Orientador: Adriana Vitorino Rossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T04:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Favaro_MarthaMariaAndreotti_M.pdf: 1938335 bytes, checksum: 34f7f06916d0509676423ad381a2e27d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Antocianinas (ACYS) são corantes encontrados em vegetais, responsáveis pela coloração de flores, frutas e folhas de azul a vermelho. A proposta de estudos analíticos envolvendo extração, estabilidade e quantificação de ACYS, visando a obtenção de extratos padronizados a partir de diferentes frutas, leva em consideração as novas perspectivas do uso desses pigmentos como corantes em diversos segmentos da indústria, tais como, farmacêutico, cosmético e alimentício. Neste trabalho, foram estudadas 3 frutas típicas brasileiras congeladas: jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora), amora (Morus nigra) e amora preta (Rubus sp), visando maximizar a quantidade de ACYS extraídas e obter extratos com maior durabilidade. As condições estudadas foram: tipo de solvente, adição de conservantes em solvente aquoso, temperaturas de extração e armazenamento, tempo de armazenamento e, para a jabuticaba, foi estudada a influência do uso da fruta inteira na extração e estabilidade dos extratos. O solvente extrator que apresentou maior capacidade extratora além de oferecer maior estabilidade aos extratos foi etanol 94% v/v. O conjunto de conservantes Nipagin 0,01 % m/v +Nipazol 0,05 % m/v forneceu os melhores resultados, reduzindo a degradação das ACYS e impedindo o aparecimento de fungos. Em condição otimizada, foram encontrados os seguintes teores de ACYS nas frutas, expressos em mg ACYS / 100 g: 40,0±0,2 em casca de jabuticaba, 153±3 em amora e 83±2 em amora preta. Estudos comparativos de diversos procedimentos de quantificação de ACYS, incluindo o método oficial e padrões de ACYS, foram realizados, incluindo-se simplificações, visando aplicação de rotina industrial. Medidas de absorbância dos extratos em pH 1,0 no comprimento de onda de absorção máxima das ACYS mostraram ser adequadas para quantificar ACYS totais sem a necessidade do uso de padrões comerciais / Abstract: Anthocyanins (ACYS) are pigments found in plants that give colors from red to blue to flowers, fruits and leaves. The proposal of analytical studies involving extraction, stability and quantification of ACYS from different fruits takes into account the new perspectives of using these pigments in several segments of the industry, such as, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food. In this work, extracts of 3 Brazilian typical frozen fruits: jaboticaba (Myrciaria culiflora), mulberry (Morus nigra) and blackberry (Rubus sp), were studied aiming to maximize the amount of extracted ACYS and to obtain extracts with longer durability. The studied conditions were: type of solvent, addition of preservatives in aqueous solvent, temperature of extraction and storage and storage time. The influence in extraction and stability of the extracts using the whole fruit was studied for jaboticaba. Ethanol 94% v/v was the extractor solvent which resulted in greater capacity of extraction and affered the most stable extracts. The mixture of Nipagin 0,01 % w/v + Nipazol 0,05 % w/v preservatives provided the best results, reducing the degradation of ACYS and preventing the fungi emergence. At optimized conditions, the levels of ACYS in the fruits, expressed in mg ACYS / 100 g were: 40,0±0,2 in jabuticaba, 153±3 in mulberry and 83±2 in blackberry. Comparative studies of different procedures for quantification of ACYS, including the official method and the use the ACYS commercial standards were done, including simplifications to be used in industrial routine. The results showed that the method which uses measurements of absorbance of extracts at pH 1,0 and at the wavelength of maximum absorption of ACYS allows easily quantify total ACYS without necessity of using commercial standard / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Le contenu et l’état de conservation exceptionnel du Codex Borbonicus en font un témoin précieux de la culture du bassin de Mexico-Tenochtitlan à l’époque de l’arrivée des conquistadors. Pour certains historiens il s’agit d’un document assurément précolombien, tandis que pour d’autres, une partie de son contenu graphique dénote une influence culturelle Européenne. Afin d’explorer les savoir-faire mis en œuvre lors de sa production et d’apporter de nouvelles données à ce débat, la nature et le mode de préparation des constituants du manuscrit sont étudiés, dans les limites offertes par les instrumentations transportables et non-invasives (spectroscopies de fluorescence de rayons X, de réflexion, d’émission et Raman). Une première interprétation des données analytiques enregistrées sur le manuscrit se base sur les connaissances issues des sources historiques et du corpus de manuscrits mésoaméricains déjà étudiés. Une analyse plus fine des données est apportée par des calculs de combinaisons spectrales et par l’étude expérimentale de certains colorants, qui permettent une compréhension plus avancée des techniques de production picturale employées. Afin de généraliser les conclusions tirées des mesures localisées, la distribution des constituants sur la totalité du document est également abordée. L’imagerie hyperspectrale, par l’application d’outils statistiques et le développement de cartographies de motifs spectraux spécifiques, apporte ainsi une nouvelle perspective aux résultats des analyses. L’utilisation exclusive de colorants organiques d’origine animale (Dactylopius coccus) ou végétale (Indigofera suffruticosa, Comellina coelestis, Justicia spicigera) dans le Codex Borbonicus, seuls ou en mélanges, correspond aux traditions précolombiennes. L’hypothèse d’une influence européenne ne peut donc s’appuyer sur la nature des constituants du document. Les données présentées viennent par ailleurs enrichir les connaissances sur les techniques de production de manuscrits Mésoaméricains. / The Codex Borbonicus is a great source of knowledge regarding different aspects of the culture of the basin of Mexico-Tenochtitlan at the time of the Spanish conquest. For some historians, the manuscript is definitely Precolumbian while for others, parts of its graphical contents reveal a European cultural influence. In order to investigate the technological knowledge that was involved for its creation, and to bring fresh data to the debate, the manuscript material constituents are studied with transportable, non-invasive analytical techniques (X-Ray fluorescence, reflexion, emission and Raman spectroscopies). A first interpretation of the analytical data recorded on the document is based on the historical records and the corpus of Mesoamerican manuscripts that have already been studied. A finer analysis of the data is done through the calculation of spectral combinations as well as the experimental studies of certain coloring materials, that allow a better understanding of the paint preparation techniques. In order to generalize the conclusion based on localized analyses, the spatial distribution of the constituent on the whole document is also explored. Hyperspectral imaging, with the aid of statistical tools and the mapping of specific spectral features, brings new insights to the first results. The exclusive use of organic colorants extracted from animal (Dactylopius coccus) or vegetable sources (Indigofera suffruticosa, Comellina coelestis, Justicia spicigera) in the Codex Borbonicus, alone or in mixtures, fits what is known of Precolumbian traditions. Therefore, the hypothesis of a European influence can’t be supported by the nature of the manuscript constituents. Moreover, these new data enrich the current knowledge on Mesoamerican manuscript production techniques.

Ce travail porte sur la synthèse chimique d’analogues simples d’anthocyanes, une classe majeure de pigments naturels solubles dans l’eau. Onze ions flavylium substitués par des groupements hydroxyl,méthoxyl et beta-D-glucopyranosyloxyl en positions 4’, 5 et 7 ont été préparés en utilisant des procédures simples. De plus, les deux principales 3-désoxyanthocyanidines du sorgho rouge, l’apigéninidine (APN) et la lutéolinidine (LTN), ont été synthétisées en une seule étape. Les propriétés physico-chimiques ainsi que l’activité antioxydante ont été étudiées pour le chlorure de 3’,4’,7-trihydroxyflavylium (P1), son 7-O-beta-D-glucoside (P2) et le chlorure de 3’,4’,5,7-tétrahydroxyflavylium (LTN). Grâce à leur noyau catéchol, ces pigments complexent rapidement FeIII, AlIII and CuI et ne se lient que faiblement à FeII tout en stimulant son autoxydation en FeIII. Suite à la complexation de CuII, les pigments subissent une oxydation. Les aglycones P1 et LTN sont des ligands modérés de l’albumine de sérum humain (HSA) et leurs chalcones ont montré une plus grande affinité pour la HSA que leurs formes colorées. Leur capacité antioxydante a été démontrée par le test de réduction du radical stable DPPH et par l’inhibition de la peroxydation lipidique induite par le fer héminique, un modèle de stress oxydant postprandial dans l’estomac. Les aglycones P1 et LTN (particulièrement, dans leur forme incolore chalcone) sont plus efficaces que le glucoside P2. / This work deals with the chemical synthesis of simple analogs of anthocyanins, the main class of watersolublenatural pigments. Eleven flavylium ions with hydroxyl, methoxyl and beta-D-glucopyranosyloxylsubstituents at positions 4’, 5 and 7 have been prepared by straightforward chemical procedures.Moreover, the two main 3-deoxyanthocyanidins of red sorghum, apigeninidin (APN) and luteolinidin(LTN), have been synthesized in a one-step protocol. The physicochemical properties and antioxidantactivity are investigated for 3’,4’,7-trihydroxyflavylium chloride (P1), its 7-O-beta-D-glucoside (P2) and3’,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavylium chloride (LTN). Owing to their catechol B-ring, they rapidly bind FeIII,AlIII and CuI, more weakly interact with FeII while promoting its autoxidation to FeIII. Following CuIIbinding, the pigments undergo oxidation. Aglycones P1 and LTN are moderate ligands of human serumalbumin (HSA) with chalcones having a higher affinity for HSA than the corresponding colored forms.The antioxidant activity of P1, P2 and LTN is investigated via two tests: reduction of the stable DPPHradical and inhibition of heme-induced lipid peroxidation (a model of postprandial oxidative stress inthe stomach). Aglycones P1 and LTN (especially in their colorless chalcone form) are more potent thanglucoside P2.

La laccase de Myceliophtora thermophila oxyde certains acides hydroxycinnamiques avec formation éphémère d’intermédiaires de différentes couleurs avant que ceux-ci n’évoluent ensuite spontanément en polymères brun noir. Quand cette oxydation est effectuée en milieu biphasique (tampon phosphate pH 7,5 / acétate d’éthyle), une partie de ces intermédiaires colorés peut être récupérée dans la phase organique et ainsi soustraite à la polycondensation ultérieure. Dans le cas de l’acide férulique, on peut ainsi isoler une fraction colorée en jaune orangé surtout composée de dimères résultant de la condensation des semiquinones initialement formées. La synthèse de ces colorants peut être favorisée et le rendement amélioré en contrôlant la réaction par un ajout minimum régulé d’oxygène. Ces colorants conservent le pouvoir antioxydant de l’acide férulique parent mais à concentration élevée (100 à 200 mg/ml), ils présentent une cytotoxicité plus élevée vis-à-vis de cellules humaines normales (HUVEC) et cancéreuses (Caco-2) ce qui limite éventuellement leur intérêt comme colorants naturels. Les semi quinones de l’acide férulique ne forment pas de dimères mixtes, quand on effectue l’oxydation laccasique de cet acide en présence d’autres acides phénoliques car la laccase de M. thermophila effectue une oxydation séquencée en fonction de sa plus ou moins grande affinité pour les différents substrats mis en jeu. En présence d’un polyoside aminé insoluble comme le chitosane, les intermédiaires d’oxydation laccasique de différents composés phénoliques (acides férulique, sinapique, syringique et catéchine) réagissent avec les groupements NH2 pour former des liaisons de covalence et conduire ainsi à des chitosanes colorés doués de nouvelles propriétés dues au greffage d’entités phénoliques. Ces chitosanes fonctionnalisés conservent les propriétés filmogènes du chitosane natif mais en plus, forment des solutions plus visqueuses et sont devenus solubles en milieux acide et basique. Ils permettent la croissance de cellules HUVEC. Ils ont surtout acquis des propriétés antioxydantes et forment des films imperméables à l’oxygène ce qui laisse entrevoir de multiples applications intéressantes / The laccase of Myceliophtora thermophila oxidizes some hydroxycinnamic acids with ephemeral formation of intermediates of different colors before these evolve spontaneously in dark brown polymers. When this oxidation is performed in biphasique medium (phosphate buffer pH 7.5 and ethyl acetate), a part of these colored intermediates can be recovered in the organic phase and it can be subtracted from an ulterior polycondensation. In the case of ferulic acid, we could isolate an orange yellow fraction, which is especially composed of dimers resulting from the condensation of the semiquinones initially formed. The synthesis of these colorants can be enhanced and their yield can be improved by controlling the reaction through a regulated minimum addition of oxygen. They keep the antioxidant power of related ferulic acid, but in high concentration (from 100 to 200 mg/ml), their cytotoxicity toward the human normal cells (HUVEC) and cancerous one (Caco-2) is important and consequently, their interest is limited as natural colorants. The semiquinone of ferulic acid doesn't form any mixed dimers, when the laccase-catalysed ferulic acid oxidation is performed in the presence of other phenolic acids. This can be explained by the fact that laccase from M. thermophila performes a multioxidation in the function of its high or little affinity for the involved substrates. In presence of an insoluble amino polyoside as chitosan, the intermediates of laccase-catalysed oxidation of different phenolic compounds (ferulic, sinapic, syringic acids and catechin) react with its NH2 groups forming covalent liaisons. Actually, this type of link leads to colored chitosans endowed of news properties due to the grafting of phenolic entities. These functionalized chitosans keep the filmogens properties of the native one. Moreover, also it can form more viscous solutions and become soluble in acidic and basic medium. It can permit the growth of HUVEC cells. They especially acquired some antioxidant properties and formed impermeable films to the oxygen which highlights multiple interesting applications

La grande majorité des colorants alimentaires naturels, utilisés dans la formulation des aliments et des boissons, proviennent des pigments extraits de matières premières végétales. Plusieurs couleurs dérivées de plantes peuvent entraîner des problèmes de formulation. Des facteurs, comme par exemple, la région, le climat, l'environnement, la variété cultivée, ont un effet de nuances de couleurs, de résistance et surtout de stabilité dans le produit final. Par ailleurs, les champignons filamenteux du genre Monascus, Penicillium et Talaromyces sont connus comme d'excellents producteurs de pigments rouges. Ces pigments intéressent de ce fait les industries car ils sont stables, non-toxiques et peuvent être utilisés comme colorants alimentaires.La recherche présentée dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat concerne la description des propriétés du pigment rouge que produit la souche de Talaromyces albobiverticillius isolée du milieu marin tropical autour de l'île de La Réunion. Les plans d’expérience (DOE) et la méthodologie des surfaces de réponses (RSM) ont été utilisés pour optimiser les conditions de culture et la formulation du milieu de fermentation, dans le but d'accroître les teneurs en polykétides colorés. Douze structures différentes ont été identifiées dans des extraits intracellulaires et extracellulaires des cultures fongiques, à l'aide de séparations et d'analyses spectroscopiques (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS et RMN). Les pigments N-thréonine-monascorubramine, N-glutaryl-rubropunctamine et PP-O figurent ainsi parmi les 12 composants.Avec la demande croissante de composés colorés naturels dans le secteur industriel, les champignons isolés du milieu marin semblent présenter de nombreux intérêts. Des essais ont ainsi été menés afin d'étudier 1) l'amélioration des conditions de fermentation en fioles agitées ou en fermenteur de 2 litres; 2) les effets de la teneur en sel marin sur la synthèse des pigments; 3) des méthodes d'extraction respectueuses de l'environnement. Globalement, ces résultats font ressortir le grand potentiel des champignons marins produisant ce colorant rouge et la possibilité d'obtenir les colorants alimentaires adaptés. / It is well known that the vast majority of food colorants used in food and beverage applications comes from the pigments synthesized by plant materials. Besides, stability of many plant-derived colors can create formulation problems. Factors such as the region, the climate, the environment, the cultivar all impact colors shade, strength and overall stability in the final product. As an alternate, fungi of the genus Monascus, Penicillium and Talaromyces are known as excellent producers of red pigments. These red pigments are of industrial interest as they are stable and non-toxic and can be used as food colorants.This present research deals with the selection of high throughput red pigment producing Talaromyces albobiverticillius as a source of polyketide based natural food colorants. Design of Experiments (DoE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) have been used to optimize culture conditions and media formulation of fermentation process. Using Box Behnken Design (BBD), the influence of different physical factors on pigment and biomass production was studied using potato dextrose broth as culture media. The best optimal conditions were found to be with initial pH of 6.4, temperature of 24 °C, agitation speed of 164 rpm and fermentation time of 149 h gave 47.93 ± 0.58 mg /L of orange pigment, 196.28 ± 0.76 mg / L of red pigment and 12.58 ± 0.41 g /L of dry biomass. With the application of Plackett- Burman Design (PBD), 16 different media formulations were optimized using various carbon and nitrogen sources. When Sucrose and Yeast extract was used as a basal medium at 24° C, high pigment yield was observed: 695.93 ± 0.29 mg /L of orange pigment, 738.28 ± 0.51 mg / L of red pigment and 6.80 ± 0.37 g /L of dry biomass.Twelve different compounds were detected from the HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS analysis of intracellular and extracellular pigmented extracts. In particular, N-threonine-monascorubramine, N-glutaryl-rubropunctamine and PP-O were tentatively identified among these twelve compounds; further, this work reports for the first time on the PDA, MS and NMR characterization of the here named as N-GABA-monascorubramine derivative (6-[(Z)-2-Carboxyvinyl]-N-GABA-monascorubramine) pigment bearing a cis configuration at the C10-C11 double bond, in Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548. Attempts were made to study the effects of sea salts on pigment synthesis; sustainable green extraction methods for pigments; upscaling of fermentation from shake flasks to laboratory fermenter. All these experiments with their results were discussed briefly as individual chapters. Overall, these findings bring out the potential of marine-derived red pigment producing fungi and its possibility of obtaining tailor made food colorants.

Au cours de cette thèse, j'ai mis au point et validé une voie de synthèse inédite donnant accès à une nouvelle famille de chromophores oligo-péri-naphtyléniques. Notre approche repose sur le couplage de deux briques facilement synthétisables (l'une centrale, l'autre terminale), puis sur une réaction de cyclodéshydrogénation multiple en milieu fortement basique. Aisément fonctionnalisés ensuite par estérification à leurs extrémités, ces colorants présentent un comportement cristallin liquide. Nous avons ainsi réussi à élaborer des cristaux liquides colonnaires absorbant fortement les grandes longueurs d'onde de la lumière visible tout en présentant leur mésophase à température ambiante.

Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai mis au point et validé une voie de synthèse inédite donnant accès à une nouvelle famille de chromophores oligo-péri-naphtyléniques. Notre approche repose sur le couplage de deux briques facilement synthétisables (l’une centrale, l’autre terminale), puis sur une réaction de cyclodéshydrogénation multiple en milieu fortement basique. Aisément fonctionnalisés ensuite par estérification à leurs extrémités, ces colorants présentent un comportement cristallin liquide. Nous avons ainsi réussi à élaborer des cristaux liquides colonnaires absorbant fortement les grandes longueurs d’onde de la lumière visible tout en présentant leur mésophase à température ambiante. / During this thesis, I worked out and validated a novel synthetic route to a new series of oligo-peri-naphthylenic chromophores. Our approach is based on the assembling of two easily accessible building blocks – one central, the other terminal – via a coupling reaction followed by a multiple cyclodehydrogenation in a strongly basic medium. Smoothly further functionalised by esterification at each end, these dyes display a liquid-crystalline behaviour. We succeeded in elaborating columnar liquid crystals that strongly absorb the long wavelengths of the visible light while displaying their mesophase at room temperature.

Le risque d'épuisement de ressources naturelles fossiles à partir desquelles nombres d'oléfines sont fabriqués, a permis le développement de nouveaux matériaux polymères, 100% renouvelables dénommés biopolymères. L'acide poly lactique est sans doute le plus prometteur d'entre eux. D'origine naturelle, ce polyester est synthétisé à partir d'aliments riches en amidon tels que le maïs, la betterave ou la pomme de terre. Son caractère biodégradable lui offre un large éventail d'applications dans les domaines aussi variés et divers que la médecine, le bâtiment, l'industrie automobile, le biomédicale ou encore le textile habillement. Ce travail consiste à étudier la structure et la texture de l'isomère mixte (PDLA) et de déterminer l'incidence de sa morphologie sur les propriétés mécaniques et tinctoriales requises pour des applications textiles. Nous avons par des méthodes spectrales, caractérisé le polymère afin d'en déterminer entre autre, la composition massique, et la stéréorégularité, paramètres très importants ayant une forte influence sur les propriétés mécaniques du polymère, notamment la stabilité thermique ou la résistance à l'hydrolyse. Nos expériences menées sur la stabilité thermique du polymère révèlent que le polymère est susceptible de s'hydrolyser sous l'action combinée de l'eau, de la température et du pH, entraînant ainsi une diminution de la masse moléculaire, donc, une perte de propriétés mécaniques de la fibre.Le PLA est également un polymère qui supporte mal la teinture, et seuls les colorants dispersés sont susceptibles de teinte cette fibre sous certaines conditions. L'étude de la cinétique de fixation de trois colorants dispersés sur la fibre de PLA à permis d'établir une relation entre la structure du colorant et ses propriétés tinctoriales. / The risk of exhaustion of fossil natural resources from which count of polymers are made, allowed the development of new polymer materials, renewable 100 % were called biopolymer. The poly acid lactic is doubtless the most promising of them. Of natural origin, this polyester is synthetized from food rich in starch such as the corn, the beet or the potato. His biodegradable character offers him a wide range of applications in many field as medicine, building, car industry, biomedical or textile clothing. This work consists in studying the structure and the texture of the mixed isomer (PDLA) and to determine the incidence of its morphology on the mechanical properties required for textiles applications.We have by spectral methods, characterized the polymer ,in arder to determine, the molecular weight,composition, and monomers distribution, very important parameter, having a strong influence on the mechanical properties of the polymer, in particular the thermal stability or the resistance in the hydrolysis. Our experiments led on the thermal stability of the polymer reveal that the polymer may hydrolyser under the combined effect of temperature, moisture and by the pH, then, a decrease of the molecular weight, thus, a Joss ofmechanical properties of the fiber.The PLA is also a polymer which can be dye only with certain disperses dyes under particulars conditions.The study of the kinetics of fixation of three disperses dyes scattered on PLA fiber permit to establish a relation between the structure of the disperses dyes and its dyeing properties.

O contestável uso de corantes sintéticos pelas indústrias, aliado ao aumento na exigência dos consumidores modernos quanto à ingestão de alimentos coloridos artificialmente, tem despertado a atenção de pesquisadores pela busca de corantes de fontes naturais alternativas. Neste sentido, os micro-organismos se apresentam como uma valiosa fonte de corantes naturais, permitindo sua fácil obtenção alcançando altos rendimentos em processos fermentativos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da potencialidade de aplicação de micro-organismos como produtores de corantes naturais. Inicialmente, foi realizado o screening visual com mais de 1.000 micro-organismos, resultando na seleção de dois micro-organismos do gênero Streptomyces. Um produtor de coloração roxa e outro produtor de coloração vermelha. Foram avaliados os efeitos do meio de cultura (fonte de carbono e nitrogênio, adição de aminoácido e ferro) e condições de cultivo (agitação, luminosidade) na produção dos corantes. Para os dois micro-organismos os extratos brutos foram submetidos a análises espectrofotométricas e espectrométricas. Para Streptomyces violaceolatus, o qual produz coloração roxa em meio de cultura Amido-Caseína, os resultados mostraram que as fontes de carbono e nitrogênio mais promissoras foram glicerol e extrato de levedura, respectivamente. Para o corante obtido, foram realizadas análises toxicológicas e mutagênica. Os resultados sugerem que o corante roxo apresenta um grande potencial de aplicação em alimentos ou cosméticos, pois nenhuma atividade tóxica ou mutagênica foi observada. Com relação ao Streptomyces sp., o qual produz coloração vermelha em meio de cultura Batata-Dextrose, os resultados mostraram que em meio de cultura sódio-caseinato também houve a produção desta coloração. O extrato bruto foi submetido a sucessivos processos cromatográficos, no qual foi possível o isolamento do composto Balmoralmicina, responsável pela coloração vermelha do meio de cultivo. Com base nos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, podemos concluir que os micro-organismos são promissores produtores de corantes naturais com potencial aplicação industrial podendo ser produzidos em larga escala. / The questionable use of synthetic colorants by food industry followed by an increasing consumer exigency concerning the ingestion of such artificial colorants, has attracted great attention of researches that are looking for healthier alternatives, for instance, the natural colorants. In this sense, the microorganisms present a powerful source of natural colorants, which are easily obtained in high yields by fermentative process. The main goal of this work is to study the potentiality of applying microorganisms as successful natural colorants producers. Initially, a visual screening was conducted using more than 1,000 microorganisms. As a result, two microorganisms of Streptomyces genus were selected, which were produced purple and red colored. Firstly, medium composition like nitrogen and carbon sources, as well as amino acid and iron additions were assayed. Secondly, agitation and luminosity where also evaluated. The crude extract obtained from the two selected microorganisms were then analyzed by employing spectrophotometric and spectrometric techniques. Results for Streptomyces violaceolatus, which produces a purple coloration in Starch-Casein medium, indicated that glycerol and yeast extract are the most promising carbon and nitrogen sources for colorant production. Additionally, this extract shows a great potential for further application in foods and cosmetics, once neither toxicological nor mutagenical activity were observed. In relation to Streptomyces sp., the red coloration observed in Potato-Dextrose medium, were also observed in sodium-caseinate culture medium .The crude extract was submitted to successive chromatographic processes, which allowed the isolation of Balmoralmicin, the compound that was responsible for the red coloration of the culture media. Based on these results, we can conclude that microorganisms are promising natural colorant producers, and for these reasons are likely to be applied in industry and to be produced in higher amounts.

O contestável uso de corantes sintéticos pelas indústrias, aliado ao aumento na exigência dos consumidores modernos quanto à ingestão de alimentos coloridos artificialmente, tem despertado a atenção de pesquisadores pela busca de corantes de fontes naturais alternativas. Neste sentido, os micro-organismos se apresentam como uma valiosa fonte de corantes naturais, permitindo sua fácil obtenção alcançando altos rendimentos em processos fermentativos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da potencialidade de aplicação de micro-organismos como produtores de corantes naturais. Inicialmente, foi realizado o screening visual com mais de 1.000 micro-organismos, resultando na seleção de dois micro-organismos do gênero Streptomyces. Um produtor de coloração roxa e outro produtor de coloração vermelha. Foram avaliados os efeitos do meio de cultura (fonte de carbono e nitrogênio, adição de aminoácido e ferro) e condições de cultivo (agitação, luminosidade) na produção dos corantes. Para os dois micro-organismos os extratos brutos foram submetidos a análises espectrofotométricas e espectrométricas. Para Streptomyces violaceolatus, o qual produz coloração roxa em meio de cultura Amido-Caseína, os resultados mostraram que as fontes de carbono e nitrogênio mais promissoras foram glicerol e extrato de levedura, respectivamente. Para o corante obtido, foram realizadas análises toxicológicas e mutagênica. Os resultados sugerem que o corante roxo apresenta um grande potencial de aplicação em alimentos ou cosméticos, pois nenhuma atividade tóxica ou mutagênica foi observada. Com relação ao Streptomyces sp., o qual produz coloração vermelha em meio de cultura Batata-Dextrose, os resultados mostraram que em meio de cultura sódio-caseinato também houve a produção desta coloração. O extrato bruto foi submetido a sucessivos processos cromatográficos, no qual foi possível o isolamento do composto Balmoralmicina, responsável pela coloração vermelha do meio de cultivo. Com base nos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, podemos concluir que os micro-organismos são promissores produtores de corantes naturais com potencial aplicação industrial podendo ser produzidos em larga escala. / The questionable use of synthetic colorants by food industry followed by an increasing consumer exigency concerning the ingestion of such artificial colorants, has attracted great attention of researches that are looking for healthier alternatives, for instance, the natural colorants. In this sense, the microorganisms present a powerful source of natural colorants, which are easily obtained in high yields by fermentative process. The main goal of this work is to study the potentiality of applying microorganisms as successful natural colorants producers. Initially, a visual screening was conducted using more than 1,000 microorganisms. As a result, two microorganisms of Streptomyces genus were selected, which were produced purple and red colored. Firstly, medium composition like nitrogen and carbon sources, as well as amino acid and iron additions were assayed. Secondly, agitation and luminosity where also evaluated. The crude extract obtained from the two selected microorganisms were then analyzed by employing spectrophotometric and spectrometric techniques. Results for Streptomyces violaceolatus, which produces a purple coloration in Starch-Casein medium, indicated that glycerol and yeast extract are the most promising carbon and nitrogen sources for colorant production. Additionally, this extract shows a great potential for further application in foods and cosmetics, once neither toxicological nor mutagenical activity were observed. In relation to Streptomyces sp., the red coloration observed in Potato-Dextrose medium, were also observed in sodium-caseinate culture medium .The crude extract was submitted to successive chromatographic processes, which allowed the isolation of Balmoralmicin, the compound that was responsible for the red coloration of the culture media. Based on these results, we can conclude that microorganisms are promising natural colorant producers, and for these reasons are likely to be applied in industry and to be produced in higher amounts.