Trypanosoma brucei, un parasite flagellé unicellulaire, est responsable de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine aussi connue comme la maladie du sommeil.Les microtubules (MTs) sous-pelliculaires, le quartet de MTs (MTQ), le flagelle (F) et le collier de la poche flagellaire (CPF) sont les principaux composants du cytosquelette dutrypanosome. À ce jour, une seule protéine du CPF, BILBO1, a été identifiée et caractérisée.Dans cette étude, nous montrons in vivo que BILBO1 forme des polymères capables deconstruire un échafaudage qui permet l’ancrage de protéines partenaires. Ainsi, un crible en double hybride chez la levure a identifié plusieurs protéines partenaires de BILBO1,notamment une nouvelle protéine appelée FPC4. Nous démontrons que FPC4 est une protéine spécifique des kinétoplastides, localisée au CPF mais aussi au hook-complex, une structure proche du CPF. L’interaction FPC4 – BILBO1 est démontrée in vitro et in vivo, etles domaines d'interaction identifiés. En outre, nous démontrons in vivo et in vitro que FPC4est une protéine associée aux microtubules. Nos données suggèrent fortement que FPC4est impliquée dans le processus de séparation des CPFs au cours du cycle cellulaire. Nos résultats mettent en évidence un lien étroit entre le MtQ et le CPF et l'implication probable duhook-complex. Enfin, nous mettons en évidence une structure analogue au hook-complex chez les Leishmanies. L’interaction BILBO1 – FPC4 représente une nouvelle cible thérapeutique et sera caractérisée plus avant. / Trypanosoma brucei, a unicellular flagellated parasite, is responsible for the human African trypanosomiasis also known as sleeping sickness. Sub-pellicular microtubules (MT), the MT quartet (MtQ), the flagellum (F) and the Flagellar Pocket Collar (FPC) are the main components of the T. brucei cytoskeleton. To date, only a single FPC protein, BILBO1, has been identified and characterized. In this study we demonstrate in vivo that BILBO1 forms polymers able to build a scaffold structure that anchors partner proteins. As such, a yeast-2-hybrid screen identified several BILBO1 interacting protein partners. We demonstrate that FPC4 is a kinetoplastid-specific protein, which is localized at the FPC and at the hook complex. Its specific interaction with BILBO1 has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, and the interacting domains identified. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FPC4 is a microtubule binding protein. Our data strongly suggest that FPC4 is involved in the separation of the old and the newly formed FPC during the cell cycle. Altogether, our results demonstrate a tight connection and interplay between the MtQ and the FPC and the likely involvement of an adjacent third structure, the hook complex. Finally, we highlight a structure similar to the hook-complex in Leishmania. The BILBO1 – FPC4 interaction represents a new therapeutic target and will be characterized further.

This qualitative study examines whether, and to what extent, gender equality can be used for trade-union revitalisation purposes. The white-collar unions; Unionen and Fackförbundet ST, are two prominent cases of studying actor’s promotion of gender equality on the Swedish labour market. This study sets out two questions; In what ways do they work with gender issues? Why do they work with gender equality - Is it being used strategically or because they think that it is an important issue? The empirical study is based on twenty interviews with the respective union leadership, elected representatives and officials. The results of the study show that both unions are working on gender equality, because their members consider gender equality to be a priority. As regards the issue of gender equality as a strategy, my study shows that Unionen is working on gender equality as a strategy while Fackförbundet ST do not. Unionen do so that they can recruit a new group, namely young members. Therefore, my study shows that gender equality can be used as a union revitalisation strategy. The study also shows that union revitalisation strategies are contextual in the sense that strategies that work in countries with high female employment rates and high female union coverage, are different from strategies that work in countries with low female employment rates and low female union coverage.

In this research I analyse how the existence of regulations that allow private funding of election campaigns have created opportunities for crime. Three specific questions are addressed here: 1. Do electoral donations increase political corruption? 2. Why do companies give electoral donations? 3. How are electoral donors compensated? To address these questions, I adopted a nested analysis. This sequential, mixed method brings together the strengths of both regression analysis and case study research, while conducting a validity check—triangulation—by convergence of results via different methods and theoretical approaches. I first conducted a cross-national comparison of 78 countries; then, I conducted a survey of 302 private companies in Colombia; and finally, I documented one case that described how campaign contributions affect the political decision-making process. The main conclusion of this research is that electoral law creates opportunities for crime, because it legalizes the entrance of interested money into politics, disqualifies donors as perpetrators, and introduces regulations with null or limited deterrent effect on the delivery of undue reciprocities. Indeed, I demonstrated that electoral financing is used as a legal bribery by private corporations. The legal character of this political instrument is perverted when undue compensation is delivered to donors. This is not a crime with a single perpetrator; rather, donors and incumbents are equally involved. However, donors are protected by electoral law, because the money delivered as corrupt incentive is classified as legal. This suggests that the law is being used as a mechanism that neutralizes donors as perpetrators. This perspective points to the manipulative use of electoral law, or creative compliance, as the term is used by McBarnet (2006).

M.Cur. (Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing) / The objective of this research is to explore and describe how the white-collar criminal experiences being admitted to prison. In a country like South Africa, where the crime rate is of the highest in the world and where a new democratic era has also begun where the prisoner is entitled to more humane treatment, the Department of Correctional Service faces considerable criticism from time to time, whilst being exposed to increasing demands. The white-collar criminal experiences problems integrating successfully in the prison community, with the result that such integration and the accompanying deprivation give rise to mental health problems. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, contextual research study has been undertaken to describe how. the white-collar criminal experiences being admitted to prison. Five whitecollar criminals, who. met all the set criteria, were included in the study by means of purposive convenience sampling. . In-depth exploration into the experience of the white-collar criminal was done by utilising the phenomenological method of interviewing for the collection of data. The researcher put a central question to the respondents, viz.: "How do you experience your admission to prison?" Data were analysed by means of descriptive analysis as described by Tesch. Anindependent coder was used to code and analyse the data. Consensus discussions between the researcher and the coder were held on the results. Obstacles and facilitative aspects were identified, which influence the white-collar criminal's ability to integrate in the prison community as part of the facilitation of the promotion, maintenance and restoration of mental health as an integral part of health...

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La maladie du sommeil ou trypanosomiase africaine humaine fait partie des maladies tropicales négligées sévissant en Afrique sub-saharienne. Elle est causée par le parasite mono-flagellé, Trypanosoma brucei, véhiculé par la mouche tsé-tsé (Glossina spp.). Le flagelle de ce parasite prend naissance au niveau du corps basal et émerge de la cellule en traversant une structure appelée poche flagellaire (FP). Cette poche est formée par l’invagination de la membrane plasmique autour de la base proximale du flagelle. Elle est essentielle à la survie du parasite, car elle constitue l’unique site d’endo- et d’exocytose de la cellule. Cette structure est maintenue autour du flagelle via un constituant du cytosquelette appelé, collier de la poche flagellaire (FPC). Ce collier décrit une structure en anneau ou en fer-à-cheval à la zone de sortie du flagelle. Le premier composant identifié au niveau du FPC est une protéine appelée BILBO1. BILBO1 est essentielle et nécessaire à la biogenèse du FPC et de la FP. Une analyse protéomique et un crible en double-hybride réalisé contre une banque génomique de T. brucei ont permis d’identifier plusieurs partenaires potentiels de BILBO1. Nous avons pu identifier et caractériser de nouvelles protéines du FPC, localisées comme BILBO1 dans une structure en anneau. Nous avons étudié leur fonction chez le parasite, en caractérisant les effets de la surexpression de ces protéines ou de leur ARN interférence sur la croissance et la morphologie cellulaire. / The Human African Trypanosomiasis is a Sub-Saharan Neglected Tropical Disease, caused by Trypanosoma brucei, a mono-flagellate protozoan transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.). The T. brucei flagellum originates from a cytoplasmic basal body then grows, to emerge from the cell, by traversing an unusual and essential structure called the Flagellar Pocket (FP). This pocket is an invagination of the pellicular membrane at the base of the flagellum. The FP is essential for the survival of the parasite, because it is the unique site for endo- and exocytosis. The Flagellar Pocket Collar (FPC) is a cytoskeletal component of the FP, and is located at the neck of the FP where it maintains a ring/horseshoe structure at the exit site of the flagellum. The FPC contains numerous uncharacterised proteins, including the first protein identified as FPC component - BILBO1. BILBO1 is essential and required for FPC and FP biogenesis. A proteomic analysis and a private two-hybrid genomic screen experiment on T. brucei have revealed a number of potential BILBO1 partners. We found several proteins localize to the FPC like BILBO1 in a ring-like structure. We characterise these new FPC proteins and their function in the parasite. We have characterised the effects of the GFP fusion protein over-expression and RNAi on cell growth and morphology in T. brucei.

The thesis describes the internal control system of a company in relation to internal audit. It also describes various types of fraudulent acts and analyzes several research papers focused on this topic. Furthermore, the thesis shows relations of these issues to white-collar crime, employment law, criminology and the psychology of offenders.

The thesis portrays the British white-collar worker in relation to four domains of analysis: the workplace, the trade union, the class system, and political life. Its empirical findings derive from in-depth interviews with 134 "staff employees of Midland Products", a large manufacturing corporation in Nottingham. At Midland, the broad evocation "the rise of white-collar work" obscures the cleavage in non-manual job types between light clerical positions and better-paid, highly-ranked, and supervisory positions. It also obscures a cleavage among the staff employees between women, who are more satisfied at work and less interested in promotion, and men, who are relatively dissatisfied and more ambitious. Moreover, men dominate the better, and women the most junior and poorest-paid jobs at the company. Nevertheless, women are much less likely than men voluntarily to affiliate with trade unions. Women are also more hostile to the power unions hold in British society. Midland's modal trade unionist is male, order, suggestively more senior in the hierarchy, but unlikely to subscribe to unionism's high principles. The staff employees are sharply divided by class identity; just 52% self-classifying as middle class. "Many believe themselves, and on the conventional measure are, upwardly mobile. But a middle or working class identity is a poor guide to staff employee views on workplace and social issues. Nor does it reflect the profound occupational inequalities they experience at the company. Most staff employees identify with and vote for the Conservative party. The Tory coalition includes virtually all those raised in Conservative homes, together with many raised by Liberals and Labourites. Inter-party migration is especially common among the sons and daughters of manually-employed Labourites who are subjectively mobile. Yet 30% of Midland's staff employees are Labourites, which is an important barrier to the normative coherence of the stratum. Owing primarily to the growth of non-manual Labourites, the outlook is for even more fragmentation in Britain's new middle class. Coupled with analogous changes in the industrial working class, the power of "the class dynamic" may be much attenuated in the 1980s. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

La mondialisation des échanges, générant un accroissement des volumes de transactions financières, a été accompagnée par une mondialisation des activités criminelles. Les techniques de blanchiment se sont adaptées à cette réalité économique. La lutte anti-blanchiment est intrinsèquement un sujet complexe qui a mobilisé une volonté d’architecture ouverte entre les acteurs publics et une interdépendance entre les régulateurs et les institutions financières. Son objectif est de viser l’action des organisations criminelles transnationales qui ont su tirer profit de la congruence entre la sophistication financière et l’ère du numérique. La réglementation de ces dernières années, concernant la lutte anti-blanchiment d’argent et lutte contre le financement du terrorisme, a mis en relief l’émergence du droit souple avec, parallèlement, un changement paradigmatique pour les institutions financières qui se retrouvent désormais à appliquer des normes restrictives émanant du législateur et d’appliquer des normes de contrainte, ou incitatives, provenant de différentes autorités de régulation, générant parfois une perception de superposition réglementaire. Insérées dans le dispositif mondial de lutte anti blanchiment, les institutions financières doivent s’adapter cette inflation réglementaire qui persiste depuis plusieurs années. Ce changement de texture normative se caractérise par une combinaison de ces différents droits dont le mouvement ne cesse de se prolonger avec le droit de la régulation bancaire et financière. Ce droit de la régulation bancaire et financière invite les institutions financières à adopter une certaine élasticité dans la mise en place des dispositifs de conformité permettant la mise en oeuvre d’outils systémiques face à une complexité endémique de la délinquance financière. La mondialisation de la criminalité financière appelle à la nécessité de la mondialisation du droit via un système de contrôle adapté de la part des acteurs de la finance. Dans ce contexte, le juriste en conformité voit ses prérogatives revisitées et sa perception bouleversée par ce mouvement de plaque tectonique réglementaire. / Globalization of trade and financial transactions have been followed by globalization of financial crime.Money laundering techniques have converged in light of this economic reality. Anti-Money laundering is considered like a complex topic wich includes interaction between regulator bodies and financial institutions. It aims to counter international criminal transactions taking advantage of financial innovation and digital evolution. The anti-money laundering regulation of recents years highlights soft law wich results new normative paradigm producing regulatory overlay.Inserted in anti-money laundering worldwide program, financial institutions have to deal with regulatory inflation that has lasted for several years. This normative mutation is defined by different laws combination whose movement continues to grow with banking and financial regulatory. This banking and financial regulatory requires financial institutions to put in place a flexibility compliance program with systemic tools to cope with white-collar complexity environment. Financial crime globalization needs globalization law and regulation wich uses financial institutions monitoring system. In this context, the compliance lawyer must adapt his perception and mission with respect to tectonic plate regulation movement.

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