective de ces actions implique la définition d’une architecture complémentaire et générique adaptée à l'environnement du SIP. Finalement, le développement d'un prototype, intégré par la suite au SIP @udros, nous a permis de valider le cadre méthodologique et applicatif de cette thèse. / The current trend of organizations to develop partnerships with various stakeholders aims to respond to a rising complexity, of products and to foster innovation; all under great pressures of an economical environment, related to sustainability requirements, lifecycle acceleration, quality standards, etc. PLM systems tend to ensure the transversality within all the stages of product lifecycle; meeting the needs of product quality improvement, process control and delays reduction, while fostering collaboration. The complexity of collaborative processes related to the product lifecycle management cannot lean only on the engaged resources, or on the global balance between costs, budget, and receipts. Then efficacy and efficiency criterions come on top of the traditional ones (quality level, time, etc.). This thesis aims to propose a methodological and applicative approach responding to the following research question: “How can PLM System be « instrumented » in order to analyze the collaborative activities and to reveal the brakes causes?” We present in this thesis a methodological and architectural framework to ensure a collaborative process management in PLM System. The methodological framework leans on observation experiences based on tracks engineering (tracks generated by PLM system) and indicators definition supporting the control of the collaborative activity. The principal objective is to reduce risks by reacting in real time to the incidents or dysfunctions that may occur. The effective implementation of these actions involves the definition of a generic and complementary architecture suitable to the environment of the system. Finally, the development of a prototype, integrated then to the system @udros, allowed us to validate the methodological and architectural framework of this thesis.

O trabalho de pesquisa apresentado nesta tese tem por objetivo apoiar o projeto distribuído de sistemas integrados, considerando especificamente a necessidade de interação colaborativa entre os projetistas. O trabalho enfatiza particularmente alguns problemas que foram considerados apenas marginalmente em abordagens anteriores, como a abstração da distribuição em rede dos recursos de automação de projeto, a possibilidade de interação síncrona e assíncrona entre projetistas e o suporte a modelos extensíveis de dados de projeto. Tais problemas requerem uma infra-estrutura de software significativamente complexa, pois possíveis soluções envolvem diversos módulos, desde interfaces com o usuário até bancos de dados e middleware. Para construir tal infra-estrutura, várias técnicas de engenharia foram empregadas e algumas soluções originais foram desenvolvidas. A idéia central da solução proposta é baseada no emprego conjunto de duas tecnologias homônimas: CAD Frameworks (ambientes integrados de apoio ao projeto) e frameworks orientados a objeto. O primeiro conceito foi criado no final da década de 80 na área de automação de projeto de sistemas eletrônicos e define uma arquitetura de software em níveis, voltada ao apoio a desenvolvedores de ferramentas de projeto, administradores de ambientes de projeto e projetistas. O segundo, desenvolvido na última década na área de engenharia de software, é um modelo para arquiteturas de software visando o desenvolvimento de sub-sistemas reusáveis de software orientado a objeto. No presente trabalho, propõe-se a criação de um framework orientado a objetos que inclui conjuntos extensíveis de primitivas de dados de projeto bem como de blocos para a construção de ferramentas de CAD. Esse framework orientado a objeto é agregado a um CAD Framework, onde ele passa a desempenhar funções tipicamente encontradas em tal ambiente, tais como representação e administração de dados de projeto, versionamento, interface com usuário, administração de projeto e integração de ferramentas. O CAD Framework implementado dentro do escopo desta tese foi chamado Cave2 e seguiu a clássica arquitetura em níveis apresentada por Barnes, Harrison, Newton e Spickelmier. Durante o projeto e a implementação do Cave2, uma série de avanços em relação as abordagens anteriores foi obtida com a exploração das vantagens advindas do uso de um framework orientado a objetos: - frameworks orientados a objetos são extensíveis por definição, então o mesmo pode ser dito a respeito das implementações dos conjuntos de primitivas de dados de projeto bem como de blocos para a construção de ferramentas de CAD. Isso implica que tanto o modelo de representação de projeto quanto os módulos de software processando tal modelo podem ser atualizados ou adaptados para uma metodologia de projeto específica, e que essas atualizações e adaptações ainda herdarão os aspectos arquiteturais e funcionais implementados nos elementos básicos do framework orientado a objetos; partes do framework orientado a objetos, mas em modelos claramente separados. Isso possibilita o uso de várias estratégias para a visualização de um conjunto de dados de 15 projeto, o que dá aos participantes de uma sessão de projeto colaborativo a flexibilidade de escolha individual de estratégia de visualização; - o controle de consistência entre semântica e visualização - uma questão particularmente importante em um ambiente de projeto onde coexistem múltiplas visualizações de cada projeto - também está incluído nas fundações do framework orientado a objetos implementado. Esse mecanismo é genérico o bastante para ser usado também pelas possíveis extensões do modelo de dados de projeto, uma vez que ele é baseado na inversão de controle entre a visualização e a semântica. A visualização recebe a intenção do usuário e propaga esse evento ao modelo da semântica, o qual avalia a possibilidade de uma mudança de estado. Se positivo, ele dispara a mudança de estado em ambos os modelos de visualização e semântica. A abordagem proposta nesta tese usa tal inversão de controle para incluir um nível adicional de processamento entre a semântica e a visualização, visando o controle de consistência nos casos de múltiplas visualizações; indisponibilidade de conexão entre elas; - o uso de objetos de proxy aumentou significativamente o nível de abstração da integração de recursos de automação de projeto, pois tanto ferramentas e serviços remotos quanto os instalados localmente são acessados através de chamadas de métodos em um objeto local. A conexão aos serviços e ferramentas remotos é obtida através de um protocolo de look-up, abstraíndo completamente a localização de tais recursos na rede e permitindo a adição e remoção em tempo de execução; - o CAD Framework foi implementato completamente usando a tecnologia Java, usando dessa forma a Java Virtual Machine como intermediário entre o sistema operacional e o CAD Framework, garantindo dessa forma a independência de plataforma. Todas as contribuições listadas anteriormente contribuiram com o aumento do nível de abstração da distribuição de recursos de automação de projeto e também apresentaram um novo paradigma para a interação remota entre projetistas. O CAD Framework no qual tais contribuições foram aplicadas é capaz de suportar colaboração de granularidade fina baseada em eventos, onde cada atualização feita por um projetista pode ser propagada para o restante da equipe, mesmo que estejam todos geograficamente distribuídos. Isto pode aumentar a sinergia de grupo entre os projetistas e permitir uma troca mais rica de experiências entre eles, aumentando significativamente o potencial de colaboração quando comparado com abordages baseadas em acesso a arquivos e registros propostas anteriormente. Três estudos de caso diferentes foram realizados para validar a abordagem proposta, cada um deles envolvendo um sub-conjunto das contribuições da presente tese. O primeiro utiliza a arquitetura de distribuição de recursos baseada em proxies para implementar uma plataforma de prototipação usando módulos de hardware reconfigurável. O segundo estende as fundações do framework orientado a objetos visando suportar projeto baseado em interfaces. Essas extensões - primitivas de representação de projeto e partes de ferramentas - são usadas na implementação de uma ferramenta chamada IBlaDe, que permite a criação colaborativa de modelos funcionais e estruturais de sistemas integrados. O terceiro estudo de caso aborda a possibilidade de integração de metadados multimídia ao modelo de dados de projeto. Essa possibilidade é explorada no contexto de uma plataforma online de educação e treinamento. / The work described in this thesis aims to support the distributed design of integrated systems and considers specifically the need for collaborative interaction among designers. Particular emphasis was given to issues which were only marginally considered in previous approaches, such as the abstraction of the distribution of design automation resources over the network, the possibility of both synchronous and asynchronous interaction among designers and the support for extensible design data models. Such issues demand a rather complex software infrastructure, as possible solutions must encompass a wide range of software modules: from user interfaces to middleware to databases. To build such structure, several engineering techniques were employed and some original solutions were devised. The core of the proposed solution is based in the joint application of two homonymic technologies: CAD Frameworks and object-oriented frameworks. The former concept was coined in the late 80's within the electronic design automation community and comprehends a layered software environment which aims to support CAD tool developers, CAD administrators/integrators and designers. The latter, developed during the last decade by the software engineering community, is a software architecture model to build extensible and reusable object-oriented software subsystems. In this work, we proposed to create an object-oriented framework which includes extensible sets of design data primitives and design tool building blocks. Such object-oriented framework is included within a CAD Framework, where it plays important roles on typical CAD Framework services such as design data representation and management, versioning, user interfaces, design management and tool integration. The implemented CAD Framework - named Cave2 - followed the classical layered architecture presented by Barnes, Harrison, Newton and Spickelmier, but the possibilities granted by the use of the object-oriented framework foundations allowed a series of improvements which were not available in previous approaches: - object-oriented frameworks are extensible by design, thus this should be also true regarding the implemented sets of design data primitives and design tool building blocks. This means that both the design representation model and the software modules dealing with it can be upgraded or adapted to a particular design methodology, and that such extensions and adaptations will still inherit the architectural and functional aspects implemented in the object-oriented framework foundation; - the design semantics and the design visualization are both part of the object-oriented framework, but in clearly separated models. This allows for different visualization strategies for a given design data set, which gives collaborating parties the flexibility to choose individual visualization settings; - the control of the consistency between semantics and visualization - a particularly important issue in a design environment with multiple views of a single design - is also included in the foundations of the object-oriented framework. Such mechanism is generic enough to be also used by further extensions of the design data model, as it is based on the inversion of control between view and semantics. The view receives the user input and propagates such event to the semantic model, which evaluates if a state change is possible. If positive, it triggers the change of state of both semantics and view. Our approach took advantage of such inversion of control and included an layer between semantics and view to take into account the possibility of multi-view consistency; - to optimize the consistency control mechanism between views and semantics, we propose an event-based approach that captures each discrete interaction of a designer with his/her respective design views. The information about each interaction is encapsulated inside an event object, which may be propagated to the design semantics - and thus to other possible views - according to the consistency policy which is being used. Furthermore, the use of event pools allows for a late synchronization between view and semantics in case of unavailability of a network connection between them; - the use of proxy objects raised significantly the abstraction of the integration of design automation resources, as either remote or local tools and services are accessed through method calls in a local object. The connection to remote tools and services using a look-up protocol also abstracted completely the network location of such resources, allowing for resource addition and removal during runtime; - the implemented CAD Framework is completely based on Java technology, so it relies on the Java Virtual Machine as the layer which grants the independence between the CAD Framework and the operating system. All such improvements contributed to a higher abstraction on the distribution of design automation resources and also introduced a new paradigm for the remote interaction between designers. The resulting CAD Framework is able to support fine-grained collaboration based on events, so every single design update performed by a designer can be propagated to the rest of the design team regardless of their location in the distributed environment. This can increase the group awareness and allow a richer transfer of experiences among them, improving significantly the collaboration potential when compared to previously proposed file-based or record-based approaches. Three different case studies were conducted to validate the proposed approach, each one focusing one a subset of the contributions of this thesis. The first one uses the proxy-based resource distribution architecture to implement a prototyping platform using reconfigurable hardware modules. The second one extends the foundations of the implemented object-oriented framework to support interface-based design. Such extensions - design representation primitives and tool blocks - are used to implement a design entry tool named IBlaDe, which allows the collaborative creation of functional and structural models of integrated systems. The third case study regards the possibility of integration of multimedia metadata to the design data model. Such possibility is explored in the frame of an online educational and training platform.

Orientador: Sérgio Ferreira do Amaral / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T15:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MonteirodeAlmeida_LanaPaulaCrivelaro_D.pdf: 2264007 bytes, checksum: b975d11fa348b7ca2abd8575ef28c2b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Diante novos hábitos, pensamentos e atitudes distintas entre o atual tipo de cidadão inserido em um novo contexto social, cultural e educacional, visualizou-se a necessidade de levar o professor a uma reflexão e busca de novos desafios pedagógicos, com a intenção de não torná-los alheio as mudanças sociais que interferem diretamente no processo educacional. O enfoque dado ao trabalho surge a partir de ampla discussão teórica refletindo sobre mudanças culturais e sociais, formação de professores, a influência da tecnologia na sociedade e no âmbito educacional, as vantagens do trabalho colaborativo, exemplos da educa-ção européia em que a colaboração é um forte comportamento entre os professo-res, assim como o levantamento de inúmeros trabalhos educacionais colaborati-vos já publicados. Além deste estudo teórico, a análise do discurso realizada com 109 professores brasileiros, atuantes do ensino fundamental, preferencialmente de escolas públicas, contribuiu para o levantamento de indicadores que levam o professor a tornar-se colaborativo, resultando no principal objetivo deste trabalho. Para melhor justificativa sobre a criação de cada indicador, estabeleceu-se alguns descritores, os quais deram margem as sugestões de propostas educacionais pa-ra escola, professores e governo/ universidade / Abstract: Facing new habits, thoughts and differing attitudes of the contemporary citi-zen inserted in a changing social, cultural and educational context, it was envisaged as urgent to incite educators into a reflection and search for responses to new pedagogical challenges. The intention here being the one of not keeping these citizens alien to the social changes that interfere directly with the educational process. The approach used to this assignment is the outcome of a broad theoretical discussion concerning cultural and social changes, educators instruction, the influence of technology on society and on the educational setting, the advantages of the collaborative work, examples of education models in Europe where collaboration between the educators takes form of a solid behaviour, not to mention the a large number of publications on educational collaborative works. Moreover, in addition to this theoretical study, an analysis of the discourses carried out via a survey with 109 Brazilian educators of basic education in exercise, of which great part would be teaching at public schools, contributed to point out the indicators that leads the professor into a collaborating mood, consequential to the main objective of this work. To better validate the creation of each indicator, it was established some describers, that gave extra margin to suggestions of educational proposals for schools, professors and government / university / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais na Educação / Doutora em Educação

Chinese international students represent one sixth of the international post-secondary student population present in Anglophone Canada. A popular field of study for this demographic is engineering. Considering differences in cultural background and English language barriers, Chinese international students face their own unique set of challenges in university classrooms where collaborative work has become a standard measure to instruct and assess material. Four face-to-face focus groups with fourteen Chinese international students examined how collaborative work with non-Chinese peers shapes the self-perceptions of English language skills by Chinese international students. Using Saldaña’s approach to coding as the selected method, the data generated categories, a concept and a key assertion. Participants’ perceptions of English language are shaped by efficiency, embarrassment and confidence. A desired goal of Chinese international students, which is only achieved by very few, is English language fluency. Suggesting an interrelated relationship, the key assertion proposes that language competence and perceptions develop in four stages. Perceptions and language competence transition through a non-linear process, which ranges from Shock, to the Brutal Upward Learning Curve, Acceptance and eventually Confident Mastery. Focus group participants demonstrated a high level of accurate self-assessment and are forced to adopt a dismissive attitude which allows them to move past negative experiences and perceptions and develop a strong sense of confidence which is necessary for survival.

Collaborative jamming with digital musical instruments (DMI) exposes a need for output synchronization. While temporal solutions have been established, a better understanding of how live sound transformations could be balanced across instruments is required. In this work, a technology probe for reciprocal sound transformations was designed and developed by networking the instruments of four musicians and employing layered mapping between a shared interface, high-level sound attributes, and the sound synthesis parameters of each instrument. The probe was designed and used during a series of participatory design workshops, where seven high-level attributes were constructed according to the spectromorphology framework. The analysis, where the notion of sonic narrative and the concept of flow were applied, reveals how live controlling reciprocal sound transformations facilitates collaboration by supporting role-taking, motivating the ensemble, and directing the focus of its members. While generality of the implemented attributes cannot be claimed, challenges of the chosen mapping strategy and requirements for the user interface were identified. / Jammande i grupp med digitala musikinstrument (DMI) avslöjar ett behov för att kunna synkronisera dem utgående signalerna. Temporära lösningar har etablerats, men en bättre förståelse för hur live ljudtransformationer skulle kunna balanseras över flera instrument är nödvändig. I detta arbete utvecklades och designades en teknologisk sond för reciproka ljudtransformationer genom att koppla ihop fyra musikers instrument och en flerlagersavbildning skapades med ett delat gränssnitt, högnivå ljudattribut samt ljudsyntesparametrarna för varje instrument. Sonden designades och användes under co-design-workshops, där sju högnivå ljudattribut konstruerades enligt spectromorfologiramverket. Analysen, där begreppen soniskt berättande och konceptet flyt applicerades, avslöjar hur realtidskontroll av reciproka ljudtransformationer främjer medverkande genom att stödja rolltagande, motivera ensemblen, samt rikta fokuset hos medlemmarna. Även om det inte går att hävda att de implementerade attributen är generella, så identifierades utmaningarna hos den valda avbildningsstrategien och hos användargränssnittet.

Denna rapport tar upp huruvida Wiki, som informationshanteringsverktyg, kan uppfylla dekrav som finns på företags informationshantering idag. Syftet med arbetet är att utifrån teorioch en mindre undersökning se vilka möjligheter och nackdelar som finns med verktyget förföretag. En mindre intervjustudie med tolv informanter har genomförts på företagetAgda Lön AB.För att skapa en grund presenteras teorier inom Knowledge Management och KnowledgeManagement System, Kollaborativt- och kooperativt arbete, samt verktyget Wiki. Därefterredogörs den studie som genomförts. Vidare diskuteras de olika aspekter som framkommitunder teori och empiri. Efter diskussionen presenteras en slutsats.Rapporten vill visa att Wiki kan användas som ett informationshanteringsverktyg, om ännackdelar finns. Dock finns även möjligheter, vilka överväger nackdelarna. Det övervägandehindret är huruvida företag vågar införa ett så pass öppet system som Wiki. / Knowledge Management System and collaborative work- Wiki as an information management toolThis report addresses whether Wiki, as information management tools, can meet therequirements of the enterprise information management today. The purpose of the work isthat based on theory and a small survey to see what opportunities and disadvantages that existwith the tool for a company. A small interview study with twelve informants has beenimplemented at the company Agda Lön AB.To create a base, theories in Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems,collaborative and cooperative work, and the Wiki tool are presented. Then describes the studyconducted. Further on the various aspects emerging from the theory and empiricism arediscussed. Following the discussion presented a conclusion.The report would demonstrate that Wiki can be used as an information management tool,although there are drawbacks in it. However, there are also opportunities, which outweigh thedisadvantages. The overwhelming obstacle is whether firms dare to introduce a open systemlike Wiki.

Maskiner och robotar utför idag komplicerade uppgifter i arbetsmiljöer där också människor arbetar. Kunskaper om logistik spelar stor roll för ett optimalt flöde av material mellan maskiner, robotar, människor och lager. För att möta behovet av en testbädd för digitalisering och automatisering av logistiken skapades Digilog, som är ett samarbetsprojekt mellan KTH, Scania och AstraZeneca. I Digilog kan man testa och experimentera med olika sätt att arrangera interaktion mellan robotar, människor, maskiner, truckar och andra logistiska komponenter i ett nätverk, sammanbundna med ett kommunikationsprotokoll (IoT). Detta examensarbete går ut på att programmera en sexaxlig robot från Universal Robot att utföra en specifik uppgift, att vägledd av signaler från en videokamera, leta upp ett specifikt objekt och flytta objektet från en plats till en annan. Arbetssekvensen ska utföras på ett säkert sätt med hänsyn till att människor uppehåller sig och arbetar nära roboten. Detta system kommer att vara en del av logistiksystemet Digilog. Arbetet har utförts med hjälp av Robotens bruksanvisning, seminarier på Universal robots hemsida och samarbete med den som programmerat positioneringsprogrammet för kameran. Kameran var med USB-kontakt kopplad till samma dator som kommunicerade med roboten via lokalt nätverk. Största problemet/begränsningen utgjordes av positioneringskameran. För våra behov visade den sig vara alltför begränsad hårdvarumässigt. Skall projektet utvecklas för att hantera andra, mer komplexa, objekt behövs en bättre kamera. Roboten programmerades att med hjälp av kameran leta upp en blå låda, plocka upp den, och flytta den till ett annat bord för att slutligen ställa ner den. Sedan letar roboten upp nästa objekt. Roboten programmerades med hänsyn till de säkerhetsprotokoll som reglerar arbetet för robotar som utför ett arbete i en miljö där människor befinner sig i. Systemet kan förbättras så att det klarar nya uppgifter. Med en bättre kamera möjliggörs utförande av ytterligare uppgifter: att ange Z-koordinaten (höjd över marknivån), att ange objektens orientering, och att ange typ av objekt. Roboten skulle kunna bli mer flexibel, och hantera objekt av olika form och storlek om man införskaffade en verktygsväxlare och ett antal verktyg (som till exempel ett tvåfingerverktyg) till roboten. / Machines and robots today perform complex tasks in work environments where people also work. Knowledge of logistics plays a major role in an optimal flow of materials between machines, robots, people, and warehouses. To meet the need for a test bed for digitization and automation of logistics, Digilog was created, which is a collaborative project between KTH, Scania and AstraZeneca. In Digilog, you can test and experiment with different ways of arranging interaction between robots, humans, machines, forklifts, and other logistical components in a network, connected by a communication protocol (IoT). This thesis involves programming a six-axis robot from Universal Robot to perform a specific task, being guided by signals from a camera, locating a specific object and moving the object from one place to another. The work sequence must be performed in a safe manner with regard to people staying and working close to the robot. This system will be part of the Digilog logistics system. The work has been carried out with the help of the Robot's operating instructions, seminars on Universal Robot's website and collaboration with the person who programmed the positioning program for the camera. The camera was connected via USB to the same computer that communicate with the robot via a local network. The biggest problem / limitation was the positioning camera. For our needs, it turned out to be very limited in terms of hardware. If the project is to be developed to handle other, more complex, objects, a better camera is needed. The robot was programmed to use the camera to locate a blue box, pick it up, and move it to another table and put it down. Then the robot looks for the next object. The robot was programmed with regard to the safety protocols that regulate the work of robots that perform work in an environment where people are. The system can be improved to handle new tasks. With a better camera, it is possible to perform additional tasks such as: to provide the Z-coordinate (height above ground level), to specify the orientation of the objects, and to specify the type of object. The robot could become more flexible, and handle objects of different shapes and sizes if you acquired a tool changer and several tools (such as a two-finger tool) for the robot.

This thesis explores the potential of visual information and communication technologies (ICTs) for collaboration in emergency care. The thesis consists of four studies exploring future technology, 3D telepresence technology for medical consultation (3DMC), from several different methodological and analytical perspectives. Together the studies provide a broad view of the potential benefits, risks and implications of using visual technologies for collaboration in emergency care. The results show that paramedic-physician collaboration via 3DMC might have some benefits for patient care, both in the immediate patient care situation and beyond, for example, when coordinating transport and resources; improving understanding between different actors; and in developing paramedic competence and confidence in their skills. However, collaboration is heavily impacted by physicians’ and paramedics’ respective work practices which are situated in very different physical, professional and organizational contexts. Adding a visual dimension to this collaboration presents unique challenges for the overall design, development, implementation, and appropriation process. Thus, the thesis emphasizes the importance of understanding both the individual users as well as the complex overall image which, although often neglected or ignored, is crucial to understand when developing and introducing new technology that is successful and justified in the overall context while also being useful and meaningful for the individual users. / <p>Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science at the University of Gothenburg and the University of Borås to be publicly defended on Thursday 19 September 2013 at 13:15 in the auditorium at Simonsland, University of Borås, Skaraborgsvägen 3, Borås.</p>

The use and application of 4 Dimensional Computer Aided Design (4D CAD) is growing within the construction industry. 4D approaches have been the focus of many research efforts within the last decade and several commercial tools now exist for the creation of construction simulations using 4D approaches. However, there are several key limitations to the current approaches. For example, 4D models are normally developed after the initial planning of a project has taken place using more traditional techniques such as Critical Path Method (CPM). Furthermore, mainstream methodologies for planning are based on individual facets of the construction process developed by discrete contractors or sub-contractors. Any 4D models generated from these data are often used to verify work flows and identify problems that may arise, either in terms of work methods or sequencing issues. Subsequently, it is perceived that current 4D CAD approaches provide a planning review mechanism rather than a platform for a novel integrated approach to construction planning. The work undertaken in this study seeks to address these issues through the application of a distributed virtual reality (VR) environment for collaborative 4D based construction planning. The key advances lie in catering for geographically dispersed planning by discrete construction teams. By leveraging networked 4D-VR based technologies, multidisciplinary planners, in different places, can be connected to collaboratively perform planning and create an integrated and robust construction schedule leading to a complete 4D CAD simulation. Establishing such a complex environment faces both technological and social challenges. Technological challenges arise from the integration of traditional and recent 4D approaches for construction planning with an ad hoc application platform of VR linked through networked computing. Social challenges arise from social dynamics and human behaviours when utilizing VR-based applications for collaborative work. An appropriate 4D-based planning method in a networked VR based environment is the key to gaining a technical advancement and this approach to distributed collaborative planning tends to promote computer-supported collaborative work (CSCW). Subsequently, probing suitable CSCW design and user interface/interaction (UI) design are imperative for solutions to achieve successful applicability. Based on the foregoing, this study developed a novel robust 4D planning approach for networked construction planning. The new method of interactive definition was devised through theoretical analysis of human-computer interaction (HCI) studies, a comparison of existing 4D CAD creation, and 3D model based construction planning. It was created to support not only individual planners’ work but multidisciplinary planners’ collaboration, and lead to interactive and dynamic development of a 4D simulation. From a social perspective, the method clarified and highlighted relevant CSCW design to enhance collaboration. Applying this rationale, the study specified and implemented a distributed groupware solution for collaborative 4D construction planning. Based on a developed system architecture, application mode and dataflow, as well as a real-time data exchange protocol, a prototype system entitled ‘4DX’ was implemented which provides a platform for distributed multidisciplinary planners to perform real-time collaborative 4D construction planning. The implemented toolkit targeted a semi-immersive VR platform for enhanced usability with compatibility of desktop VR. For the purpose of obtaining optimal UI design of this kind of VR solution, the research implemented a new user-centred design (UCD) framework of Taguchi-Compliant User-Centred Design (TC-UCD) by adapting and adopting the Taguchi philosophy and current UCD framework. As a result, a series of UIs of the VR-based solution for multifactor usability evaluation and optimization were developed leading to a VR-based solution with optimal UIs. The final distributed VR solution was validated in a truly geographically dispersed condition. Findings from the verification testing, the validation, and the feedback from construction professionals proved positive in addition to providing constructive suggestions to further reinforce the applicability of the approach in the future.