The study deals with European medieval contact combat, which is often unjustly overlooked and underestimated. It places medieval wrestling and the techniques of medieval hand-to-hand combat systems into the wider context of global development and qualitatively assesses their technical level. In historiographical literature, martial arts used by medieval wrestlers, just like any other medieval martial arts, are often regarded as a mere connecting link between the advanced ancient combat and complex Renaissance combat systems. However, such assessment is rather the result of logical premises, not a detailed analysis. The study does not regard medieval combat as a complete and imperfect interlude on its way towards ever-more perfect formations. On the contrary, the study aims to find and explore several phases and systems, various qualitative levels that medieval combat systems went through and which emerged from the heterogeneous conditions of different time epochs. The study will explain the reasons of the transformation from ancient combat activities into medieval systems and it will reveal and explain their particular forms and contents on specific examples. It will also stress the fact that each peak phase of development of any martial art fully meets the needs of the war field and self-defence...

Stridsvagnsminans utveckling i helhet har under de senaste 20 åren mer eller mindre stått still. I försvarsberedningens slutrapport Värnkraft beskrivs fördröjande fältarbeten med minor som ett av de prioriterade områdena för Försvarsmaktens ingenjörförband. Med denna prioritering finns ett syfte att undersöka hur vidare minor fortsatt kommer att påverka den mekaniserade striden i framtiden.  För att studera minors påverkan på den mekaniserade striden har den här studien använt Totalförsvarets forskningsinstituts simuleringsverktyg Suss-mek. Minvapnet finns sedan tidigare inte implementerat i programmet. Därför undersöks också vilka nyckelegenskaper som bör ingå i simulering med minor i strid.  Resultatet visar att effekten av framtidens minor på den mekaniserade striden kommer i grunden vara densamma som idag. Däremot kommer teknologin för framtidens minor göra att minan i sig kommer att bli effektivare med högre sannolikhet att nedkämpa motståndaren. Studien kommer också fram till flera relevanta nyckelegenskaper, till exempel front, djup, densitet och fasta beteenden vid sammanstötminering. Det är egenskaper som måste tas hänsyn till vid modellering av minor i ett simuleringsverktyg. / The development of the antitank mine has more or less stood still for the past 20 years. In the Defense Committee's final report Värnkraft, counter-mobility operations with landmines is described as one of the priority areas for the Swedish Armed Forces' combat engineer units. With this priority, there is a purpose to investigate how mines will continue to affect the mechanized battle in the future.  To study the impact of antitank mines on the mechanized battle, this study has used the Swedish Defense Research Agency's simulation tool Suss-mek. The mine weapon has not previously been implemented in the program. Therefore, it is also investigated which key characteristics that should be included in simulation with mines in battle.  The results show that the impact of future antitank- mines in mechanized battle will basically be the same as today. On the other hand, the technology of the future mines will make the mine itself more efficient with a higher probability to kill. The study also shows several relevant key characteristics for example: front, depth, density and fixed behaviours during entering minefield. They are characteristics that must be considered when modelling mines in a simulation tool.

This thesis discusses what associations Viking Age women and weapons had according to extant sources and how they can present in the grave material. In order to achieve this, literary sources, iconographic representations, and grave material are studied and compared in order to reach a deeper understanding of these associations and what they look like in the archaeology. The literary and iconographic source materials in this thesis are limited those from within, or shortly after, the Viking Age. The grave material in this thesis is also dated to the Viking Age and consists of weapon graves with osteologically determined inhumed females located in Gerdrup, Kaupang, Aunvoll, Nordre Kjølen, and Birka.

Theorists in war studies have since the 1940’s debated the issue of the connection between technology and tactical development, and at the end of the 1990’s a technological revolution in warfare was debated. As presented in this thesis the debate is far from completed. Lieutenant Commander Erik Öhrn made an effort to construct a general theory for this connection in 2011 at the Swedish Defense University. Preliminary studies prove that the theory is applicable for naval tactics. The purpose of this thesis is to examine if the theory is valid in mechanized tactics by studying the introduction of the Swedish Combat Vehicle 90. In using a qualitative method, searching for theoretical constructed indicators, this thesis finds shortages in the theory as a general theory for the connection between technology and tactical development. The definition and concept of technology is among these shortages, which is a crucial part of the understanding of the revolution debated in previous research.

Stridsfordon 90 tillsammans med Stridsvagn 122 är i dagsläget stommen i Försvarsmaktens mekaniserade bataljoner. I Försvarsbeslutet 2020 beslutades det att Stridsfordon 90 skall successivt ersättas med ett nytt stridsfordon efter 2030. Enligt en rapport från Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut skall teknik som är mogen 10 år innan förbanssättande av en ny plattform nyttjas för att ge tillräckligt med tid för upphandling, systemintegrering, driftsättning med mera. Totalförsvaret forskningsinstitut har även identifierat att hybriddrift av stridsfordon anses vara redo att införas efter 2025.  Med bakgrund i ovanstående konstruerades ett koncept för en hybriddrivlina för framtidens stridsfordon för att besvara frågeställningen, hur påverkar seriehybriddrivlinans tekniska ramvillkor framtidens stridsfordon och hur påverkar detta stridsfordon på taktisk nivå? Konceptetes drivlina sattes ihop med tillgänglig teknologi som går att anskaffa på marknaden och valdes efter prestanda som var bättre eller liknande som Stridsfordon 90.  Efter att konceptet hade konstruerats genomfördes två analyser med olika batterivikt. Den första analysen hade en batterivikt på 660kg och den andra 3860kg. Dessa två vikter dimensionerades efter totalvikten på Stridsfordon 90A och Stridsfordon 90C. Resultatet av analysen är att med en seriehybriddrivlina får framtidens stridsfordon en ökad prestanda, förmåga att köra på batteridrift och en högre verkningsgrad.   Med resultatet från analyserna diskuterades förväntade förändringar i förmågorna rörlighet, uthållighet och skydd. Diskussionen ledde fram till slutsatserna att framtidens stridsfordon kan med en seriehybriddrivlina erhålla en bättre teknisk prestanda vilket ökar förmågan rörlighet. Stridsfordonen får även en bättre verkningsgrad vilket gör att stridsfordonen får en bättre uthållighet samt en mindre infraröd signatur och således ett bättre skydd vid strid i mörker. Till sist kan även fordonen drivas helelektriskt vilket skapar möjligheter för den taktiska chefen att välja ett mer dolt uppträdande med stridsfordonen. / Combat Vehicle 90 together with Stridsvagn 122 is currently the backbone of the Swedish Armed Forces mechanized battalions. In the defence decision from 2020, the Swedish parliament decided that Combat Vehicle 90 will be gradually replaced with a new combat vehicle after 2030. According to a report from the Swedish Defence Research Agency, technology that is mature 10 years before deployment of a new platform will be used to provide sufficient time for procurement, system integration, commissioning and more. The Swedish Defence Research Agency has also identified that hybrid propulsion of combat vehicles is considered mature and ready to be introduced after 2025. Based on the above, a concept was constructed for a hybrid driveline for future combat vehicles to answer the question. How do the technical framework conditions of the hybrid series driveline affect the combat vehicles of the future and what will be the consequences on a tactical level? The concept's driveline was put together with existent technology that can be acquired on the market and was chosen according to performance that was better or similar to Combat Vehicle 90. After the concept had been designed, two analyzes were performed with different battery weights for the concept. The first analysis had a battery weight of 660kg and the second 3860kg. These two weights were dimensioned according to the total weight of Combat Vehicle 90A and Combat Vehicle 90C. The result of the analysis is that with a hybrid series driveline, the combat vehicles of the future will have increased performance, the ability to run on battery power and a higher efficiency. With the results, expected changes in mobility, endurance and protection were discussed. The query led to the conclusions that the combat vehicles of the future can, with a hybrid series driveline, obtain a better technical performance, which increases the mobility. The combat vehicles also have a better efficiency, which means that the combat vehicles have a better endurance and a smaller IR-signature and therefore, an enhanced protection on low light warfare. Finally, the vehicles can also be all-electrically driven, which creates opportunities for the tactical commander to choose one with stealth behaviour with the combat vehicles.

Topic This study examines the hymnic pericopes found at Revelation 4.8-11; 5.9-14; 7.10- 12; 11.15-18; 12.10-12; 15.3,4 and 19.1-8 in light of the cosmic conflict theme. It considers that this theme is a major contributor to the development of Revelation’s plot, and thus the hymnic sections are informed by, and inform the understanding of the controversy. Purpose Recognizing that the majority of critical studies give interpretative primacy to the social and political realities that existed in the Roman Empire at the time of Revelation’s composition, there is need for an examination of the storyline from the perspective of issues that are clearly of narratival importance. This study argues that the cosmic conflict is at the center of the book’s concerns, and attempts to determine the function of the hymns in relation to the ongoing controversy. Previous examinations of the hymnic sections have either considered them to be a response and/or parody to Roman liturgy, examples of God’s unquestioned sovereignty, or expressions of thematic overtones found throughout the book. While all these approaches make a contribution to a greater understanding of the hymns, the relation of the hymns to the ever-present conflict theme has not been explored. This study allows the hymnic sections to engage with the larger narrative issue as to who is truly the rightful sovereign of the universe. Conclusion This study found that a close examination of the text confirms that the cosmic conflict is the major motif in the narrative, and that it does not simply serve as a metaphor for political realities. It also concluded that the temple/throne room imagery found throughout the storyline, should have a controlling influence upon interpretation. This setting provides the backdrop for understanding the origins and issues of the controversy. Another conclusion of the study is that the only way for the controversy to be resolved is for God to reveal Himself in such a manner that the truth about Him is manifest. Finally, it was seen that the hymns do provide commentary on the conflict, by acclaiming God’s goodness and right to rule, despite the undertones of Satan’s accusations. / New Testament / D. Th. (New Testament)

This study explored the lived experience of traumatisation manifesting as enduring undiagnosed post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the overall psychological functioning of members currently serving in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) from an object-relations perspective. A qualitative approach with a phenomenological study design using semi-structured interviews and self- report questionnaires to gather data was employed. Prominent themes formed the content for interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) from an object-relations perspective on pathology in relation to untreated trauma of the psyche. The findings indicated that servicemen and women in the SANDF lived in a chronic state of psychic, occupational and relational disintegration. Recurrence of reactivated past unresolved traumas experienced in dreams, troubled sleep and internal conflict were characterised by annihilation anxiety, psychic numbing and repression. Further, there was a chronic sense of loss of the self through loss of good internal and external self-objects as well as in meaning of life and work as a soldier. The findings further revealed overall functional paralysis as evidenced in these SANDF members’continued psychological deterioration, which manifested in irreversible damage to character and cognitive deficits linked to chronic trauma in the form of undiagnosed PTSD. / Thesis (PhD (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Psychology / PhD (Psychology) / Unrestricted

The notion of aesthetic unity has garnered substantial attention within the realm of contemporary art, particularly in the domains of film and gaming. These creative mediums encompass a multitude of design elements, making the pursuit of aesthetic unity all the more crucial. In the context of traditional 3D action games, achieving aesthetic unity holds paramount importance in crafting captivating and immersive experiences. Notably, combat systems play a pivotal role in attaining aesthetic unity as they often serve as the primary avenue for player interaction. This research delves into the concept of aesthetic unity in action games, with a specific focus on strategies employed in traditional 3D action game design. Through interviews with seasoned developers possessing extensive research and development experience, this study utilizes the interview research methodology to extract valuable insights and summarize the strategies employed in the development process. Additionally, the study underscores the significance of development models, gameplay design, and other essential design elements, such as plot, in fostering aesthetic unity within the realm of 3D action games.

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Combat aircraft programs between a manufacturer and government are critical for both parties, asit involves significant costs, lengthy development times, and high risks. If successful, suchprograms can result in improved defense capabilities for the government and financial gains forthe manufacturer. However, due to the high technical uncertainty, value creation in the programscan be challenging. The purpose of this study was thus to examine how the total value creation,consisting of value for both parties, can be increased by choosing suitable contract models for theprogram, as contract model is of utmost importance due to its direct implication on value creationfor both actors in the programs. The purpose was answered by conducting a literature and casestudy, where the latter was made on the context of combat aircraft programs between Saab ABAeronautics and The Swedish Defense Materiel Administration (FMV). From the literature study, relevant theory regarding value creation, co-creation of value, andcontract models were identified and compiled. Different drivers of value were researched, basedon potential benefits and sacrifices for the actors in the combat aircraft programs, and categorizedinto technical and commercial factors. Extensive dialogues, risk sharing, and structures fordecision making, were identified as important mechanisms of co-creation of value. Finally,different contract models, categorized into fixed-price contracts, incentive contracts, and cost-pluscontracts, and their influence on the drivers of value and co-creation of value was discussed. Fromthe literature study, it was clear that there was no consensus of what contract model is most suitablefor a combat aircraft program, even though there were similarities in the literature of some authors. The case study consisted of eight interviews with representatives of both Saab AB Aeronauticsand FMV. Based on the answers of the interviews, a deeper understanding of what drives valueand co-creation of value in the programs was established, as well as how the contract models affectthese factors. When analyzing the empirics of the case study with the literature study, it was clearthat different phases of the program were of utmost interest, since what drives value differs in eachphase. Thus, as different contract models are suitable for different reasons, it was apparent thatone contract model is not sufficient for the whole program. Instead, the recommendation of thisstudy is that different contract models during different phases are suitable to increase the totalvalue creation in a combat aircraft program. For the first two phases of the program, initial studies and conceptualization, a cost-plus contractis recommended, as it could be damaging for technical value creation with incentives for costsavings. For the third phase, development and industrialization, an incentive contract isrecommended, since it enables experimentation and creation of technical value, while stilldecreasing the risk of excess spending and cost for the actors. For the final phase, production, afixed-price contract is recommended, as it allows for commercial value creation for both actors,without risk damaging the technical value creation. To conclude, this study develops the previousliterature with new findings on the connection of the theoretical areas. Further, it provides practicalrecommendations for manufacturers and governments involved in combat aircraft programs.