Le conflit afghan (à partir de 2001) peut être considéré comme un nouveau conflit asymétrique reprenant les caractéristiques des conflits asymétriques classiques (rapport de force disproportionné entre les belligérants) à l’exception de la territorialisation, remplacée par l’appartenance à une idéologie commune. En conséquence, le champ de bataille y est devenu secondaire, la guerre est devenue cognitive. La séparation entre la paix et la guerre s’est atténuée à tel point qu’il est devenu impossible de compartimenter le droit de la guerre en fonction de l’intensité du conflit ou de son internationalisation. Faute de s’y être adapté, le droit de la guerre a cessé de faciliter le rétablissement de la paix et a été perçu par les militaires occidentaux comme une entrave aux combats. C’est pourquoi, certains belligérants ont tenté de s’en affranchir en ayant recours à des méthodes de combats illégitimes. Ces effets ont été médiatisés et ont participé à la perte de légitimité des Etats occidentaux allant jusqu’à remettre en question la division du monde en Etats souverains. L’absence de résolution de ces conflits pourrait conduire à une guerre civile globalisée. En réponse, l’harmonisation du droit de la guerre autour de la garantie inconditionnelle des droits inaliénables doit être affirmée par les Etats et les nouveaux acteurs internationaux. Elle pourrait émerger d’un « Parlement mondial », garant du droit international. De plus, l’irréprochabilité morale des belligérants est attendue. Le droit et la place des armées au sein de la société doivent le refléter. / The Afghan war (since 2001) may be seen as a new asymmetric conflict. It has all characteristics of the former asymmetric conflicts except territoriality, which has been replaced by ideology. Therefore, the battlefields have been displaced to the cognitive war. The distinction between war and peace became so small that it is now impossible to distinguish the law of war in regard to its intensity or to the implication of several states. The law of wars, due to its lack of adaptation stopped to ease the peace recovery, becoming a hindrance to combat. In consequence, some warriors have been tempted to use forbidden combat methods. Whose effects have been mediatized and took part of the western states legitimacy crisis (and questionning the World division in sovereign states). The lack of conflicts settlement could lead to a worldwide civil war. Unless, law of wars are harmonized through universal core rights mandatory for states and new international actors; a “World Parliament” could protect them. Furthermore, moral integrity of warriors is expected, it may be reflected into the military laws and their position into the civil society.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa möjligheter och begränsningar med olika tekniska system för att identifiera kontakter på stridsfältet, främst med avseende på att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Uppsatsen skall också belysa om införande av tekniska system för identifiering av kontakter är den enskilt bästa metoden för att undvika vådabekämpningar. Syftet är att läsaren skall uppnå en förståelse för vad olika typer av system för identifiering kan bidra med för att minska risken för vådabekämpningar. Utöver detta belyses andra nackdelar och fördelar med de olika tekniska systemen förutom just inom området identifiering. Uppsatsen beskriver olika händelser där vådabekämpningar skett och kopplar dessa mot hur olika tekniska system eventuellt hade kunnat minska risken för att vådabekämpningen skulle ha skett. Uppsatsen beskriver också ett antal olika tekniska system för identifiering av kontakter på stridsfältet. / The purpose of this essay is to shed light on possibilities and limitations regarding different systems for identification of contacts on the battlefield, mainly for the purpose of reducing fratricide. The essay will also shed light on if the introduction of systems for identification on the battlefield is the best one single method that will reduce fratricide. The purpose is that the reader will achieve an understanding of how different systems for target identification will reduce the risk for fratricide. In addition the possibilities and limitations of other systems in the field of combat identification will also be addressed. The essay describes different events where fratricide has occurred and connects these events with the possibilities and limitations of the identification systems described and how these systems could have reduced the risk for fratricide. The essay also describes different systems for target identification and combat identification.

No description available.

Face aux données conflictuelles de la littérature sur le VO2 requis d’exercices de boxe (sparring, palettes de frappe et sac de frappe), surtout pour le “vrai” sparring avec coups de poings au visage, une nouvelle méthode basée sur une mesure de VO2 “post-exercice” fut développée, validée (Annexe 1) et utilisée pour ré-évaluer le coût énergétique de ces exercices de boxe. Neufs boxeurs mâles expérimentés, de 22.0±3.5 ans et 71.4±10.9 kg avec un VO2pic de 62.2±4.1 ml·kg-1·min-1 (moyenne ± écart type) furent mesurés lors 1) d’un test progressif maximal sur tapis roulant en laboratoire 2) d’un entrainement standardisé de boxe en gymnase et 3) d’exercices de boxe standardisés en laboratoire. Des VO2 requis de 43.4±5.9, 41.1±5.1, 24.7±6.1, 30.4±5.8 et 38.3±6.5 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectivement obtenues pour le sparring, les palettes de frappe et le sac de frappe à 60, 120 et 180 coup·min-1, situe l’intensité de ces exercices autour de ~70 %VO2pic. / In view of contradictory data in the literature on VO2 requirements of boxing exercises (sparring, pad work, punching bag), particularly for “true” sparring with punches to the face, a new method based on “post-exercise” VO2 measurements was developed, validated (Annex 1) and used to reassess the energy cost of these boxing exercises. Nine experienced male boxers of 22.0±3.5 years old and 71.4±10.9 kg with a VO2peak of 62.2±4.1 ml·kg-1·min-1 (mean ± standard deviation) were measured during 1) a maximal multistage treadmill test in the laboratory 2) a standardized boxing training in the gymnasium and 3) standardized boxing exercises in the laboratory. VO2 requirements of 43.4±5.9, 41.1±5.1, 24.7±6.1, 30.4±5.8 and 38.3±6.5 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively obtained for sparring, pad work and punching bag at 60, 120 and 180 b·min-1, situate the intensity of those exercises around ~70 %VO2peak.

This thesis is an exploration of the construction of the gendered body in combat in the late twentieth century, in Australia and the United States of America. While it is not a military history, aspects of military history, and representations of war and warriors are used as the vehicle for the analysis of the politics of representing gender. The mythic, the material and the media(ted) body of the gendered warrior are examined in the realms of ‘real’ military histories and news coverage, and in the ‘speculative’ arena of popular culture. Through this examination, the continuities and ruptures inherent in the gendered narratives of war and warriors are made apparent, and the operation of the politics of representing gender in the public arena is exposed. I have utilised a number of different approaches from different disciplines in the construction of this thesis: feminist and non-feminist responses to women in the military; aspects of military histories and mythologies of war specific to Australia and the United States; theories on the construction of masculinities and femininities; approaches to gender identity in popular news media, film and television. Through these approaches I have sought to bring together the history of women in the military institutions of Australia and the United States, and examine the nexus between the expansion of women’s military roles and the emergence of the female warrior hero in popular culture. I have, as a result, analysed the constructions of masculinity and femininity that inform the ongoing association of the military with ‘quintessential masculinity’, and deconstructed the real and the mythic corporeal capacities of the gendered body so important to warrior identity. Regardless, or perhaps because of, the importance of gender politics played out in and through the representations of soldier identity, all their bodies must be considered speculative.

La principale collection d’armes du site de La Tène (armes de poing, d’hast, de jet, boucliers) est étudiée sous l’angle de la tracéologie. Les armes du Laténium sont dans l’ensemble bien préservées du fait de l’anaérobie, parfois recouvertes d’une simple patine. L’approche de cette thèse de doctorat est basée sur un croisement disciplinaire entre l’analyse typo-chronologique, l’archéologie expérimentale, « l’ethno-archéologie » et les sciences forensiques. Est-ce possible, à compter de traces visibles sur les objets de La Tène, mais également sur d’autres sites laténiens, d’interpréter les traces de destructions sur les armes ? Ces dernières sont-elles plutôt imputables à des actes rituels volontaires ou faut-il y voir les résultats accidentels de combats ? Il ne s’agit pas ici de trancher définitivement l’épineuse question de la fonction du site de La Tène, mais d’apporter quelques pistes de réflexion sur l’interprétation de ce « gisement » énigmatique (sanctuaire, trophée militaire,…). / The weapons from the main collection from La Tène (impact and thrusting weapons, lances, projectiles/throwing spears, shields) have been analysed for use-wear. Due to the anaerobic conditions, the pieces at the Laténium are largely well preserved, with many bearing a simple patina. This PhD thesis combines chronotypology, experimental archaeology, «ethnoarchaeology» and forensics to answer the following question : is it possible by examining the traces visible on the objects from La Tène and other sites to as certain whether the weapons were put beyond use deliberately, as part of a ritual, or did it occur during combat ? The objective is not to deduce the function of the enigmatic site (sanctuary, monument to a military victory,…) but to find ways of interpreting it.

La douleur est une sensation universelle pour qui les termes descriptifs élicitent une reconnaissance immédiate. Les sensations de brûlure, de démangeaisons ou de tranchements aigus servent de signal d’alarme ayant pour but d’éviter des dommages corporels. Chez les athlètes, cette alerte est souvent ignorée afin d’atteindre l’excellence en performance. Dépendant du sport, le type de douleur ressenti peut varier. Dans le cas des athlètes d’endurance, la douleur survient naturellement dans le muscle due aux contractions répétées sur une longue période. Alternativement, les athlètes pratiquant un sport de contact doivent aussi anticiper de la douleur « mécanique » produite par des coups infligés par les adversaires. La différence dans la demande et la spécificité de chaque sport sont cependant rarement prises en considération dans les études sur la douleur chez les athlètes. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire de maitrise, une revue de portée a été réalisée pour mieux comprendre comment la perception de la douleur chez les athlètes de sports de contact est étudiée. Trois composantes ont été analysées : Les types de sports de contacts étudiés, les groupes auxquels ils sont comparés, et les méthodes utilisées pour induire expérimentalement la douleur. Onze études ont été retenues. Deux sous-catégories de sports de contact ont été identifiées. Les sports de combat ont plus souvent été inclus dans ces études que les sports d’équipe. Ces athlètes étaient comparés à des groupes composés de non-athlètes et d’athlètes de sports « non-contact ». Quatre méthodes d’induction expérimentale de la douleur ont été utilisés, soit, la pression mécanique, le froid, la chaleur et l’ischémie musculaire. Une justification des choix de méthode d’induction de la douleur ou types d’athlètes inclus dans le cas d’un groupe contrôle de sport non-contact est rarement fourni. Un vide existe dans la littérature quant à la comparaison de la perception de la douleur d’athlètes de sport de contact avec un groupe d’athlètes non-contact et une méthode d’induction expérimentale de la douleur choisi délibérément pour mieux refléter la réalité de la pratique sportive. Un protocole expérimental est proposé pour combler ce besoin. / Pain is a universal sensation whose descriptive terms elicit immediate recognition. The burning, itching, or sharp feelings serve as an alarm system meant to avoid bodily harm. In athletes, this warning is often ignored in the pursuit of performance. Depending on the sport, the type of pain encountered can vary. In the case of endurance athletes, pain occurs naturally within the muscle due to repeated contraction over a long period. Alternatively, athletes in contact sports must also anticipate mechanical pain caused by opponents. The difference in demand and the specificity of each sport are however very rarely taken into consideration when studying pain in athletes. A scoping review was used to better understand how pain perception in contact sport athletes is being studied. Three components were analysed: the types of contact sports being studied, the groups they are being compared to, and the methods used to experimentally induce and study pain. A total of 11 articles were included. Two subcategories of contact sport were identified. Combat sports were more often included in studies than team contact sport. These athletes were compared to both non-athletes and non-contact athletes. Four methods of experimental pain induction were used, namely, the pain pressure test, the cold pressor test, an ischemic pain protocol, and heat pain protocol. Justification was not always provided for either pain protocol selection or non-contact athletes selected as control group. A gap exists in the literature in comparing contact sport athletes’ pain perception with a deliberately chosen athlete control group using a pain induction protocol meant to emulate a facet of pain experienced during exercise. A protocol proposal is included in the discussion to meet this demand.

No description available.

System dynamics is based on principles borrowed from engineering—especially feedback concepts. It makes possible a representation of decision policies and information flow. The systems approach is a mixture of scientific approaches to conceptualizing problems and solving them through research, design and analysis. In system dynamics, differential equations are represented in the form of difference equations. There is no limit to the number that can be employed to represent the complex details of any system. The models developed here help in determining the superiority or inferiority of the Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) over the baseline aircraft. The advanced tactical aircraft is a proposed replacement aircraft that can undertake any of the three missions—air superiority, fleet defense and attack/interdiction. The baseline aircraft for air superiority and fleet defense is the Tomcat Fighter, F-14 and for attack/interdiction it is Intruder, A-6. Several measures of effectiveness are presented to evaluate the superiority or inferiority of the replacement aircraft over the baseline aircraft. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Sarah Jane Fishback / This qualitative case study described the incidence of stress in the lives of Army officers, and its effect on their learning experiences at the Army‘s Command and General Staff College (CGSC). It described the experiences of officers who have completed multiple combat deployments and coped with the effects of combat related stress in an academic environment. The study further illuminated a number of issues surrounding combat related stress and learning, and framed them using the words of the eleven United States Army Command and General Staff College student participants. This qualitative case study combined the interviews of the eleven students with other members of the Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Army community to include an Army psychiatrist, a Department of Army civilian psychologist, a CGSC faculty focus group, and an Army chaplain. All of the Army officers in the study are combat veterans with an average of over 23 months of combat. This case study confirmed that being in an academic environment increased the stress levels of even combat veterans. This research further confirmed levels of anger, alcohol usage, and sleeplessness among CGSC students and its effect on their learning. It identified the impact of transitions, dual enrollment, and social functioning in family settings, as well as confirming that there is still a continued stigma associated with Soldiers seeking assistance for mental health. The stigma is exacerbated by inaccurate reporting and a culture that reflects a lack of support within certain levels of the service. This study contributes to the current body of knowledge and provides additional information and insights on the effects of combat related stress on learning. Finally, this study is relevant, germane, and timely given the number of Soldiers who have been repeatedly exposed to combat operations. This exposure to combat exponentially increases the incidence of combat related stress in their lives.