Design strategies to support and enhance scientific collaboration are still ambiguous. The ability of universities and research institutes to support a collaborative scientific research environment among researchers through appropriate methods needs to be further investigated. The lack of understanding about the human factors behind collaboration, the nature of scientific tasks, and the institute’s cultural environment are motivations for this study. As a part of our work on a European integrated project, Edu-Tech, this study investigated which factors of collaborative research are important to give us a clear picture for enhancing the social perspective of the project’s webpage. This research purposes a model, Time Environment, Individual and Group (TEIG), in order to provide descriptive variable necessary to understand the transformation of online social knowledge. Accordingly, we provided a new prototype for designing our online community, Edu-Tech, which is now ready to facilitate collaboration among researchers.

The present Ph.D. thesis addresses the problem of knowledge-based engineering template update in product design. The reuse of design knowledge has become a key asset for the company's competitiveness. Knowledge-based engineering templates allow to store best practices and knowhow via formulas, rules, scripts, etc. This design knowledge can then be reused by instantiating the template. The instantiation results in the creation of an instance of the template in the specified context. In the scope of complex and large products, such as cars or aircrafts, the maintenance of knowledge-based engineering templates is a challenging task. Several engineers from various disciplines work together and make evolve the templates in order to extend their capabilities or to fix bugs. Furthermore, in some cases, the modifications applied to templates should be forwarded to their instances in order that they benefit from the changes. These issues slow down the adoption of template technologies at a large scale within companies. The objective of this work is to propose an approach in order to support engineers in the template update related tasks. In order to address these issues, a process supporting the template update related tasks is defined. Then a framework is proposed that helps design engineers during the template update process by providing a decision support system and a strategy for the update of template instances. The former is a system designed to ease the collaboration between various experts in order to solve template related problems. The latter aims at providing a sequence of updates to follow, in order to forward the templates' modifications to their instances. This sequence is computed with data extracted from models and templates, which are stored in an ontology designed for this purpose. The ontology is used to represent and to infer knowledge about templates, products and their relations. This facilitates the construction of update sequences as it provides an efficient overview of relationships, even implicit ones.

La Web Social y la Web Semántica han impactado en la forma en que la creación de conocimiento se ha llevado a cabo en la Web. La Web Social promociona la participación de los usuarios para crear y editar contenido y conocimiento en la Web. La proliferación de contenido y la necesidad de tener una administración automatizada de esta información disparó la aparición de la Web Semántica. Actualmente, la Web Social y la Web Semántica conviven y comparten un mismo tema: un mejor manejo del conocimiento. Sin embargo, la mayoría de la información en la Web Social no es parte de la Web Semántica, y la información de la Web Semántica no es utilizada para mejorar a la Web Social. Esta tesis presenta un enfoque innovador para estimular una co-evolución entre la Web Semántica y la Web Social: las fuerzas que impulsan la Web Social y las herramientas que llevan a cabo la Web Semántica trabajando en conjunto con el fin de tener beneficios mutuos. En este trabajo afirmamos que la co-evolución entre la Web Social y la Web Semántica mejorará la generación de información semántica en la Web Semántica, y mejorará la producción de conocimiento en la Web Social. Esto invita a responder las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cómo puede incluirse la generación de datos semánticos en las actividades de los usuarios de la Web Social? ¿Como puede definirse la semántica de un recurso web en un entorno social? ¿Cómo puede inyectarse en la Web Social las nuevas piezas de información extraídas de la Web Semántica? ¿Poseen las comunidades de la Web Social convenciones generales que deban ser respetadas? Con el fin de mejorar la Web Semántica con las fuerzas de la Web Social, en este trabajo se proponen dos enfoques de Social Semantic Tagging: P-Swooki que permite a usuarios de una wiki semántica gestionar anotaciones semánticas permitiendo completar el proceso de construcción de conocimiento, y Semdrops que permite a los usuarios describir en forma semántica cualquier recurso de la Web tanto en un espacio de conocimiento personal como en un espacio compartido. Además, con el fin de mejorar el contenido de la Web Social, proponemos BlueFinder: un sistema de recomendación que detecta y recomienda la mejor manera de representar en un sitio de la Web Social, información que es extraída de la Web Semántica. En particular, BlueFinder recomienda la manera de representar una propiedad semántica de DBpedia en Wikipedia, respetando las convenciones de la comunidad de usuarios de Wikipedia. / Tesis realizada en co-tutela con la Universidad de Nantes (Francia). Director de tesis por la Universidad de Nantes: Pascal Molli; co-director de tesis por la Universidad de Nantes: Hala Skaf-Molli. Grado alcanzado por la Universidad de Nantes: Docteur de l'Université de Nantes.

Recreational scuba diving is a highly social activity where divers are encouraged to work in groups of two or more people. Though collaborative, divers are unable to freely and naturally communicate. Additionally, the distortion of sensory information (e.g. distances and sounds cannot be judged as accurately underwater) affects the ability to keep track of critical information which impairs their ability to engage in this underwater world. We have studied and designed a fault tolerant system, including the software, the device, and the network, to foster underwater communication. We studied the technology required, the software design for both single user and multiple users, as well as, the network design in order to support such a system. In the thesis, we have set up and analyzed the result of three user studies and a simulation to investigate the viability of the proposed design.

Fallende Hardwarepreise sowie eine zunehmende Offenheit gegenüber neuartigen Interaktionsmodalitäten haben in den vergangen Jahren den Einsatz von wandgroßen interaktiven Displays möglich gemacht, und in der Folge ist ihre Anwendung, unter anderem in den Bereichen Visualisierung, Bildung, und der Unterstützung von Meetings, erfolgreich demonstriert worden. Aufgrund ihrer Größe sind Wanddisplays für die Interaktion mit mehreren Benutzern prädestiniert. Gleichzeitig kann angenommen werden, dass Zugang zu persönlichen Daten und Einstellungen — mithin personalisierte Interaktion — weiterhin essentieller Bestandteil der meisten Anwendungsfälle sein wird. Aktuelle Benutzerschnittstellen im Desktop- und Mobilbereich steuern Zugriffe über ein initiales Login. Die Annahme, dass es nur einen Benutzer pro Bildschirm gibt, zieht sich durch das gesamte System, und ermöglicht unter anderem den Zugriff auf persönliche Daten und Kommunikation sowie persönliche Einstellungen. Gibt es hingegen mehrere Benutzer an einem großen Bildschirm, müssen hierfür Alternativen gefunden werden. Die daraus folgende Forschungsfrage dieser Dissertation lautet: Wie können wir im Kontext von Mehrbenutzerinteraktion mit wandgroßen Displays personalisierte Schnittstellen zur Verfügung stellen? Die Dissertation befasst sich sowohl mit personalisierter Interaktion in der Nähe (mit Touch als Eingabemodalität) als auch in etwas weiterer Entfernung (unter Nutzung zusätzlicher mobiler Geräte). Grundlage für personalisierte Mehrbenutzerinteraktion sind technische Lösungen für die Zuordnung von Benutzern zu einzelnen Interaktionen. Hierzu werden zwei Alternativen untersucht: In der ersten werden Nutzer via Kamera verfolgt, und in der zweiten werden Mobilgeräte anhand von Ultraschallsignalen geortet. Darauf aufbauend werden Interaktionstechniken vorgestellt, die personalisierte Interaktion unterstützen. Diese nutzen zusätzliche Mobilgeräte, die den Zugriff auf persönliche Daten sowie Interaktion in einigem Abstand von der Displaywand ermöglichen. Einen weiteren Teil der Arbeit bildet die Untersuchung der praktischen Auswirkungen der Ausgabe- und Interaktionsmodalitäten für personalisierte Interaktion. Hierzu wird eine qualitative Studie vorgestellt, die Nutzerverhalten anhand des kooperativen Mehrbenutzerspiels Miners analysiert. Der abschließende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Analyseprozess selber: Es wird das Analysetoolkit für Wandinteraktionen GIAnT vorgestellt, das Nutzerbewegungen, Interaktionen, und Blickrichtungen visualisiert und dadurch die Untersuchung der Interaktionen stark vereinfacht. / An increasing openness for more diverse interaction modalities as well as falling hardware prices have made very large interactive vertical displays more feasible, and consequently, applications in settings such as visualization, education, and meeting support have been demonstrated successfully. Their size makes wall displays inherently usable for multi-user interaction. At the same time, we can assume that access to personal data and settings, and thus personalized interaction, will still be essential in most use-cases. In most current desktop and mobile user interfaces, access is regulated via an initial login and the complete user interface is then personalized to this user: Access to personal data, configurations and communications all assume a single user per screen. In the case of multiple people using one screen, this is not a feasible solution and we must find alternatives. Therefore, this thesis addresses the research question: How can we provide personalized interfaces in the context of multi-user interaction with wall displays? The scope spans personalized interaction both close to the wall (using touch as input modality) and further away (using mobile devices). Technical solutions that identify users at each interaction can replace logins and enable personalized interaction for multiple users at once. This thesis explores two alternative means of user identification: Tracking using RGB+depth-based cameras and leveraging ultrasound positioning of the users' mobile devices. Building on this, techniques that support personalized interaction using personal mobile devices are proposed. In the first contribution on interaction, HyDAP, we examine pointing from the perspective of moving users, and in the second, SleeD, we propose using an arm-worn device to facilitate access to private data and personalized interface elements. Additionally, the work contributes insights on practical implications of personalized interaction at wall displays: We present a qualitative study that analyses interaction using a multi-user cooperative game as application case, finding awareness and occlusion issues. The final contribution is a corresponding analysis toolkit that visualizes users' movements, touch interactions and gaze points when interacting with wall displays and thus allows fine-grained investigation of the interactions.

O ensino de Física Geral nas universidades brasileiras é frequentemente relacionado a dois problemas correlacionados: dificuldade de aprendizagem e desmotivação. Ambos são agravados pela adoção estrita do método de ensino tradicional, com aulas essencialmente expositivas e praticamente sem o incentivo para a interação e colaboração entre os alunos para a aprendizagem dos conteúdos. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é investigar a melhora na aprendizagem de Física e o desenvolvimento de crenças de autoeficácia em aprender física e em trabalhar colaborativamente por meio de uma adaptação do método de ensino ativo Team-Based Learning (TBL). Essas crenças estão diretamente ligadas à motivação, pois tratam-se de julgamentos que o sujeito tem sobre as próprias capacidades de organizar e executar cursos de ações específicos, os quais afetam seu desempenho, quantidade de esforço e persistência para alcançar seus objetivos. O TBL tem como foco melhorar a aprendizagem e desenvolver habilidades de trabalho colaborativo, por meio de uma estrutura que envolve: o gerenciamento de equipes de aprendizagem, tarefas de preparação e aplicação de conceitos, feedback constante e avaliação entre os colegas. Procuramos responder às seguintes questões: (i) Em relação ao desempenho dos alunos em testes padronizados sobre conceitos básicos de eletromagnetismo, quais os principais resultados alcançados com a implementação do TBL em uma disciplina de Física Geral (Eletromagnetismo) em um curso de Física numa universidade pública brasileira (UFRGS)? (ii) Quais as atitudes dos alunos em relação à mudança de método de ensino tradicional para o TBL? (iii) Como o TBL influencia os estudantes em relação às suas crenças de autoeficácia em aprender física e em trabalhar colaborativamente? Para responder a tais questões, adotamos as orientações metodológicas para estudo de caso de Yin e, a fim de responder a terceira questão de pesquisa, utilizamos a Teoria Social Cognitiva, em específico, o conceito de autoeficácia, de Bandura. Para a investigação, realizamos um estudo exploratório que teve duas unidades de análise, uma ampla (a turma, com 27 alunos concluintes) e outra específica, João, um sujeito cujo senso de autoeficácia inicial era baixo e que possuía um histórico de reprovações no curso de licenciatura em Física. Os resultados mostraram que os ganhos normalizados médios da turma nos três testes padronizados que foram aplicados foram semelhantes àqueles atingidos por outros métodos ativos de ensino e superiores a resultados obtidos nos mesmos testes em turmas com o método de ensino tradicional. João obteve resultados similares à média da turma em dois dos três testes. As atitudes dos alunos frente ao método de ensino foram positivas tendo sido destacadas principalmente, as tarefas de estudo prévio e as discussões em equipe. Como fatores negativos foram mencionados: o fato da disciplina ser muito trabalhosa e de não ter tempo suficiente em aula para a realização das atividades previstas. Sobre as crenças de autoeficácia em aprender física e em trabalhar colaborativamente, constatamos que as crenças dos alunos foram influenciadas positivamente pelas atividades desenvolvidas com o método de ensino, por meio das principais fontes destacadas por Bandura: experiências positivas e vicárias, persuasão social e redução de estresse. Concluímos que o TBL tem potencial para auxiliar na aprendizagem conceitual de Física e em desenvolver crenças de autoeficácia em aprender física e em trabalhar colaborativamente. Novas pesquisas são necessárias para dar continuidade a este estudo exploratório, investigando mais profundamente a aprendizagem, por meio de um referencial teórico específico, e relacioná-la com a mudança nas percepções de eficácia pessoal proporcionadas pelo TBL. / The introductory physics education in the Brazilian universities is frequently related to two correlated problems: students’ difficulties of learning and lack of motivation. In both cases, the strict adoption of traditional teaching method (lecturing), with a timid or non-existent incentive for interaction and collaboration among students, plays a major role. The main goal of this research is to investigate the improvement in the physics learning, the development of self-efficacy beliefs in learn physics and in work collaboratively through an adaptation of the active teaching method Team-Based Learning (TBL). These beliefs are directly linked to motivation, because they are based on judgments made by the individuals about their own capabilities to organize and execute specific courses, which affect their performance, amount of effort and persistence to achieve their goals. The TBL focuses on improving learning and develop collaborative work skills, through a structure which involves: management of learning teams, reading assignments and tests of concepts application, constant feedback and evaluation by peers. We tried to answer the following questions: (i) In relation to student performance on standardized tests about basic concepts of electromagnetism, what are the main results achieved with the implementation of the TBL in an introductory physics class (electromagnetism) in one physics course in a Brazilian public university (UFRGS)? (ii) What are the attitudes of the students regarding the change of the traditional teaching method for TBL? (iii) How TBL affects the students regarding their self-efficacy beliefs in learning physics and in work collaboratively? Therefore, to answer the questions, we have adopted the methodological guidelines for case study of Yin and in order to answer the third research question, we use the Social Cognitive Theory, in particular, the concept of self-efficacy, of Bandura. For the investigation, we conducted an exploratory study which had two units of analysis, a wide (the class, with 27 college students) and other specific, João, an individual whose sense of initial self-efficacy was short and had a history of failures in the course degree in physics. The results showed that the mean normalized gains of the three class standardized tests that were applied were similar to those achieved by other active teaching methods and superior to results obtained in the same tests in classes with the traditional teaching method. João achieved the class average in two of the three tests. The attitudes of the students about the method were positive having been highlighted mainly the reading assignments and team discussions. As negative factors were mentioned: the amount of work and not having enough time in class to carry out all the planned activities. About the self-efficacy beliefs in learn physics and in work collaboratively, we found that the beliefs of the students were positively influenced by the activities developed with the teaching method, through the main sources highlighted by Bandura: positive experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion and stress reduction. We conclude that TBL has the potential to assist in the conceptual learning of physics and developing self-efficacy beliefs in learn physics and in work collaboratively. Further research is necessary to continue this exploratory study, by investigating deeper into learning through a specific a theoretical reference and relate it to the change in perceptions of personal efficacy provided by the TBL.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mestrado_Educação.pdf: 2803403 bytes, checksum: 30a393b7df2b7f3782e448ce9203e75d (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia. / Temos atualmente no campo científico uma discussão importante no que se refere à exposição de conteúdos de biologia como sendo verdades únicas e com valor de estabilidade, em detrimento da valorização de conhecimentos outros dos estudantes, como os conhecimentos tradicionais, sendo a diversidade cultural pouco considerada na prática pedagógica. As plantas representam patrimônio histórico e natural da humanidade e elas têm relação com a construção dinâmica de culturas tradicionais. Fazem parte, portanto, das relações sociedade-natureza e, obviamente, é importante que a educação escolar esteja envolvida na formação cidadã dos estudantes que preze por uma responsabilidade socioambiental com respeito às florestas. Apesar de a Ilha de Maré ser parte do município de Salvador, a cultura e os costumes de seus moradores são bastante diferenciados do que se observa no continente, apresentando práticas peculiares associadas à aproximação e ao uso das plantas. Fundamentada no multiculturalismo crítico e na fenomenologia, nossa pesquisa esteve comprometida na análise do contexto que envolve as aprendizagens geradas a partir de uma sequência didática sobre reprodução vegetal, construída numa perspectiva sociocultural, por meio de uma parceria com a professora de biologia de uma turma de 2º ano do Ensino Médio de um colégio estadual de Salvador que recebe alunos que moram na Ilha de Maré. A partir de estudos de campo em Ilha de Maré com os moradores e os estudantes sobre questões relacionadas às plantas locais, obtivemos subsídio à construção e posterior desenvolvimento em sala de aula de uma sequência didática, avaliada de modo colaborativo com base no processo e no contexto das aprendizagens e nas vozes dos atores sociais envolvidos. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa situada e contextual, na qual construímos e avaliamos a sequência didática a partir da cultura local, enfatizando o contexto em que ocorrem os fenômenos, ela corresponde a um estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa. O desenvolvimento da sequência didática apontou alguns aspectos relevantes: a) o diálogo intercultural possibilitou o desenvolvimento de habilidades crítico-argumentativas e favoreceu a compreensão de conceitos sobre reprodução das angiospermas, sendo a ampliação do conhecimento da ciência escolar alcançada, embora não plenamente; b) as atividades avaliativas favoreceram o processo de aprendizagem; c) a abordagem multicultural crítica que desenvolvemos não foi capaz de favorecer o olhar em todos os alunos sobre as possibilidades de risco ao se usar remédios e também os chás, e d) alguns termos científicos foram relatados como de difícil compreensão, evidenciando os desafios ao cruzamento de fronteiras. Destacamos os elementos da sequência didática que podem ser tomados como referência para práticas pedagógicas inovadoras e significantes: a) a abordagem intercultural crítica; b) as formas de avaliação com as habilidades criativas acionadas; c) o uso de outras linguagens nas aulas e na Material Impresso Contextual; d) a explicitação sobre aspectos históricos da construção da ciência e sua natureza; e) a valorização tanto do contexto sociocultural quanto das falas dos estudantes no processo de diálogo; f) a associação entre a reprodução das plantas e questões ecológicas; g) o ensino a partir de plantas conhecidas pelos estudantes, e h) o cuidado para que o enfoque sociocultural de diálogo não interferisse na discussão sistemática do conhecimento científico. Apesar de a sequência didática desenvolvida ser um modelo inacabado, sugerimos que essa ferramenta seja adaptada a outros contextos, sendo os princípios validados nessa pesquisa - ambiental, cultural e epistemológico - recomendados para o desenho de propostas inovadoras de ensino. / ABSTRACT Currently we have in the field scientific an important discussion about exposition of the biology contents as unique truths and with value of stability, to the detriment of the appreciation of other knowledge of the students, as the traditional knowledge, and the cultural diversity has been poorly considered in the pedagogical practice. The plants represent historical and natural patrimony of humanity and they have relation with the dynamics construction of the traditional cultures. They are part, therefore, of the relations society-nature and, obviously, is important that the scholar education is involved civic education of the students that prizes by social environmental responsibility with respect to forests. Although “Ilha de Maré” is part of the Salvador city, the culture and the habits of its residents are quite differentiated from that observed on the continent, presenting peculiar practices associated with the approximation and use of plants. Grounded in critical multiculturalism and in phenomenology, our research was compromised in the analysis of the context that involved the learning generated from a teaching sequence about plant propagation, constructed on a sociocultural perspective, through a partnership with the biology teacher in a class of 2nd year high school students in a public school in Salvador which receives students who live on the “Ilha de Maré”. From field studies in “Ilha de Maré” with residents and students about issues related to local plants, we obtained subsidy for construction and further development in the classroom of a teaching sequence, evaluated in a collaborative form based on the process and in the context of learning and the voices of the social actors involved. Because it is a situated and contextualized research, in which we constructed and evaluated the teaching sequence from the local culture, emphasizing the context in which the phenomena occur, it corresponds to a case study, of the qualitative approach. The development of didactic sequence pointed out some important aspects: a) the intercultural dialogue enabled the development of argumentative and critical skills and facilitating of the understanding of concepts about reproduction of angiosperms, with the expansion of knowledge of school science achieved, though not fully; b) the evaluative activities enable the learning process; c) the critical multicultural approach that we developed was not able to promote in all students the look about the possibilities of risk when using medicines and also teas, e d) some scientific terms were reported as difficult to understand due to the challenges of crossing borders. Include the elements of the teaching sequence that can be taken as reference for innovative and significant pedagogical practices: a) the critical multicultural approach; b) the forms of evaluation with creative skills requested; c) the use of other languages in the classroom and in the contextualized handout; d) the explicitness about historical aspects of construction of science and its nature; e) the valuation of both the sociocultural context and the speech of students in the dialogue process; f) the association between the reproduction of plants and ecological issues; g) the teaching from plants known to the students, and h) the care for the sociocultural approach of dialogue does not interfere with systematic and thorough discussion of scientific knowledge. Although of the teaching sequence developed to be an unfinished model, we suggest that this tool is adapted to other contexts, being the principles validated in this research - environmental, cultural and epistemological - recommended for the design of innovative teaching proposals.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Inês Ribas Rodrigues / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa De Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2017. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o conhecimento matemático para o ensino do Pensamento Algébrico nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Tal pesquisa se justifica na medida em que, a partir da revisão de literatura, foi possível notar que existe certo consenso na comunidade internacional ao que se refere à importância e à necessidade do ensino da Álgebra já nesta etapa de escolaridade. Tal constatação se reflete, inclusive, na inserção de elementos algébricos no currículo de outros países, o mesmo não ocorrendo em nosso país, uma vez que esta discussão está ainda em uma fase embrionária. Baseados na revisão de literatura que nos mostrou que o trabalho com a Álgebra (Pensamento Algébrico) nos Anos Iniciais pode facilitar a aprendizagem com compreensão da própria Aritmética, assim como, pode contribuir para aprendizagens futuras da Álgebra, propomos um olhar sobre: O que se entende por conhecimento matemático para o ensino do Pensamento Algébrico nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental? Para tanto, do ponto de vista metodológico, optamos por uma pesquisa qualitativa, numa perspectiva interpretativista, no formato multipaper, iniciando-a com uma análise de alguns dos documentos curriculares nacionais em busca de entender se e como os elementos que constituem o Pensamento Algébrico estão dispostos nesses documentos. Tomando-se por conteúdo matemático os números, as operações e suas propriedades, esses dados foram complementados com informações obtidas em um curso de extensão voltado para professores dos Anos Iniciais, com o intuito de identificar a compreensão dos participantes acerca do Pensamento Algébrico e, também, compreender em que medida eles reconhecem os elementos que o constituem. Ademais, a partir do curso de formação oferecido buscamos identificar os conhecimentos matemáticos revelados pelo grupo de professores quando estes discutem tarefas com potencial algébrico. O estudo revelou-nos que, da mesma forma que o Pensamento Algébrico tem presença limitada nos documentos curriculares nacionais, à exceção dos mais recentes, também os professores de nosso estudo apresentam pouca familiaridade com questões centrais que envolvem a caracterização e o trabalho com o Pensamento Algébrico nos Anos Iniciais. Os resultados evidenciam que os professores, no que se refere ao trabalho com o Pensamento Algébrico, possuem um conhecimento mais voltado para o saber fazer em detrimento do conhecimento específico matemático do conteúdo a ser ensinado. / The main goal of this research is to investigate the Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching Algebraic Thinking in Elementary School. Such research sustains in the recognized (at least internationally) importance of developing the Algebraic Thinking since early stages. Recognizing such importance had an impact in the curriculum of other countries, by including some dimensions of the Algebraic Thinking in such curriculum. That is not the case in Brazil. The literature review reveals the fact that working with Algebra (Algebraic Thinking) since Early Years is a facilitator for learning Arithmetic itself, as well as a way for contributing to future Algebraic learning. Our approach focus on: What comprises the Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching Algebraic Thinking in Early Years? To do so, a qualitative research with an interpretative approach has been developed. Firstly an analysis of some of the National curricular documents has been made in order to better understand how the Algebraic Thinking elements are included (or not) in these documents. Considering the topic of Numbers, Operations and their properties also data from a continuous training program for Early Years teachers has been collected. With such data we aimed at both identify and understand teachers¿ knowledge on Algebraic Thinking and obtain a broader and deeper idea on to what extent the participants recognize the core elements of such Algebraic Thinking. In addition, from the data gathered on the context of the continuous training program, we seek to identify and better understand the Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching revealed by the group of teachers when discussing tasks with algebraic potential. The study showed us that, aligned with the scares presence of the Algebraic Thinking in the curriculum documents (except for the more recent ones), the teachers of our study reveal a low level of familiarity with the core elements of the work with Algebraic Thinking. The results reveal teachers¿ knowledge more related to the "know how to do" than to the specific mathematical knowledge of the content to be taught.

Le développement d'un environnement collaboratif est un processus complexe. La complexité réside dans le fait que ce développement implique beaucoup de prise de décisions. De multiples compromis doivent être faits pour répondre aux exigences actuelles et futures d'utilisateurs aux profils variés. La prise en compte de cette complexité pose des problèmes aux chercheurs, développeurs et utilisateurs. Les informations et données requises pour prendre des décisions adéquates de conception et évaluer rigoureusement ces décisions sont nombreuses, parfois indéterminées et en constante évolution. Dans la partie-I de cette thèse, nous formulons les connaissances générales sur le travail collaboratif synchrone qui constituent l'état de l'art du domaine du problème. Nous pratiquons de même pour les environnements collaboratifs synchrones (domaine de la solution technique) et leur cette formulation s'appuie sur une étude de la littérature et conduit à la proposition de Schéma Conceptuel (Concept Maps). Nous en déduisons trois modèles: SyCoW (travail collaboratif synchrone), SyCoE (environnement collaboratif synchrone) et SyCoEE (évaluation environnement collaboratif synchrone). Dans la partie II de cette thèse, nous proposons un processus pour la sélection / développement d'un environnement collaboratif, où nous démontrons comment les modèles SyCoW, SyCoE et SyCoEE structurent ce processus. Grâce à la mise en œuvre de la démarche proposée, nous présentons le développement d'un nouvel environnement collaboratif synchrone pour une réunion de revue de conception nommé MT-DT. MT-DT a été conçu, développé et évalué par l'auteur dans sa thèse de doctorat. MT-DT est une application logicielle 3D spécifique à une table multi-touche qui assiste les activités de revue de conception collaborative. Les résultats de l'évaluation ont confirmé la convivialité de MT-DT et fournissent des éléments de validation des choix que nous avons faits au cours du développement de MT-DT. / Development of collaborative environment is a complex process. The complexity lies in the fact that collaborative environment development involves a lot of decision making. Several tradeoffs need to be made to satisfy current and future requirements from a potentially various set of user profiles. The handling of these complexities poses challenges for researcher, developers and companies. The knowledge required to make suitable design decisions and to rigorously evaluate those design decisions is usually broad, complex, and evolving. In Part-I of this thesis we investigate to formulate the general knowledge about: synchronous collaborative work which conceptualize the problem domain, synchronous collaborative environment which conceptualize the solution domain and synchronous collaborative environment evaluation which conceptualize the evaluation of whole or part of the proposed solution for the specified problem. This formulation has been done through literature study and leaded to the Concept Maps. The results generate three models: SyCoW (synchronous collaborative work), SyCoE (synchronous collaborative environment) and SyCoEE (synchronous collaborative environment evaluation). In Part-II of this thesis we proposed a process for selection/development of collaborative environment, where we demonstrate how SyCoW, SyCoE and SyCoEE support this process in different ways. Through the proposed process we present the development of new synchronous collaborative environment for design review meeting, named, MT-DT. MT-DT has been designed, developed and evaluated by the author in her PhD. MT-DT consist of a multi-touch table with specific 3D software application which support collaborative design review activities. The results of evaluation confirmed the usability of MT-DT and provide arguments for our choices which we made during development of MT-DT.

Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-04T12:30:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJFCC.pdf: 1908092 bytes, checksum: 918e344fa0276dc8ec84044e8716fb59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T16:12:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJFCC.pdf: 1908092 bytes, checksum: 918e344fa0276dc8ec84044e8716fb59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T16:13:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJFCC.pdf: 1908092 bytes, checksum: 918e344fa0276dc8ec84044e8716fb59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T16:13:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJFCC.pdf: 1908092 bytes, checksum: 918e344fa0276dc8ec84044e8716fb59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Não recebi financiamento / The teacher and its work have been the target of researchers and interventions, however, in some cases; this professional develops a little active role. Work proposals which discuss scholar questions along with teachers appear in a collaborative format, in which this professional would take an active role in the knowledge construction and there would be knowledge exchange among those involved. The Behavior Analysis provides conditions to the discussions about the process of teaching and learning including the description of principles and procedures which contributed for effective teaching, and, also, for descriptive function evaluation which can be understood as an educational resource that has been teaching the teachers, and, in which, an individual establishes functions relations between events from behavior identification to be analyzed and antecedent conditions and subsequent to this behavior. From a collaborative work format, the aims of this research were to describe teaching situations carried out by kindergarten teacher for teaching pre-arithmetic skills and also enable to the participant to describe functional relationships between what she wanted to teach, their teaching practices, and performance of their students as a result of its practices. In addition, to describe the present collaborative work, as well as, to create conditions for the teacher to describe principles and procedures for Behavior Analysis, which could contribute to effective teaching, were also aims of this study. The present work has conducted at the school where the teacher works. It was realized interviews to research teaching practices (in the context of teaching pre-arithmetic skills) for teaching pre-arithmetic skills; a discussion between researcher and participant on tasks present in an educational program of pre-arithmetical skills and teacher interaction with the mentioned program; recording and classroom observations; discussions for planning and analysis classes. It was described seven situations of teaching which will be used for the teaching pre-arithmetic skills from the data. However, only two teaching situations were also planned, executed and analyzed, which were related to the ordering skills of ensemble and notion of the pertinence of the objects to sets. The descriptive functional assessment seems to be a tool with potential to collaborative works with teachers. However, the procedure used did not allow that the participant functionally relates all the aspects discussed in the planning of the analyzed classes. The teacher showed indicative behaviors that appropriated elements brought by the researcher, in the other words, viii the participant used in some moments of the planning, execution and analysis of class principles and procedures described by Behavior Analysis focused on teaching (for example, she said that should have done the evaluation of the previous repertoire of students to realize a teaching situation). In addition, in these situations, the participant established some punctual dependence relations between theirs aims, teaching practices and performance measures for students on these practices. Because it was a collaborative work, the exchange knowledge between researcher and participant was something desired, and about this, the participant contributed describing practices for the pre-arithmetical skills teaching, as well as thinking of teaching opportunities for those who were not part of their routine. Participant speeches indicated that some elements of the collaborative work were not present throughout the interaction, such as the co-responsibility for the work. Changes in the present procedure were suggested to amend this characteristic of the interaction. / O trabalho do professor tem sido alvo de diversas pesquisas e intervenções, sendo que em alguns casos este profissional desenvolve um papel pouco ativo. Surgem propostas de trabalhos que discutem questões escolares junto com os professores num formato colaborativo, nas quais esse profissional assumiria um papel ativo na construção do conhecimento e haveria troca de saberes entre os envolvidos. A Análise do Comportamento traz contribuições para as discussões sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, entre elas a descrição de princípios e procedimentos que contribuiriam para um ensino efetivo e também a avaliação funcional descritiva, que pode ser entendida como um recurso pedagógico que tem sido ensinado a professores e na qual um indivíduo estabelece relações funcionais entre eventos a partir da identificação do comportamento que se pretende analisar e das situações antecedente e subsequente a esse comportamento. Propondo um trabalho em formato colaborativo, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi descrever situações de ensino realizadas por uma professora da educação infantil para o ensino de habilidades pré-aritméticas e também possibilitar que a participante descrevesse relações funcionais entre o que desejava ensinar, suas práticas pedagógicas e o desempenho dos seus alunos como consequência de suas práticas. Descrever o trabalho colaborativo aqui realizado, bem como criar condições para que a professora descrevesse princípios e procedimentos descritos pela Análise do Comportamento e que poderiam contribuir para um ensino efetivo também eram objetivos desse estudo. Este foi conduzido na escola em que a professora participante trabalhava e para tal foram realizadas entrevistas para investigação de práticas docentes (no contexto de ensino de habilidades pré-aritméticas); discussão entre pesquisadora e participante sobre tarefas presentes em um programa de ensino de habilidades pré-aritméticas e interação da professora com o referido programa; gravação e observação de aulas; discussões para planejamento e análise de aulas. Foram descritas sete situações de ensino que podem ser usadas para o ensino de habilidades pré-aritméticas, contudo apenas duas também foram planejadas, executadas e analisadas e eram relativas as habilidades ordenação de conjunto e noção de pertinência de objetos a conjuntos. A avaliação funcional descritiva parece ser uma ferramenta com potencial para trabalhos colaborativos com professores, contudo, o procedimento utilizado não possibilitou que a participante relacionasse funcionalmente todos os aspectos discutidos no planejamento e análise de aulas. A professora apresentou comportamentos indicativos de que se apropriou de elementos trazidos pela pesquisadora, ou vi seja, diante das condições presentes no trabalho conjunto a participante usou em alguns momentos do planejamento, execução e análise da aula princípios e procedimentos descritos pela Análise do Comportamento voltados para o ensino (por exemplo, afirmou que deveria ter feito a avaliação do repertório prévio dos alunos para realização de uma situação de ensino), além de nessas situações ter estabelecido pontualmente algumas relações de dependência entre seus objetivos, práticas de ensino e medidas de desempenho dos alunos diante dessas práticas. Por se tratar de um trabalho colaborativo, a troca de conhecimento entre pesquisadora e participante era algo pretendido e sobre isso a participante contribuiu descrevendo práticas para o ensino de habilidades pré-aritméticas, bem como pensando em possibilidades de ensino para aquelas que ainda não faziam parte do seu dia-a-dia. Falas da participante indicaram que alguns elementos do trabalho colaborativo não estiveram presentes em toda a interação, como por exemplo, a co-responsabilidade pelo trabalho. Alterações no procedimento aqui descrito foram sugeridas visando alterar essa característica da interação.