A doença cárie pode ser tratada com tratamento preventivo e ou tratamento restaurador. Para o tratamento preventivo, pode-se lançar mão da utilização do flúor, sendo sua utilização bastante difundida na Odontologia como eficaz método de promoção de saúde bucal. Já para o tratamento restaurador, utilizam-se materiais restauradores, sendo os compósitos odontológicos umas das principais escolhas entre os materiais restauradores estéticos usados na Odontologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação de soluções fluoretadas na estabilidade de cor, rugosidade de superfície e análise qualitativa por microscopia eletrônica por varredura de compósitos odontológicos. Após confecção e polimento, os corpos de prova foram imersos em água destilada (controle), flúor fosfato acidulado (1,23%), gel fluoretado neutro (2%) e solução de flúor para bochechos diário (0,05%) por períodos de simulação correspondentes a 1 a 5 anos de uso clínico da solução fluoretada. Foram realizadas leituras de cor (&Delta;E), rugosidade de superfície (Ra) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura previamente e posteriormente a cada ano de ciclagem com as soluções fluoretadas estudadas. Após análise estatística (3-way ANOVA com medidas repetidas Bonferroni nível de significância em p<0.05), observou-se que todos os compósitos estudados apresentaram discreta alteração de cor, dentro do limite clinicamente aceitável (&Delta;E<3,3), sendo crescente de acordo com os anos de simulação clínica de 1 até 5 anos. Quanto à rugosidade, observou-se um padrão de comportamento não homogêneo, sendo, após 5 anos de simulação de uso clínico das soluções fluoretadas, menor que a rugosidade de superfície necessária para causar um aumento da retenção de biofilme dentário (Ra>0,2 &mu;m) para todos os compósitos analisados. A análise das fotomicrografias demonstrou o aparecimento de pequenas depressões na superfície das amostras e penetração de água (solvente) no interior dos compósitos diretos. Conclui-se que a alteração de cor dos compósitos foi clinicamente aceitável e a alteração de rugosidade de superfície não é clinicamente significante após imersão em todas as soluções fluoretadas e tempos estudados. / Dental caries can be treated with preventive treatment or restorative treatment. For preventive treatment, we can resort to the use of fluoride, and its widespread use in Dentistry as an effective method of promoting oral health. As for the restorative treatment, are used restorative materials, dental composites are one of the first choices among the materials used in aesthetic restorative dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride solution in color stability, surface roughness and qualitative analysis by scanning electron microscopy of dental composites. After preparation and polishing, the specimens were immersed in distilled water (control), acidulated phosphate fluoride (1.23%), neutral sodium fluoride gel (2%) and fluoride mouthwashes for daily (0.05%) for periods simulation corresponding to 1 to 5 years of clinical use of fluoride solution. Readings were taken in color (&Delta;E), surface roughness (Ra) and scanning electron microscopy before and after each year of cycling with the fluoride solution studied. After statistical analysis (3-way repeated measures ANOVA - Bonferroni - a significance level of p<0.05), was observed that all the composites studied showed a slight color change, within clinically acceptable (&Delta;E<3.3), being increased according to the years of clinical simulation from 1 to 5 years. As for the roughness, there was a pattern of behavior is not homogeneous, and, after five years of simulated clinical use of fluoride solution, smaller than the surface roughness required to cause an increased retention of dental plaque (Ra>0.2 &mu;m) for all composites analyzed. The analysis of the photomicrographs showed the appearance of small depressions on the surface and penetration of water (solvent) within the direct composites. We conclude that the color change of the composites was clinically acceptable and the surface roughness change is not clinically significant after immersion in all fluoride solution and times studied.

Disfunções na percepção das cores, i.e. discromatopsias, podem ocorrer por um grande número de causas, sejam estas congênitas ou adquiridas. A possibilidade de cura torna premente a necessidade de se conhecer os impactos das discromatopsias sobre a vida de seus portadores. Questionários que avaliam a qualidade de vida na área de pesquisa visual vêm se mostrando eficazes para verificação do impacto de doenças do sistema visual sobre a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Todavia, nos instrumentos que atualmente existem questões relacionadas à visão de cores ainda são praticamente ausentes. Com o intuito de avaliar o impacto da discromatopsia congênita sobre a vida de indivíduos adultos com este tipo de alteração visual, este estudo tem por objetivo desenvolver uma ferramenta que acesse dimensões deste impacto. O estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas: estudo exploratório-descritivo por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, desenvolvimento metodológico da tecnologia e estudo piloto dos questionário construídos. Foram entrevistados 14 participantes (cuja média de idade ± 39,99 e do grupo controle ± 27,16) e aplicado o pré-teste em 12 sujeitos. Todos os sujeitos realizaram avaliação psicofísica e extração de DNA para verificação do tipo de discromatopsia. As respostas entrevistas semiestruturadas foram transcritas e analisadas com auxílio do Software Sphinx Software (Sphinx Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) e análise estatística descritiva utilizamos o programa Statistica versão 6.0 (StartSoft Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, EUA) e adotado um nível de significância de 0,05 (= 5%). A partir das respostas dadas foram formulados dois questionários pilotos que visam avaliar o impacto da alteração de visão de cores: um com respostas lineares e outro escalar. O cálculo dos escores obtidos no pré-teste foram gerados a partir da somatória da pontuação das questões das ferramentas. Dos quatorze participantes, estudados, pudemos observar que as discromatopsias apresentam influência direta sobre as atividades de vida diária e profissional dos indivíduos avaliados. Os escores corroboram com gravidade da alteração visual pois quanto mais alterados os testes psicofísicos maiores os escores nos questionários o que indica maior impacto na vida dos sujeitos. Das escalas de respostas experimentadas a intervalar possui maior precisão nas respostas obtidas, principalmente nos sujeitos de alteração tipo deutan (maior n). A alteração visual de acordo com os sujeitos não possui carácter limitante mas é significativa de acordo com os escores. A ferramenta criada poderá auxiliar estudos futuros relacionados a discromatopsia para melhor entendimento da influência dessa alteração visual / Dysfunctions in color perception, as dyschromatopsia can occur for different reasons, whether congenital or acquired. The possibility of a cure generates a pressure to know the impact of dyschromatopsia in the lives of affected individuals. Questionnaires that assess quality of life in visual field have shown the impact of diseases in the visual system and the quality of life in this individuals. However, the instruments that currently have issues related to color vision are still virtually absent. In order to evaluate the impact of congenital dyschromatopsia on the lives of adults with this type of visual defect, this study aims to develop a questionnaire that assesses dimensions of this impact. The study was conducted in three stages: exploratory descriptive study with semi-structured interview, methodological development of technology and a pilot study of constructed questionnaire. Were interviewed 14 participants (average age 39.99 ±; control group ± 27.16) and the pretest was applied in 12 participants. All individuals made psychophysical tests and DNA extraction to verify the type of dyschromatopsia. The answers of semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analyzed by Sphinx Software (Sphinx Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). For the statistical analysis we used the software Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA) and adopted a 0.05 significance level ( = 5%). From the answers given were formulated two pilots questionnaires to assess the impact of color vision change: one with linear responses and another with interval responses. The calculation of the scores obtained in the pretest were generated from the scores of the sum of the answers. The answers that used scalar scale has more precision in the responses obtained, especially in individuals with deutan defect colour vision. According to participants, the visual defect is not a limiting factor, but proved to be something significant through the scores obtained in the questionnaires. This questionnaire would support others studies and helps to understand the influence of this color vision deficiency in the lives of the affected individuals

Enxaguatórios bucais podem ocasionar a alteração de cor do elemento dental, devido à desmineralização ocasionada pelo uso prolongado dos mesmos, e consequente aumento da rugosidade superficial. Outros fatores, como o clareamento caseiro e o consumo diário de bebidas ácidas são, da mesma forma, responsáveis pela dissolução do esmalte dental. Buscando superar os efeitos adversos da Clorexidina 0,12%, desenvolveu-se um enxaguatório bucal à base de uma planta medicinal, denominada Casearia sylvestris. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação dos enxaguatórios bucais à base de Casearia sylvestris e Clorexidina 0,12% na cor e rugosidade superfícial do esmalte dental submetido a agente clareador e bebida alimentícia de pH 2,4. Amostras de dentes bovinos foram divididas em 3 grupos (n= 30), de acordo com a solução utilizada: Água destilada, Clorexidina 0,12% e Enxaguatório bucal à base de Casearia sylvestris. Cada grupo foi ainda dividido em subgrupos, de acordo com as categorias (n=10): Grupo controle, dentes clareados e dentes submetidos à imersão em bebida alimentícia ácida. O clareamento caseiro foi realizado com peróxido de carbamida 16%, por 6 horas diárias durante 8 dias, enquanto a imersão em suco de limão (pH 2,4) foi realizada por 2 minutos cada, 1 vez ao dia, durante 6 dias. Posteriormente, os grupos tiveram seus corpos de prova imersos nas respectivas soluções por 2 minutos, 3 vezes ao dia, durante 7 dias. As leituras de cor e rugosidade superficial foram realizadas anteriormente ao período experimental e após a imersão nos enxaguatórios bucais. A análise dos resultados foi realizada através dos testes estatísticos ANOVA - II way e Teste de Tukey 5%. Os dentes submetidos ao clareamento caseiro e à imersão em bebida ácida apresentaram uma maior alteração de cor. As diferentes soluções não apresentaram diferença estatística quanto à alteração de cor. A rugosidade superficial foi maior para o período de 7 dias, sendo que apenas o grupo submetido à imersão em bebida ácida apresentou um aumento significante na rugosidade superficial. Foi possível concluir que apenas o clareamento caseiro e a imersão em bebidas ácidas promoveram alteração na coloração da estrutura dental. Não houve influência dos enxaguatórios bucais utilizados isoladamente ou em associação com os tratamentos na rugosidade superficial. Apenas a imersão em bebida ácida ocasionou aumento na rugosidade superficial. / Mouthwashes can induce the tooth color alteration, due to the desmineralization occured by the prolonged use of them and consequent increase of surface roughness. Another factors, as the home bleaching and the daily consumption of acid drinks are, in the same way, responsible for the dental enamel dissolution. Attempting to overcome the Chlorhexidine 0,12% adverse effects, it was developed a mouthwash containing a medical plant, denominated as Casearia sylvestris. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of a mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris and Chlorhexidine 0,12% on color and surface roughness from the dental enamel submitted to bleaching gel and a drink with pH 2,4. Bovine teeth samples were divided in 3 groups (n=30), according to the solution: distillated water, Chlorhexidine 0,12% and a mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris. Each group was divided in subgroups, according to the categories (n=10): Control group, bleached teeth and teeth immersed in an acid drink. The bleaching procedure was realized with carbamide peroxide 16%, during 6 hours by 8 days, while the acid drink immersion was done during 2 minutes each, once in a day and during 6 days. Posteriorly, the samples were immersed on the respective solutions by 2 minutes, three times at a day, during 7 days. The color and surface roughness lecture were performed before the experimental period and after the immersion on mouthwashes. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey`s test. The teeth submitted to home bleaching and to the immersion in acid drink showed higher color alteration. At the group wich no treatment was applied, the mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris induce the highest color alteration when compared with the other solutions, and that was statistically equal when the teeth were submitted to different treatments. The surface roughness was higher to the 7 days period, although the only the group submitted to the immersion in acid drink presented a significant enhance on surface roughness. In conclusion, only the bleaching and the immersion in acid drinks promoted a higher color alteration. The mouthwashes did not promoted an alteration on the color of the dental structure. There was no influence from mouthwashes utilized when isolated or in association with the treatments on surface roughness. Only the immersion in acid drink caused an increase on surface roughness.

Os dois volumes que integram esta dissertação compreendem a produção visual realizada entre 2003 - 2008, e a implantação de um ateliê no centro histórico da cidade de Santos, no bairro do Valongo, a partir de 2007. Através de documentação fotográfica e anotações sobre o processo, o primeiro caderno constitui uma sucessão de ações relacionadas a ocupação do próprio ateliê e a produção neste lugar, tendo como foco o desenho, a xilogravura e a pintura. O segundo caderno apresenta uma seleção de trabalhos em pequenos e grandes formatos, dando ênfase a sobreposição de camadas de cor e possíveis aproximações entre a xilogravura e a pintura. / The two volumes of this dissertation comprise the authors artistic production from 2003 to 2008, as well as the implementation of an arts workshop in the historical downtown of the city of Santos, in the Valongo district, from 2007 onward. By means of photographic documentation and process notes, the first volume comprises a series of actions related to the setting up of the workshop itself and the artistic production which has taken place there, focusing on drawing, painting and woodcut. The second volume introduces a selection of works, in small and large formats, emphasizing color overlaying and the possible connections between woodcut and painting.

An investigation into the relation between objects and colors is essential in understanding how color perception is evolved in ancient China. First, the separation of objects and colors is a major step to establish a color system. Second, the advanced understanding of a unifying framework between colors and objects has been passed down through generations, which not only made its impact on traditional Chinese paintings' theory with regards to color such as "using color to portray color", "coloring by physical appearance", but also in a way restrained ancient people's thoughts on color's intrinsic properties. To satisfy the taste and understanding in color of their time, the ancients opted for the physical coordinates of an object as their final choice of color to be depicted, indicating their belief in the unification of object and color. When being reflected in paintings, such belief is shown as a pursuit of stable and organized color compositions. / Behind this rich tapestry of colors, the physical production of color pigments is instrumental in the art production in Dunhuang. In the Tang dynasty, the flourishing printing and dyeing industry fuelled the development of plant dyes, some of which could be employed in paintings to make their contributions in art. Mineral pigments made their way to Dunhuang amid the frequent cultural exchanges between China and the West, which formed the material basis for the vibrant Dunhuang art. However, when weighting their color options amid the exported pigments, Central China-culture genes helped to make a conscious decision to reflect local cultural spirit. / Dunhuang in the Tang dynasty is not a simple phrase describing a physical location during a certain time; it is rather an interrelated and compound concept. The rich color culture of the Tang dynasty was preserved through art in Dunhuang and the special nature of Dunhuang culture made it possible for us to understand the complexity of Tang color concept. Through depictions of secular life in both words and images, Dunhuang helped to construct a complete picture of Tang color theory. / In Tang dynasty, the nation's perception of color matured in discipline and art forms are manifested in a mirage of colors. The secular quality in the Tang society dictates the use of natural colors. The different hues of red and green became the color codes for Tang spirit, which are also the dominant colors used in Dunhuang's mural art. The frequent use of red colors reflects the uplifting spirit of its time. / 王冬松. / Advisers: Kam Tang Tong; Jin Zhou. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 278-286). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Wang Dongsong.

Orientador: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Banca: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Banca: Otto Mack Junqueira / Resumo: Os efeitos da adição de biomassa de Rubrivivax gelatinosus em dietas de galinhas poedeiras foram investigados. Sorgo e milho foram utilizados para formulação de rações basais que receberam níveis crescentes de biomassa. A biomassa bacteriana aumentou a tonalidade de vermelho e diminuiu a luminosidade das gemas quando adicionada a ambas as rações basais. Na ração à base de milho, 1.500ppm de biomassa foram suficientes para alcançar a preferência do consumidor, enquanto que, com ração à base de sorgo, 7.500ppm foram necessários para atingir o mesmo objetivo. Galinhas alimentadas com ração à base de milho tiveram consumo de ração superior e melhor conversão alimentar que aquelas alimentadas com ração à base de sorgo, mas os níveis de inclusão da biomassa em ambas as rações basais não influenciaram estes parâmetros. Durante o período experimental não ocorreu mortalidade nem mudança no peso das galinhas. As galinhas alimentadas com ração à base de milho mostraram taxas superiores de produção de ovos, peso e massa de ovos que aquelas alimentadas com ração à base de sorgo. Estes parâmetros não foram influenciados pela inclusão de níveis de biomassa em ambos os tipos de ração. Níveis normais para enzimas séricas e ausência de lesões degenerativas e inflamatórias nos fígados e nos rins das galinhas permitem a indicação da biomassa para suplementação de rações. / Abstract: The effects of the dietary inclusion of Rvi. gelatinosus biomass in layers rations were investigated. Sorghum and corn were used for the formulation of basal rations that received increasing levels of biomass. The bacterial biomass increased red hues and decreased lightness of yolks when added to both basal rations. Biomass at 1,500ppm in the corn-based ration was enough to reach consumers' preference, while with the sorghum-based ration, 7,500ppm were necessary to reach the same. Hens fed corn-based rations had superior feed consumption and better feed conversion than those fed sorghum-based rations but the inclusion levels of the biomass on both basal rations did not influence these parameters. No mortality and no change on layers weight occurred during the experimental period. Hens fed corn-based rations showed superior egg production, egg weight and egg mass rates than those fed sorghum-based rations. These parameters were not influenced by the inclusion levels of the biomass on both kinds of rations. Normal levels for seric enzymes and the absence of degenerative and inflammatory lesions in livers and kidneys of hens allow the indication of the biomass for ration supplementation. / Mestre

TITLE: IN VIVO ANTRAL FOLLICLE WALL BIOPSY: A NEW RESEARCH TECHNIQUE TO STUDY OVARIAN FUNCTION USING THE HORSE AS A MODEL Abstract Understanding hormone and growth factor receptor expression in the follicular wall associated with the intrafollicular milieu and systemic endocrine aspects in vivo is crucial for a complete discovery of mechanisms behind folliculogenesis in different species. Furthermore, the comprehension of the interrelationships existent among the preovulatory follicle (POF) and corpus luteum (CL) diameter and blood flow, and progesterone (P4) production during different seasons of the year are warranted to optimize fertility in different species. In this dissertation, four studies in mares are presented with the following general objectives: (i) develop and validate a minimally invasive in vivo technique to obtain antral follicle wall biopsy (FWB) and follicular fluid (FF) samples simultaneously and repeatedly from the same individuals, during different stages of follicle development in different seasons of the year; (ii) use the FWB technique to elucidate and compare the expression pattern of different receptors and proteins involved in folliculogenesis and ovulatory mechanisms during different seasons of the year; and (iii) use B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography techniques to characterize POF and CL diameter and blood flow during two transitional ovulatory seasons (spring and fall), and elucidate the interrelationships among these variables with systemic P4 concentration. In the first study (Chapter 2), two experiments were conducted; in Experiment 1 (ex vivo), a proof of concept study was developed to check the feasibility of using the biopsy forceps to harvest FWB samples. Ovaries of six slaughtered mares were used, and each follicle was sampled using two techniques: biopsy forceps and scalpel blade (control). In Experiment 2 (in vivo), FWB and FF samples from growing follicles during various developmental stages were harvested using a novel FWB transvaginal ultrasound-guided technique. In the second study (Chapter 3), antral follicle wall and FF samples were obtained from 10−, 20−, and 30−mm follicles during spring anovulatory (SAN) and spring ovulatory (SOV) seasons. Samples were collected in vivo from the same mares in both seasons, with the aims to study and compare the expression of proliferative, angiogenic, and pro-/anti-apoptotic receptors and proteins in the follicle wall among three follicle classes, and between the SAN and SOV seasons. In the third study (Chapter 4), FWB and FF samples were collected in vivo from dominant growing follicles during the SAN, SOV, summer (SU), and fall ovulatory (FOV) seasons, to study the expression patterns of different receptors and proteins involved in follicle development. In the fourth study (Chapter 5), the temporal relationships among diameter and blood flow of the POF and CL, and systemic P4 concentration during spring and fall transitional ovulatory seasons were studied. The main findings of the present studies were: (i) the histological appearance, organization, and thickness of the follicle wall layers (i.e. granulosa, theca interna, and theca externa) were not influenced by the harvesting techniques (biopsy forceps vs. scalpel blade); (ii) the overall recovery rates of FWB and FF samples were 97% and 100%, respectively. However, the success rate of obtaining samples with all layers of the follicle wall and clear FF varied according to follicle size; (iii) follicles of the SOV season had a higher expression of proliferative, angiogenesis, and anti-apoptotic proteins compared to the SAN season; (iv) follicles of the FOV season had lower expression of proliferative, angiogenesis, and luteinizing hormone receptors; and (v) positive correlations were observed among POF and CL parameters, and P4 concentration. In conclusion, results demonstrated that the novel in vivo FWB technique developed in this study can be repeatedly and simultaneously used to provide sufficient FWB and FF samples for various cellular and molecular studies without jeopardizing the ovarian function in mares. Furthermore, results presented herein showed that several proliferative, angiogenic, and pro-/anti-apoptotic proteins are differentially expressed within different layers of the antral follicle wall among different seasons of the year. Finally, results demonstrated that larger and well-vascularized POFs have the potential to produce larger CLs with greater blood flow, and subsequently greater P4 systemic levels.

by Stephen, Man-yuen Cheng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-141). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Figures --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.ix / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The development of dyes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The chemistry of azo dyes --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Evaluation of dyes submitted under the ""Toxic Substances Control Act"" new chemicals programme" --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Environmental concerns of dyes --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Decolorization techniques --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Activated sludge process --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Chlorination --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Fenton's reaction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Ozonation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Adsorption by activated carbon --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.6 --- Chemical flocculation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.7 --- Coagulation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.8 --- Advance Oxidation Process --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.8a --- Photocatalytic activation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.8b --- Enhancement of reaction rates of photocatalytic reaction --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.9 --- Biosorption of azo dyes by Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6 --- Water pollution in Hong Kong --- p.24 / Chapter 1.7 --- Purpose of study --- p.24 / Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.27 / Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Azo dyes --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Biosorbent --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Determination of the peak absorbance of five azo dyes at different pH --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- Determination of dye concentration by measuring at peak absorbance --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Determination of pseudo-first-order rate constant --- p.37 / Chapter 3.6 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5B on photocatalytic degradation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.7 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40 / Chapter 3.8 --- Effect of initial pH on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40 / Chapter 3.9 --- Effect of initial temperature on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40 / Chapter 3.10 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40 / Chapter 3.11 --- Effect of UV intensity in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.41 / Chapter 3.12 --- Degradation kinetics of different dyes --- p.41 / Chapter 3.13 --- Degradation of 40 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions --- p.41 / Chapter 3.14 --- "Degradation of 1,000 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions" --- p.42 / Chapter 3.15 --- Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in calcium alginate beads --- p.42 / Chapter 3.16 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads of 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.43 / Chapter 3.17 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads of 10,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.43 / Chapter 3.18 --- Effect of the concentration of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.45 / Chapter 3.19 --- "Effect of hydrogen peroxide in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.20 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.21 --- "Effect of biomass of Pseudomonas sp. K1 on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.48 / Chapter 3.22 --- Diffuse reflectance-IR spectroscopic analysis of degradation product(s) --- p.49 / Chapter 3.23 --- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis of degradation products --- p.49 / Chapter 3.24 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.51 / Chapter 4 --- Result --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1 --- Biosorption of dyes by Pseudomonas sp. K1 --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- UV intensities of the eight Cole-Parmer UV lamps at 365 nm --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3 --- Determination of the peak absorbance of five azo dyes at different pH using scanning spectrophotometer --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Determination of dye concentration by measuring at peak absorbance --- p.66 / Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5Bin photocatalytic degradation rate --- p.66 / Chapter 4.6 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73 / Chapter 4.7 --- Effect of initial pH on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73 / Chapter 4.8 --- Effect of initial temperature on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73 / Chapter 4.9 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.77 / Chapter 4.10 --- Effect of UV intensity on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.77 / Chapter 4.11 --- Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of different azo dyes --- p.77 / Chapter 4.12 --- Photocatalytic degradation of 40 mg/L of reactive red241 under optimized conditions --- p.77 / Chapter 4.13 --- Photocatalytic degradation of 40 mg/L procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions --- p.81 / Chapter 4.14 --- "Photocatalytic degradation of 1,000 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions" --- p.81 / Chapter 4.15 --- Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in calcium alginate beads --- p.81 / Chapter 4.16 --- "Temporal changes of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.85 / Chapter 4.17 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in 10,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.85 / Chapter 4.18 --- Effect of the concentration of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.89 / Chapter 4.19 --- "Effect of hydrogen peroxide in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.89 / Chapter 4.20 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5Bin alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.89 / Chapter 4.21 --- "Effect ofbiomass of Pseudomonas sp. K1 on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.93 / Chapter 4.22 --- Degradation products analysis using diffuse reflectance-IR spectroscopy --- p.93 / Chapter 4.23 --- Degradation products analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- p.101 / Chapter 4.24 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.101 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- Biosorption of azo dyes in Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization of photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5B on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of initial temperature on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Effect of UV intensity on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.110 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Degradation kinetics of different dyes --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Optimized conditions for PCO of reactive red 241 and procion red --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3 --- Immobilization of titanium dioxide and Pseudomonas sp. K-l in alginate beads --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Temporal changes of the concentration of dye in alginate beads --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in PCO --- p.114 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of hydrogen peroxide in alginate beads in PCO --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- "Temporal change of dye concentration in alginate beads of 5,000 mg/L" --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of biomass of Pseudomonas sp. K-l in alginate beads on the PCO of dye --- p.115 / Chapter 5.4 --- Diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopic analysis of degradation products --- p.116 / Chapter 5.5 --- 1HNMR analysis of degradation products --- p.119 / Chapter 5.6 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.120 / Chapter 5.7 --- Application --- p.121 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.122 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.124 / Appendix 1 --- p.142 / Appendix 2 --- p.143

Orientador: Luiz Gonzaga Gandini Junior / Banca: Ary dos Santos-Pinto / Banca: Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas / Resumo: Este estudo objetivou analisar, in vitro, a estabilidade de cor e rugosidade superficial de braquetes cerâmicos após imersão em soluções corantes. Sete braquetes cerâmicos de incisivo central superior direito de quatro marcas comerciais foram testados: dois monocristalinos e dois policristalinos. Os braquetes foram imersos em quatro soluções corantes (café, vinho tinto, Coca-Cola e chá preto) e em saliva artificial separadamente nos seguintes tempos: T0 (mensuração inicial), T1, T2, T3 e T4 (24 horas, 7,14 e 21 dias respectivamente).Outros sete braquetes de cada marca comercial foram imersos nas mesmas soluções e em tempos iguais aos anteriores, porém com intervalos de escovação diários. As alterações de cor foram avaliadas por espectrofotômetro de reflectância e a rugosidade superficial por meio de um Rugosímetro. Os dados foram avaliados pela Análise de Perfis Multivariados, Análise de Variância (ANOVA), teste de comparação múltipla de médias e Teste t de Student. Com base nos resultados, houve alteração perceptível de cor em todos os braquetes cerâmicos após 21 dias de imersão nas soluções de café (ΔE do Allure = 7,61, Inspire Ice = 6,09, Radiance=6,69, Transcend=7,44), chá preto (ΔE do Allure = 6,24, Inspire Ice = 5,21, Radiance=6,51, Transcend=6,14) e vinho tinto (ΔE do Allure =6,49 , Inspire Ice = 4,76, Radiance=5,19, Transcend=5,64), porém a alteração não foi perceptível para a Coca-Cola e saliva artificial (ΔE<3,7). Os braquetes submetidos à escovação apresentaram médias de alteração de cor significativamente menores e não perceptíveis, exceto para o chá preto. Rugosidade: Média Ra do Allure =0,277, Inspire Ice =0,262, Radiance=0,177, Transcend=0,367. A rugosidade variou apenas com o tempo de imersão. Cocluiu-se que houve alteração de cor dos braquetes cerâmicos quando imersos nas soluções, porém, apenas com o café... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to analyze in vitro the color stability and surface roughness of ceramic brackets after immersion in dye solutions. Seven ceramic brackets, upper right central incisor of four commercial brands were tested: two monocrystalline and two polycrystalline. The brackets were immersed separately in four staining solutions (coffee, red wine, Coca-Cola and black tea) and in artificial saliva at following times: T0 (initial measurement), T1, T2, T3 and T4 (24 hours, 7.14 and 21 days respectively). Other seven brackets of each brand were immersed in the same solutions and at same times as previous, but with brushing daily. The changes in color were evaluated by reflectance spectrophotometer and the surface roughness by a surface roughness gauger. The data were evaluated by Multivariate Analysis Profiles, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Multiple Comparison Test of means and Test t Student. Based on the results, there was perceptible change of color in all ceramic brackets after 21 days of immersion in coffee solution (ΔE of Allure = 7.61, Inspire Ice = 6,09, Radiance=6,69, Transcend=7,44), black tea (ΔE of Allure = 6,24, Inspire Ice = 5,21, Radiance=6,51, Transcend=6,14) and red wine (ΔE do Allure =6,49 , Inspire Ice = 4,76, Radiance=5,19, Transcend=5,64), but the change was not perceptible to the Coca-Cola and artificial saliva (ΔE <3.7). The brackets that were submitted to brushing showed average color change significantly smaller and not visible, except for black tea. Roughness: Ra Average of Allure = 0.277, Inspire Ice = 0.262, Radiance = 0.177, Transcend = 0.367. The roughness changed with the immersion time. It was cocluded that there was a change in color of ceramic brackets when immersed in the solutions, but only with coffee, black tea and red wine that change was perceptible. The monocrystalline or polycrystalline structure doesn't affect in the form of staining... 9Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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