Le 2 avril 1982, l’Argentine envahit les îles Malouines et réaffirme sa souveraineté sur ces îles perdues en 1833. Pourquoi l’Argentine décide-t-elle reprendre ces îles ? Par lassitude ? Sans doute, les négociations s’enlisent et ne laissaient entrevoir aucune solution. Par intérêt ? Sans nul doute, le rapport Shackleton évoque les richesses naturelles inexploitées de l’archipel (du pétrole et des eaux poissonneuses). Par opportunisme ? Indéniablement, l’Argentine est alors en crise financière et est gouvernée par une dictature militaire fragilisée par les oppositions. La reconquête des Malouines pourrait être une planche de salut pour la Junte. La force de réaction de Margaret Thatcher à cette invasion semble surprendre : pourquoi vouloir conserver des îles lointaines, qui comptent 1800 habitants, et 700 000 ovins ? Le monde est encore en pleine guerre froide, les Etats-Unis et l’URSS s’opposent toujours, le conflit des Malouines vient leur offrir un terrain d’affrontement supplémentaire. / On the 2nd April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and reclaimed sovereignty over the islands that she had lost in 1833. Why did Argentina decide to retake these islands ? Was it weariness? Without doubt, negotiation had not given hope of a solution. Was it out of interest? Without a doubt the Shackleton connection suggested unexploited natural resources on the islands (petrol and fishable waters). Was it opportunism? Undeniably Argentina was at that time in a financial crisis and governed by a military dictatorship weakened by conflict. The re-conquest of the Falklands could have been the last hope for the Junta. The strength of Margaret Thatcher's reaction to this invasion seemed surprising: why would one want to keep hold of these far flung islands with 1800 inhabitants and 700 000 ovines? The world was still in the middle of a cold war, the United Stated of America and the USSR continued to clash; the conflict in the Falklands offered them an additional battle ground.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Cesca de Lima.pdf: 3357123 bytes, checksum: 53645ff8a8f6ee512867685bf1f82f93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study analizes some connections between psychologist profession, social assistance policy (and, within this, specifically poverty combat) and the economical development pattern, from two questions: [1] how is produced the subjective dimension of this professional field and how this dimension determines it or, in other words, how are produced the repertories of meanings which guides, justifies and legitimizes it; [2] how these practices can concretely contribute towards the intended changes. For this, the study is based on three complementary analytical efforts. Firstly, in order to apprehend the relationship between causality and teleology in praxis, we discuss, on historical-dialectical materialism, the ontological foundation of social being. Secondly, we discuss the social and historical bases of poverty in capitalist mode of production, analyzing how poverty became politically represented as a public issue to be addressed by social policies and how these are tensioned contemporarily by the structural crisis of capital. Special attention was given to define these issues in Brazilian contemporary reality, relating social policies to "neodevelopmentalist" economy. It's also discussed the conceptions of poverty and its combat as ideological productions in subjective dimension of reality. Thirdly, we analyze the professional practices of psychologists in this institutional context, based on research involving participative observation in a Reference Center for Social Assistance and analysis of multiple documentary sources. The study revealed some of many theorical and practical challenges for psychologists in social assistance, specially the need to overcome subjectivism and politicism in professional concepts and practices that assume a professional project that aims political emancipation, but is often limited to a more abstract "subjective emancipation", reducing itself, in worst case, to adaptationist reproduction of everyday or, at the best of them, to tragic expression of an ethical intentionality with no material condictions to accomplish / A dissertação analisa algumas conexões entre as trajetórias da profissão de psicóloga(o), da política de assistência social (e, no interior desta, das ações de enfrentamento da pobreza) e do modelo de desenvolvimento econômico em curso no país, a partir de duas questões: [1] como se produz a dimensão subjetiva deste campo profissional e como esta o determina, ou seja, como se produz o campo de significados que o orienta, justifica e legitima; [2] como as intervenções realizadas no âmbito da política de assistência social podem concretamente contribuir na direção das transformações intencionadas. Para isso, a dissertação se sustenta em três esforços analíticos complementares. Em um primeiro momento, visando apreender a relação entre teleologia e causalidade na práxis, abordamos, a partir do materialismo historico-dialético, a fundamentação ontológica do ser social. Em um segundo caminho, discutimos as bases histórico-sociais do fenômeno da pobreza no modo de produção capitalista, abordando como a pobreza passou a ser representada politicamente como problema público a ser enfrentado através de políticas sociais e como estas são tensionadas contemporaneamente pela crise estrutural do capital. Especial atenção foi dada à delimitação destas questões na realidade brasileira contemporânea, ao relacionar as políticas sociais ao modelo de desenvolvimento econômico que tem sido denominado ―neodesenvolvimentista‖. Abordamos também as concepções sobre pobreza e sobre o seu enfrentamento enquanto produções ideológicas que compõem a dimensão subjetiva deste campo. Em um terceiro movimento, analisamos o trabalho de psicólogas(os) neste contexto institucional, a partir de pesquisa que envolveu observação participante em um Centro de Referência de Assistência Social e a análise de distintas fontes documentais. A análise realizada revela alguns dos muitos desafios teóricos e práticos postos para esta inserção profissional, dos quais destacamos a superação do subjetivismo e do politicismo presentes em concepções e práticas que assumem um projeto profissional orientado à promoção de emancipação política, mas que não raro se limita a uma ainda mais abstrata ―emancipação subjetiva‖, reduzindo-se, na pior das hipóteses, à reprodução adaptacionista do cotidiano ou, na melhor delas, a expressão trágica de uma intencionalidade ética que não tem condições materiais de se realizar

O comportamento territorial é exibido por animais que competem por recursos dentro de uma área específica defendida. Ao excluir competidores potenciais desta área através de comportamentos agressivos, os indivíduos territoriais garantem acesso prioritário aos recursos essenciais para sua sobrevivência e reprodução. Em anfíbios anuros, a territorialidade tem sido relacionada principalmente com espécies de reprodução prolongada, cujos sítios reprodutivos estão disponíveis durante todo o ano. O presente trabalho foi realizado em um trecho de riacho na Floresta da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro. Foram realizadas quatro visitas consecutivas a área de amostragem em cada mês (abril/2009 à agosto/2010). O objetivo foi responder questões sobre a territorialidade dos indivíduos da espécie Hylodes nasus: (área de vida, fidelidade ao sítio, comportamentos agonísticos e combates físicos). As áreas de vida dos machos apresentaram relação significativa com o número de recapturas. O tamanho da área de vida das fêmeas foi ligeiramente maior do que dos machos. Os machos apresentaram maior fidelidade do que as fêmeas. A fidelidade apresentou resultado significativo com o CRC e a massa corporal dos indivíduos. Foram observadas 50 interações agonísticas entre machos, sendo exibidos 11 comportamentos agressivos. Foram observados 19 combates físicos, sendo os machos envolvidos classificados como residente, intruso, vencedor ou perdedor. Todas as disputas foram vencidas por indivíduos residentes. Informações a respeito da influência de fatores ambientais sobre a população de H. nasus, aspectos da estrutura populacional e descrição do microhábitat também são fornecidos. / The territorial behavior is exhibited by animals that compete for resources within a specific defended area. By excluding potential competitors in this area through aggressive behavior, territorialist individuals ensure priority access to essential resources for their survival and reproduction. In anuran amphibians, territoriality has been mainly related to prolonged-breeding species, whose breeding sites are available throughout the year. This study was conducted in a portion of the river in the Tijuca Forest, Rio de Janeiro. There were four consecutive visits to the sampling area in each month (April/2009 to August/2010). The objective was to answer questions about the territorial behavior of Hylodes nasus (home range, site fidelity, agonistic behaviors and physical fighting). The males home range showed a significant relation with number of recapture. The home range estimated for females was slightly larger than males. Males have higher site fidelity than females. The site fidelity showed a significant relation with individuals' SVL and body mass. There were observed 50 agonistic encounters between males, showing 11 aggressive behaviors. There were observed 19 physical fights with males being classified as resident, intruder, winner or loser. All contests were won by resident individuals. Information about the influence of environmental factors on the population of H. nasus, aspects of population structure and description of microhabitat are also provided.

La présente thèse de doctorat analyse l’influence du fusil à baïonnette sur la tactique de l’infanterie française au XVIIIe siècle. Les travaux concernant cette arme ont, jusqu’ici, surtout traité des modèles produits, des méthodes de fabrication et de l’approvisionnement des régiments. Notre approche est celle d’un historien au contact des collections d’un grand musée militaire. Elle consiste à étudier le fusil du point de vue du maniement et, plus généralement, de sa mise en œuvre contre l’ennemi. L’objectif est de comprendre comment l’armée royale s’est adaptée à une arme aux faibles capacités techniques et balistiques. Les sources exploitées sont nombreuses et variées : archives techniques et tactiques de l’armée de Terre, ouvrages imprimés relatifs à l’art de la guerre, objets des collections du musée de l’Armée, à Paris.La première partie est consacrée aux origines, au développement et à la description matérielle du fusil. La deuxième partie examine ses usages tactiques. Le grand débat qui en résulte, opposant les partisans de l’ordre profond aux défenseurs de l’ordre mince, fait l’objet d’une relecture documentée. L’entraînement des soldats, les conditions du combat de ligne et l’émergence de l’infanterie légère sont également étudiés. La troisième partie tente de mesurer l’efficacité du fusil : à l’observation de son rôle au cours des batailles de Höchstädt (1704), de Dettingen (1743), de Fontenoy (1745) et des Plaines d’Abraham (1759), succède l’analyse des blessures causées par les balles et les baïonnettes. Après un siècle d’emploi du fusil par l’armée de l’Ancien Régime, les bases tactiques des guerres de la Révolution et de l’Empire sont posées. / This PhD dissertation analyses the influence of the flintlock musket upon the French infantry in the 18th century. Until now, studies of this weapon have particularly focused on the manufactured types, the manufacturing methods and regiment supplies. Our approach is one of a historian’s, working in a major military museum. It consists of studying the handling of the flintlock and more broadly speaking, how it was used against the enemy. The objective is to understand how the royal army managed to adapt to a weapon with little technical and ballistic capacity. We used various source materials: the technical and tactical archives of the French Army, numerous printed works on the art of warfare and objects from various collections of the Army museum in Paris.The first part of this dissertation is devoted to the origins, the development and the technical description of the musket. The second part examines its tactical uses. The main ensuing debate opposing supporters of the deep order against those of the thin line order has been re-examined in the light of new documents. The soldiers’ training, the conditions of line warfare and the emergence of the light infantry are also studied. The third part tries to assess the efficiency of the musket: the part it played during the battles of Blenheim (1704), Dettingen (1743), Fontenoy (1745) and the Plains of Abraham (1759) is carefully studied, then an analysis of the wounds caused by its bullets and bayonets logically follows. After a century of the Old Regime Army's use of the musket, the tactical basis of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars are set down.

This study was conducted to identify gaps in existing knowledge regarding impacts of combat-related PTSD on the spouse and to gain an understanding of the lived experience of Appalachian Spouses of combat veterans with PTSD. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify research and findings on the impacts of combat-related PTSD on spouses of veterans and a qualitative study was conducted to gain an understanding of the lives of Appalachian spouses of combat veterans with PTSD. The systematic review identified 16 qualitative studies conducted between 1988 and 2016 in five countries spanning five wars. Regardless of the country of study or the war, the spouses experienced problems dealing with the symptoms of PTSD, emotional distress, impacts to relationships and caregiver burden. The systematic literature review revealed limited information on minority or underserved populations. Qualitative interview data from ten Appalachian spouses of combat veterans with PTSD were examined to gain an understanding of their lives. Data were obtained from semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate Appalachian Vietnam veteran spouses experience similar problems dealing with the veteran’s symptoms of PTSD, relationship problems, mental health problems and caregiver burden. The veterans in this study were not diagnosed with PTSD until later in life so they spent the majority of their life without knowledge or treatment for the illness. The women in this study expressed concerns that government and society have marginalized Vietnam veterans. This research highlights the need for outreach and PTSD education for Vietnam veterans and their spouses. Future research is recommended to expand the body of knowledge on the impacts of PTSD on the spouse with particular attention to other cultures, minority and underserved populations.

In the emerging industry of small unmanned vehicles, pioneered by small businesses and research institutions, a suitable combat system test platform is needed. Computer simulations are useful, but do not provide the definitive proof of effective operation necessary for deployment of a combat system. What is needed is an affordable simulated weapons system that enables live flight testing without the used of live weaponry. A framework is developed here for the construction of a simulated weapon using Free Space Optical (FSO) infrared communication. It is developed in such a way to ensure compatibility with a variety of platforms including ground and aerial vehicles, so that identical but configurable modules can be used on any vehicle that is to take place in a live combat simulation. A proof-of-concept implementation of this modular laser combat system framework is also presented and tested. The implemented system shows the value of such a simulated weapons system and future areas of improvement are also explored.

No description available.

In this thesis, a test platform based on real-time facilities and embedded software is designed to verify the performance of a controller model in real time. By the help of this platform, design errors can be detected earlier and possible problems can be solved cost-effectively without interrupting the development process. An unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) model is taken as a plant model due to its importance in current and future military operations. Among several autopilot modes, the altitude hold mode is selected since it is an important pilot-relief mode and widely used in aviation. A discrete PID controller is designed in MATLAB/Simulink environment for using in verification studies. To control the dynamic system in wide range, a gain scheduling is employed where the altitude and velocity are taken as scheduling variables. Codes for plant and controller model are obtained by using real time workshop embedded coder (RTWEC) and downloaded to two separate computers, in which xPC kernel and VxWorks operating system are run, respectively. A set of flight test scenarios are generated in Simulink environment. They are analyzed, discussed, and then some of them are picked up to verify the platform. These test scenarios are run in the setup and their results are compared with the ones obtained in Simulink environment. The reusability of the platform is verified by using a commercial aircraft, Boeing 747, and its controller models. The test results obtained in the setup and in Simulink environment are presented and discussed.

Participation in Peace Support Operations (PSOs) is one of the most common military duties assigned to present-day Western soldiers. Previous research concerned with the psychological effects of these missions on the individual soldier has focused on issues of mental health and how to ensure military effectiveness. This study takes a different perspective, and examines how PSOs affect the political psychology of the peace soldier, asking: how and to what extent do the sociopolitical psychological orientations of the individual soldier change as a consequence of peace support operations? The study combines theory from clinical, social, and personality psychology to construct a framework for understanding how and why the values and the attitudes toward violence of the soldier may be affected by PSO deployments. It is argued that although combat exposure may cause changes in attitudes and values, these variables will overall remain stable across the deployment. Stability is predicted to be the norm due to the importance of certain attitudes and values to the soldierly identity, and owing to the good person-environment fit that the deployment provides for the soldiers. It is also argued that the individual’s personality traits will predict levels of change and stability. Empirically, two Swedish contingents deployed to northern Afghanistan under the auspices of NATO’s ISAF mission are analyzed. Change and stability are examined by combining statistical analyses of surveys with in-depth interviews carried out at both the pre- and post-deployment stages. As hypothesized, the study finds that both values and attitudes exhibit high levels of stability across the mission. Contrary to expectations the soldiers’ experiences of combat exposure had little to no effect on attitudes and values. Combat exposure was, however, limited during the deployments studied. Finally, the individual’s personality traits are identified as being relatively potent factors for inducing change and stability. By demonstrating that low-exposure PSOs have only minor effects on the sociopolitical psychological orientations of soldiers, the study advances knowledge of the political psychology of the peace soldier and provides additional contributions to the fields of value and personality psychology. Among other things, the study demonstrates the stability of values in a very challenging environment, and how personality traits affect change and stability in values.

I describe the natural history and reproductive behaviours of the Emei Moustache Toad (Leptobrachium boringii), testing the hypotheses that the species exhibits resource defense polygyny, and that combat, and paternal care lead to the evolution of male-biased sexual size dimorphism. In this study I document combat behaviour and paternal care for the first time in this species. Between February and March of 2011 and 2012, 26 female and 55 male L. boringii from Mount Emei UNESCO World Heritage Site, Sichuan, China, were observed throughout the breeding season. Prior to the breeding season, males grow 10-16 keratinized maxillary spines, which fall off once the season has ended. Throughout this time, males construct and defend aquatic nests where they produce advertisement calls to attract females. In a natural setting, I documented 14 cases involving a total of 22 males where males used their moustaches for aggressive interaction, and nest take over was observed on seven occasions. Despite my predictions, neither male body size nor body condition significantly affects the outcome of an aggressive interaction, though this may be representative of a low sample size. Males were also observed to possess injuries resulting from combat. Combat trials conducted in artificial nests demonstrated heightened aggression from resident males towards intruders. Genetic analysis using microsatellite markers revealed several cases of multiple paternity, both within nest and within clutch, indicating that some alternative male reproductive strategy, such as satellite behaviour is occurring. Larger males were observed to mate more frequently, and in multiple nests, suggesting that females are selecting for larger males, or that larger males are more capable of defending high quality territories. Males showed evidence of paternal care behaviours by remaining with the nests once females had left, moving throughout the nest cleaning, touching the eggs, and blowing bubbles into the centre of the doughnut-shaped egg masses. From this study I conclude that the male biased sexual size dimorphism in L. boringii is likely the result of both combat and paternal care behaviours creating a selection pressure on male body size.