Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Francis Henrik Aubert / Banca: Ieda Maria Alves / Banca: Claudia Maria Xatara / Banca: Eli Nazareth Bechara / Resumo: Esta pesquisa visa realizar um estudo a respeito dos termos, colocações e colocações especializadas estendidas presentes em contratos sociais e estatutos sociais que representam os corpora de pesquisa. Nesta pesquisa, também observaremos as semelhanças e diferenças nos corpora de traduções jurídicas e juramentadas, no que concerne ao uso desses termos e padrões lexicais, assim como apontaremos aqueles que são mais frequentemente empregados em documentos do tipo contrato social e estatuto social. A investigação baseia-se na abordagem interdisciplinar dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus, da Linguística de Corpus, da Fraseologia, de modo mais específico das colocações, das colocações especializadas e das unidades fraseológicas especializadas. A Terminologia, por meio de seus pressupostos teóricos, também traz sua contribuição para a pesquisa, assim como os trabalhos sobre a tradução juramentada. Uma das motivações que delineia este estudo reside no fato de a tradução juramentada ser considerada de grande relevância nas relações comerciais, sociais e jurídicas entre as nações. Para realizar este estudo, compilamos um corpus de estudo (CE1) constituído por contratos sociais e estatutos sociais traduzidos no modo juramentado, nas direções tradutórias inglês português e português inglês, extraídos de Livros de Registro de Traduções, pertencentes a tradutores juramentados credenciados pela Junta Comercial de dois Estados brasileiros; e um corpus de estudo (CE2) formado por documentos de mesma natureza traduzidos sem o processo de juramentação, nas mesmas direções tradutórias. Além destes corpora, construímos dois corpora comparáveis, formados pelos referidos documentos originalmente escritos em português e em inglês. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram várias semelhanças, no tocante aos termos empregados em documentos traduzidos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This investigation aims at carrying out a study on terms, collocations and extended specialized collocations present in articles of incorporation/articles of organization/articles of association and bylaws that represent our research corpora. We will also observe similarities and differences in sworn and legal translation corpora, which concerns the use of such terms and lexical patterns, as well as point out the ones which are more frequently used in the focused documents. This research derives its theoretical and methodological sources from Corpus-Based Translation Studies, Corpus Linguistics, Phraseology, more specifically from collocations, specialized collocations and specialized phraseological units (SPUs). Terminology, from its theoretical standpoint, also offers its contribution to this study, as well as essays on sworn translation. One of the aspects that motivates this study is the fact that sworn translation is considered to be of great relevance to commercial, social and legal relations among nations. To conduct this research, we compiled a study corpus (CE1) composed of articles of incorporation/articles of organization/articles of association and bylaws submitted to the process of sworn translation in the English Portuguese and Portuguese English directions, excerpted from the Books of Sworn Translation Records, made available by five Brazilian sworn translators, duly sworn by the Board of Trade of two Brazilian States; a study corpus (CE2) made up of documents of the same nature not submitted to the process of sworn translation, in the same translation directions. Besides these corpora, we also built two comparable corpora formed by the referred documents originally written in Portuguese and in English. The results obtained in this research showed some similarities which refer to the terms used in documents submitted to the process of sworn translation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Notre travail de recherche vise deux objectifs étroitement liés. Le premier consiste à proposer une aide à l’évaluation des écrits scientifique et pour cause : le nombre de publication augmente, les limites entre les domaines deviennent floues, et il devient difficile de trouver des publications pertinentes si bien qu’un besoin pratique d’évaluation surgit. Il s’agit aussi de trouver les moyens d’une aide à l’expertise, appuyée sur des indices discursifs permettant d’aider le lecteur à repérer les points clés d’une publication (phase préalable à une évaluation) notamment à travers l’identification du problème de recherche. Ces indices qui annoncent la formulation du problème de recherche dans les articles scientifiques sont repérables sous forme de « formules de discours ». Notre recherche ne s’étend pas sur la formulation de la problématique scientifique au vu de la complexité de cette notion et de la difficulté de la définir d’un point de vue de l’extraction d’information. Nous proposons une modélisation de ces formules de discours que nous avons intégrée dans l’analyseur syntaxique Xerox Incremental Parser (XIP) sous forme de règles de reconnaissance. Nous avons utilisé un corpus d’articles de recherche en sciences de l’éducation extraits du corpus Scientext pour y détecter ces formules de discours. Le choix du domaine est motivé par ma participation au projet européen EERQI dont le but est de renforcer et d’améliorer la visibilité mondiale et la compétitivité de la recherche européenne en éducation. Différentes approches méthodologiques ont été adoptées afin de procéder à une étude linguistique fine de ces formules dîtes de discours entre autres : l’analyse de discours (M. Pecman, 2004, K. Hyland, 2005, Á. Sándor, A. Kaplan, G. Randeau, 2006, D. Siepman, 2007, A. Tutin, 2007-2010), robust parsing (S. Aït-Mokhtar, J. Chanod, R. Roux, 2002). Il s’agit donc de mettre en œuvre une approche applicative en vue de l’aide à la lecture experte à travers l’identification, la typologie et le fonctionnement des associations lexicales véhiculant le problème de recherche. / Our research focuses on two interrelated objectives. The first one aims at providing assistance to the evaluation of scientific writings because of; the numbers of publication, which keep on rising, the boundaries between the areas become and it's becoming more and more difficult to find relevant publications so as the practical need for assessments is appearing as unavoidable. We also have to find new ways to help the evaluation of the research work, through a wide range of indications different from those usually used for research assessment, notably, through the identification of the research problem. These indications that announce the formulation of the research problem in scientific articles can be identified as "speech formulas." Our research does not extend to the formulation of the scientific problem because of the complexity of this concept and the difficulty of defining it from the point of view of information extraction. We propose a model of the speech forms that we have integrated into the parser Xerox Incremental Parser (XIP) in pattern recognition rules. We used a corpus of Educational Sciences Research articles from the Scientext corpus to detect these speeches formulas. The choice of field is motivated by my participation in the European project EERQI which aims to strengthen and enhance the worldwide visibility and competitiveness of European research in education. Different methodological approaches were adopted to perform a fine linguistic study of these formulas as: discourse analysis (Mr. Pecman, 2004, K. Hyland, 2005, Á, Sándor A. Kaplan, G. Randeau, 2006, D. Siepman, 2007, A. Tutin, 2007-2010), robust parsing (S. Aït-Mokhtar, J. Chanod, R. Roux, 2002). Thus, the goal is to implement an applicative approach aiming at helping expert reading through the identification, typology and functioning of lexical associations which convey the research problem.

Le présent travail se donne comme objectif de proposer une méthode de description complète des unités terminologiques du domaine du droit de l’Internet. Il s’agit d’un modèle hybride permettant de refléter à la fois la dimension linguistique et conceptuelle des termes et plus précisément, les relations lexico-sémantiques et les liens conceptuels que ces derniers entretiennent avec d’autres unités terminologiques et lexicales appartenant au vocabulaire du domaine et ceci par le biais de leur comportement dans l’univers discursif. Le projet, que nous avons baptisé DITerm, s’inscrit donc dans une démarche résolument descriptive dont l’ambition est de rendre compte des usages observés dans la langue de spécialité donnée. Le modèle en question est créé à partir d’un corpus de textes juridiques d’environ 5 000 000 mots et doit servir de base à la conception d’un dictionnaire spécialisé d’encodage destiné aux traducteurs dont la langue de travail est le français. Le terme, tel qu’il est envisagé dans le cadre de cette étude, constitue une unité à dimensions multiples qui doit être considérée sous différents angles. Sa description est donc basée sur l’analyse de ses relations lexicales, conceptuelles et contextuelles et s’inspire largement des modèles lexicographiques. Le projet DITerm a pour arrière-plan théorique la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire, composante lexicologique de la théorie Sens-Texte (Mel’čuk et al. 1995) ainsi que la théorie des cadres et ses différentes applications (Minsky, Fillmore, Martin). La méthodologie adoptée dans ce projet s’inscrit dans le cadre de la linguistique de corpus (Sinclair). Le modèle DITerm propose de décrire chaque terme comme le centre d’une constellation autour de laquelle gravitent de nombreux termes coordonnés formant ce que Cornu (2002) appelle des familles opérationnelles. Pour modéliser les relations que partage le terme vedette avec les unités qui ont tendance à apparaître dans son univers contextuel, nous avons recours à des formules explicites fondées sur un métalangage compréhensible pour tous. Ce formalisme, basé sur la paraphrase, correspond en partie à la vulgarisation des fonctions lexicales. Il présente par ailleurs l’avantage de pouvoir s’adapter à la représentation des liens d’ordre conceptuel. Deplus, la description est enrichie par la mise en place d’un modèle d’annotation des contextes au moyen des cadres sémantiques à la FrameNet permettant de mettre en évidence les liens indirects entretenus par les termes / The aim of this work is to propose a holistic description of terminological units in the field of Internet law, based on a hybrid model that reflectis both the linguistic and the conceptual dimension of terms. To be more precise, this model aims to point out the lexical-semantic relationships and conceptual links that those terms maintain with other terminological and lexical units belonging to the Internet law vocabulary, by studying their behavior in the discursive universe. The project (which we call DITerm) is part of a descriptive approach whose ambition is to explain observed usage in the specialized language at hand. The model was created using acorpus made up of legal texts which totals about 5 000,000 words. The model will be used as the basis for the conception of a specialized encoding dictionary. This dictionary is intended for translators with French language as their working language. The term, as it is viewed in this study, is a multi-dimensional unity which should be considered from many angles. Its description is hence based on the analysis of its lexical, conceptual and contextual relationships which is widely inspired by lexicographical models. Thetheoretical background of the DITerm project is Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology, the lexicological component of Meaning-Text Theory (Mel’čuk et al. 1995). We also draw inspiration from the frame theory and its different applications (Minsky’s Frame System Theory,Fillmore’s Frame Semantics). The methodology adopted in this project fits into the framework of corpus linguistics (Sinclair).The DITerm model proposes to describe each term as the center of a constellation around which several coordinated terms gravitate, creating what Cornu (2002) calls operational families. In order to model the relationships the term shares with the units which tend to appear in its contextual universe, we rely on several explicit formulas based on a broadly comprehensible metalanguage. This formalism, which is based on paraphrase, correlates partly with the popularization of the lexical functions. On the other hand, it has the advantage of adapting to the representation of conceptual links. In addition, the description is enriched by the implementation of an annotation model of the contexts in which the terms occur, which makes it possible to account for indirect links that are maintained by terms. This annotation model is an application of the FrameNet methodology.

<p>This essay is a corpus study, the aim of which is to investigate the usage of two near-synonymous verb pairs that descend from Germanic and Romance languages. The four verbs begin, commence, hate, and detest were chosen for the study. The analysis is based on occurrences of the verbs in five subcorpora in the COBUILDDIRECT corpus; two subcorpora consist of British and American books and three subcorpora are composed of British and Australian newspapers. Occurrences were also collected from the novel Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Brontë. The primary aims of the essay are to investigate the frequency and occurrence of the verbs in different text types as well as in British and American books, to reveal if the verbs are synonymous and whether they occur with the same collocates. Furthermore, the novel Wuthering Heights gives a diachronic view of the usage of the verbs.</p><p>This analysis suggests that a usage of the verbs of Germanic origin is more frequent than the verbs of Romance origin. The Romance verbs are more common in novels and books, but also in the British newspaper The Times. Furthermore, the usage of commence and detest seems to be restricted to certain contexts which are connected to the field of the English language in which the verbs occurred at first. The Germanic verbs are clearly favoured in all kinds of texts investigated, even though Wuthering Heights has a high number of occurrences of commence.</p><p>On the topic of synonymy, begin and commence have been found to be further apart from each other than hate and detest. This is due to the fact that begin and commence are constructed grammatically different, as well as a restriction in contextual usage of commence. Despite this, commence is used more freely in American books than in British books. The synonymy of hate and detest is connected to the fact that detest expresses a stronger feeling than hate, which makes the two verbs near-synonymous but also gradable. The verbs in the two pairs also collocate with different words, which underlines that they are not real synonyms. These findings support the claim that one should not call the verb pairs synonyms but near-synonyms, and that one has to be careful when choosing a verb.</p>

Prior research has considered the sequential order of function words, after the contextual words of the text have been removed, as a stylistic indicator of authorship. This research describes an effort to enhance authorship attribution accuracy based on this same information source with alternate classifiers, alternate n-gram construction methods, and a genetically tuned configuration. The approach is original in that it is the first time that probabilistic versions of Burrows's Delta have been used. Instead of using z-scores as an input for a classifier, the z-scores were converted to probabilistic equivalents (since z-scores cannot be subtracted, added, or divided without the possibility of distorting their probabilistic meaning); this adaptation enhanced accuracy. Multiple versions of Burrows's Delta were evaluated; this includes a hybrid of the Probabilistic Burrows's Delta and the version proposed by Smith & Aldridge (2011); in this case accuracy was enhanced when individual frequent words were evaluated as indicators of style. Other novel aspects include alternate n-gram construction methods; a reconciliation process that allows texts of various lengths from different authors to be compared; and a GA selection process that determines which function (or frequent) words (see Smith & Rickards, 2008; see also Shaker, Corne, & Everson, 2007) may be used in the construction of function word n-grams.

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor a construção de um glossário bilíngue (inglêsportuguês) de colocações especializadas com a palavra acorde, relacionadas à área de Harmonia Musical. Ela se justifica pela falta de estudos terminológicos relacionados às colocações especializadas do campo da Teoria Musical. Os alicerces teóricos que sustentam a pesquisa são: os Estudos da Tradução Baseados em corpus, que vincula a metodologia da Linguística de Corpus (LC) aos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução; a Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT) que orienta a análise terminológica e a elaboração de glossários especializados; e a Fraseologia, que fornece respaldo à análise das colocações. Para este estudo foi construído um corpus comparável de textos escritos em Inglês (EUA) e Português (BR), com publicações ou reedições a partir de 1990, abrangendo os seguintes gêneros: instrucionais (livros-textos, apostilas) e acadêmico-científicos (artigos científicos, dissertações e teses). Os materiais, coletados de meio eletrônico e impresso, provém de sites de revistas especializadas, periódicos, congressos, conservatórios e faculdades de Música. A análise descritiva do corpus de estudo conta com a ajuda do software Wordsmith Tools (Scott, 2016) que gera listas de palavras-chave, colocados, clusters e concordâncias. A partir da análise das listas e comparação entre contextos nas duas línguas, foi elaborado um glossário, cujos verbetes estão organizados em ordem alfabética, com exemplos de uso retirados do corpus. O produto final tem, como público alvo, tradutores e músicos. / This research aims to propose the construction of a bilingual English-Portuguese glossary of specialized collocations related to the term chord from the area of Musical Harmony. The reason for this study is the lack of terminological researches about specialized collocations from Musical Theory. This research is based on the following theoretical foundations: Corpus-based Translation Studies that links the methodology of Corpus Linguistics (CL) to Descriptive Translation Studies; The Communicative Theory of Terminology (TCT) which guides the terminological analysis and the elaboration of specialized glossaries; and Phraseology, which gives support to the analysis of collocations. A comparable corpus of texts written in English (USA) and Portuguese (BR) was compiled for this study. The texts published from 1990 are subdivided into two text genres: instructional texts (textbooks, study manuals) and scientific research (scientific articles, dissertations and theses). These materials, collected from electronic and print media, were obtained from the websites of specialized magazines, periodicals, conferences, conservatories and music colleges. The descriptive analysis of the study corpus was accomplished from the data provided by the software Wordsmith Tools (SCOTT, 2016) that generates wordlists, keywords, clusters and concordances. From the analysis of the lists and the comparison between contexts in both languages, we elaborated a glossary, whose entries are organized alphabetically, with examples of usage extracted from the corpus. The final product is intended to assist translators and musicians.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é elaborar uma proposta de glossário bilíngue (inglês - português) de colocações da hotelaria, voltado às necessidades do tradutor. Esta pesquisa justifica-se por abordar uma área técnica com grande volume de traduções e escassez de estudos terminológicos e por dar destaque a um elemento constitutivo e de alta incidência nas comunicações especializadas as colocações. Na base do fenômeno das colocações está o princípio de que a linguagem é padronizada e integra um sistema probabilístico, ou seja, tende a funcionar por meio de unidades pré-fabricadas convencionalizadas pelo uso. Conhecer esses padrões é de suma importância ao tradutor que pretende produzir um texto natural na língua de chegada. Esta pesquisa encontra-se no escopo dos estudos em Linguística de Corpus, Terminologia Textual, Tradução e Fraseologia, áreas que compartilham o interesse em observar a linguagem real em seu contexto de ocorrência. Para este trabalho, construímos um corpus comparável de textos extraídos de sites de estabelecimentos hoteleiros no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Foram compilados 321 textos e 546.106 palavras em inglês, 710 textos e 514.449 palavras em português, conteúdo subdividido por categorias de estabelecimentos. Para a exploração do corpus, utilizamos o software WordSmith Tools, versão 5 (Scott, 2007), em especial, ferramentas como listas de palavras-chave, listas de colocados e concordâncias. Realizamos um estudo aprofundado da palavra room, fazendo um levantamento de suas principais colocações e explicitando o caminho percorrido para o estabelecimento dos equivalentes. A partir desses dados, apresentamos nossa proposta de glossário, que privilegiou aspectos interesse ao tradutor. / This research presents a proposal for a bilingual glossary (English-Portuguese) of collocations typical of the hotel industry, aimed at meeting the needs of the translator. This way, we address a technical area in which translation is a constant need while there is a real lack of reference materials and we also focus on an element that constitutes specialized communications - the collocations. This linguistics phenomenon represents the principle according to which language is standardized and makes up a probalistic system, which tends to function by means of pre-fabricated conventionalized units. A good command of such standards is of utmost importance for the translator who wishes to produce a natural translation in the target language. This research draws on the principles of Corpus Linguistics, Textual Terminology, Translation and Phraseology, areas which share the interest of observing real language in context. We have built a comparable corpus comprising texts extracted from websites of hotel properties in Brazil and USA. The corpus is divided up into hotel categories and contains 321 texts and 546,106 words in English; 710 texts and 514,449 words in Portuguese. This corpus was explored with the aid of WordSmith Tools program (Scott, 2007, version 5) and tools such as keywords, lists of collocations and concordance lines. We have carried out a thorough investigation of the word room, determining its major collocates and outlining the procedures to establish their equivalents. This study concludes with our proposal for a glossary entry that focussed on the intests of our target audience, the translator.

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor a construção de um glossário bilíngue (inglêsportuguês) de colocações especializadas com a palavra acorde, relacionadas à área de Harmonia Musical. Ela se justifica pela falta de estudos terminológicos relacionados às colocações especializadas do campo da Teoria Musical. Os alicerces teóricos que sustentam a pesquisa são: os Estudos da Tradução Baseados em corpus, que vincula a metodologia da Linguística de Corpus (LC) aos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução; a Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT) que orienta a análise terminológica e a elaboração de glossários especializados; e a Fraseologia, que fornece respaldo à análise das colocações. Para este estudo foi construído um corpus comparável de textos escritos em Inglês (EUA) e Português (BR), com publicações ou reedições a partir de 1990, abrangendo os seguintes gêneros: instrucionais (livros-textos, apostilas) e acadêmico-científicos (artigos científicos, dissertações e teses). Os materiais, coletados de meio eletrônico e impresso, provém de sites de revistas especializadas, periódicos, congressos, conservatórios e faculdades de Música. A análise descritiva do corpus de estudo conta com a ajuda do software Wordsmith Tools (Scott, 2016) que gera listas de palavras-chave, colocados, clusters e concordâncias. A partir da análise das listas e comparação entre contextos nas duas línguas, foi elaborado um glossário, cujos verbetes estão organizados em ordem alfabética, com exemplos de uso retirados do corpus. O produto final tem, como público alvo, tradutores e músicos. / This research aims to propose the construction of a bilingual English-Portuguese glossary of specialized collocations related to the term chord from the area of Musical Harmony. The reason for this study is the lack of terminological researches about specialized collocations from Musical Theory. This research is based on the following theoretical foundations: Corpus-based Translation Studies that links the methodology of Corpus Linguistics (CL) to Descriptive Translation Studies; The Communicative Theory of Terminology (TCT) which guides the terminological analysis and the elaboration of specialized glossaries; and Phraseology, which gives support to the analysis of collocations. A comparable corpus of texts written in English (USA) and Portuguese (BR) was compiled for this study. The texts published from 1990 are subdivided into two text genres: instructional texts (textbooks, study manuals) and scientific research (scientific articles, dissertations and theses). These materials, collected from electronic and print media, were obtained from the websites of specialized magazines, periodicals, conferences, conservatories and music colleges. The descriptive analysis of the study corpus was accomplished from the data provided by the software Wordsmith Tools (SCOTT, 2016) that generates wordlists, keywords, clusters and concordances. From the analysis of the lists and the comparison between contexts in both languages, we elaborated a glossary, whose entries are organized alphabetically, with examples of usage extracted from the corpus. The final product is intended to assist translators and musicians.

Pour modéliser au mieux les phénomènes linguistiques dans les systèmes de traitement automatique des langues (traduction, analyse, etc.), il faut disposer de ressources de qualité. Or, les ressources existantes sont souvent incomplètes et ne permettent pas de traiter correctement les données. Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'acquisition de connaissances linguistiques, plus précisément à leur extraction à partir de corpus. Nous étudions en particulier le problème des collocations, ces couples de termes dont l'un est choisi en fonction de l'autre pour exprimer un sens particulier (comme " pluie battante " où " pluie " exprime l'intensification). Pour permettre l'acquisition de données à grande échelle, il faut la rendre facile à réaliser de manière automatique, et simple à paramétrer par des linguistes aux connaissances limitées en programmation ; cela nécessite une modélisation adaptée et précise des données et des processus. Nous avons réalisé et décrivons MuLLinG, modèle de graphes linguistiques multiniveau, où chaque niveau représente l'information d'une manière différente,et les opérations de manipulation de ces graphes. Ce modèle permet de représenter et traiter divers types de ressources. En effet, les opérations associées ont été écrites pour être les plus génériques possibles : elles sont indépendantes de ce que peuvent représenter les nœuds et les arcs du graphe, et de la tâche à réaliser. Cela permet à notre modèle, mis en œuvre et utilisé pour plusieurs expérimentations (entre autres l'extraction de collocations), de voir un processus parfois complexe d'extraction de connaissances linguistiques comme une succession d'opérations simples de manipulation de graphes.

No description available.