Le système d'apartheid en Afrique du Sud, de 1948 à 1992, a notamment eu pour méthode et objectif la négation totale voire l'anéantissement de la parole de la population noire. Cette caractéristique inhérente à tout système d'oppression s'est imposée violemment en Afrique du Sud par l'institutionnalisation implacable d'un système raciste fondé sur l'exploitation de la population noire. A cette violence a répondu une résistance qui, sous diverses formes (action politique et syndicale, arts, parmi lesquels la littérature), a lutté pendant plusieurs décennies pour reconstruire une identité noire, participer à l'écriture de l'histoire et établir les fondements d'un état démocratique. La poésie s'est particulièrement manifestée, à partir des années 1960-1970, comme une force de résistance et de combat propre à créer puis animer une volonté collective de détruire les structures d'oppression. La prise de parole par les poètes, s'appuyant notamment sur les modes de l'oralité, a pu poser les enjeux cruciaux des rapports entre poétique et politique. Le mouvement de la Black Consciousness s'est donc aussi structuré dans et par une parole poétique qui a su s'emparer de la langue, des mots et des choses dans un processus dialogique. Cette dynamique ne s'est pas arrêtée lors de la transition politique de l'Afrique du Sud. Au contraire, les voix poétiques sud-africaines demeurent aujourd'hui une force disruptive et constructive à la fois, et s'affirment comme les acteurs essentiels de la déconstruction et de la production des discours de la nouvelle Afrique du Sud. A la lumière notamment des oeuvres de Frantz Fanon, il s'agit de définir des outils d'analyse et de compréhension d'une poésie qui s'est voulue pratique et expérience dans une perspective humaniste où le langage occupe une place essentielle. / From 1948 to 1992, the apartheid system in South Africa aimed at systematically denying or even destroying the black population's speech. As a parameter of any oppressive system, the denial of speech was violently and ruthlessly enforced through an institutionalised racist system based on the exploitation of the black population. A resistance movement, therefore, took shape in political movements, unions, and arts, among which literature, and fought for decades to rebuild a black identity, to take part into the writing of history and to establish the foundations of a democratic state. During the 1960s and 1970s, poetry became a considerable force of resistance and struggle, whose aim was to create and sustain the collective will to pull down the structures of oppression. The seizure of speech by poets who recycled the techniques of oral literatures allowed the identification of the crucial relationships between poetics and politics. The Black Consciousness movement was thus structured in and by a poetic speech that appropriated language, words and things through a dialogical process. In spite of major political changes, that dynamics continued during South Africa's political transition, and the poetic voices in contemporary South Africa remain a force that is both disruptive and constructive. It is therefore necessary to define and develop tools for the analysis of the Black Consciousness poetry; the works of Frantz Fanon will prove enlightening in the understanding of a poetry which was a practice and an experiment, fighting for a humanistic perspective based on language.

The diploma thesis focuses on the issue of fires of small photovoltaic power plants located on the roofs of buildings. When a photovoltaic power plant is being fired, the photovoltaic system is a very dangerous part of the power generation technology. In this part of the power plant, it is very problematic that the switching off of the electric dc current and the fire-fighters can cause electric shock. In the research part there is description and photodocumentation of the visited photovoltaic power plants, where the tour was carried out with an emphasis on the possible fire of the object. An important part of this chapter is the case studies of PPS fires and electric shocks. In addition, an overview of several fire interventions already carried out on the photovoltaic power plant located on the roof of the building. Finally, the author identified weaknesses for effective and safe intervention and processed the firefighting documentation for the PPSs visited. The discussion contains an indication of the identified shortcomings in the methodological sheets of the Combat Order of Fire Protection Units. The author outlines the possible risks for intervening firefighters at the PPSs visited and compares the elimination of these risks in the processing of firefighting documentation. Also mentions photovoltaic power plants in floodplains and points to potential hazards when flooding the PPS. Finally, a proposal is made to modify the Combat Order of Fire Protection Units and measures to ensure greater security of firefighters during fires of photovoltaic power plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cordeiro_irx_me_fran.pdf: 527225 bytes, checksum: 1668b35277623df0596f0d206091b235 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No presente trabalho buscamos investigar os fundamentos da elaboração, desenvolvimento e repercussão da ―teoria da revolução latino-americana‖ produzida pelo intelectual francês Régis Debray, especialmente a partir da análise do seu livro Revolução na Revolução, publicado em 1967. As formulações de Debray, inspiradas na revolução cubana de 1959, marcaram profundamente a cultura política da esquerda latino-americana a partir da década de 1960. Suas teses influenciaram a esquerda radicalizada regional, que adotou a luta armada como única alternativa para realização e consolidação do projeto revolucionário no continente. Régis Debray envolveu-se com a revolução cubana mais do que qualquer outro intelectual da esquerda ocidental, transformando-se em um dos seus principais ideólogos. A partir de sua experiência com os cubanos, Debray criaria a teoria do ―foco‖, e essa cumpriu, especialmente na década de 1960, o papel de uma ―teoria da revolução latino-americana‖, tendo a revolução cubana como paradigma / In the present work, we aim at investigating the foundations of the elaboration, development and repercussion of the ―Latin American revolution theory‖, put forth by the French intellectual Régis Debray, from the analysis of his book Revolução na revolução, published in 1967, in particular. Debray's formulations, having taken inspiration in the 1959 Cuban revolution, deeply influenced the political culture of the Latin American left wing from the 1960's onward. His theses influenced the regional radicalized left wing, who adopted armed struggle as the only alternative to the realization and consolidation of the continent's revolutionary project. Régis Debray got more involved with the Cuban Revolution than any other Western left-winged intellectual, becoming one of its main ideologists. From his experience with the Cubans, Debray would create the ―foco‖ theory, which had, particularly in the 1960's, the vole of a ―Latin American revolution theory‖, having the Cuban revolution as its paradigm

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-04-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_al_me_assis.pdf: 528444 bytes, checksum: 0a4bf4b165aa6996d94d3c5d79a2361c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O advento da Revolução Cubana em 1959 representou um ponto de inflexão na trajetória dos movimentos sociopolíticos da América Latina no século XX. Inspiradas pela vitória dos rebeldes em Cuba, várias organizações de extrema esquerda do continente aderiram à luta armada e à teoria do foco guerrilheiro nos anos 60 e 70. No Brasil, após o Golpe de Estado de 1964, diferentes grupos promoveriam ações revolucionárias contra a ditadura militar instaurada. As idéias de Che Guevara, Fidel Castro e Régis Debray desencadeariam intermináveis debates político-ideológicos entre as diversas correntes de orientação marxista. No presente trabalho procuramos avaliar como a experiência da Revolução Cubana foi apropriada pelas organizações clandestinas brasileiras e, da mesma forma, como seu exemplo serviu para legitimar determinadas posições de setores do movimento comunista no país. / The Cuban Revolution advent in 1959 represented a point of inflection in the trajectory of sociopolitical movements in Latin America in the century XX. Inspired for the rebel's victory in Cuba, several extreme left wing organizations of the continent adhered to the armed combat and the theory of guerrilla focus in the 60's and 70's. In Brazil after the coup d'etat in 1964, different groups would promote revolutionary actions against the established military dictatorship. Che Guevara's, Fidel Castro's and Régis Debray's ideas would trigger endless political-ideological arguments among several groups of Marxist orientation. In the present work we try to evaluate how the experience of the Cuban Revolution was appropriate to the Brazilian clandestine organizations and, in the same way, how their example served to legitimate certain positions of the communist movement in the country.

As mudanças climáticas estão provocando alterações no macro-ambiente econômico, social e regulatório. Países de todo o mundo discutem em fóruns internacionais e também internamente como tratar os impactos das mudanças do clima sobre as condições de vida da sociedade, o ecossistema e sobre a economia como um todo. As pressões regulatórias por ações empresariais de combate às mudanças do clima crescem no Brasil, como também aumentam as exigências dos consumidores. As empresas precisam adotar ações de combate às mudanças climáticas, reduzindo as suas emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE), e, ao mesmo tempo, crescer de forma sustentável. Essa pesquisa buscou entender quais são as ações de combate às mudanças do clima desenvolvidas pelas empresas localizadas no estado brasileiro do Rio Grande do Sul, quarta economia do país. Como ferramenta de análise, quatro variáveis com dimensões e indicadores específicos foram criadas a partir de ampla pesquisa bibliográfica e investigação documental. Os dados de campo foram levantados através de pesquisa do tipo survey, com questionários aplicados, online e presencialmente, a 92 empresas, associadas à Centro das Indústrias do Rio Grande do Sul e à Câmara Americana de Comércio, com atuação em 19 setores econômicos. Os resultados mostram que o percentual de empresas que conhece a sua contribuição às mudanças do clima é baixo e, conseqüentemente, a quantidade de organizações que conhece os riscos e oportunidades impostos pelas mudanças climáticas é bastante reduzida. Exceções acontecem no setor de papel e celulose e no setor de energia, onde a prática de desenvolvimento de inventário de emissões está mais consolidada. Em geral, as empresas ainda estão em estágio inicial do desenvolvimento de uma estratégia climática, efetuando ações de redução de emissões de GEE de baixo custo dentro da própria empresa. Ações de eficiência energética, melhorias no processo operacional e utilização de tecnologias de teleconferências são as mais desenvolvidas. As organizações, em sua maioria, não efetuam ações na sua cadeia produtiva e desconhecem os instrumentos financeiros e atores externos disponíveis para auxiliá-las na implementação de ações de combate às mudanças climáticas. O aumento da competitividade, o acesso aos novos mercados e a valorização da marca são os principais fatores indutores ao desenvolvimento de uma ação de redução de emissões. Concluiu-se também que o nível de maturidade das empresas em relação às questões climáticas varia conforme o setor de atuação e que os setores químico e petroquímico e de papel e celulose são os que apresentam o maior número de empresas desenvolvendo os passos do modelo de estratégia climática apresentado por Hoffman (2006). / Climate Change is causing alteration on economic, social and legal environment. Countries around the world discuss in international forums and also internally how to treat climate change impacts over life conditions of society, ecosystem and economy as a whole. Regulatory pressure that requires business actions to combat climate change grows in Brazil, as well as it increases customers requirements. Companies need to adopt actions to address climate change, reducing their greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and, at the same time, to improve its business in a sustainable way. This research seeks to understand which business actions to address climate change are developed in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, fourth country’s economy. As an analysis tool, four variables with specific dimensions and indicators were created from a wide range literature review. Data were collected through survey research with questionnaires applied online and in person to 92 firms, associated to the Rio Grande do Sul Center of Industries and American Chamber of Commerce, which operate in 19 economic sectors. The results shows that the percentage of companies which know their contribution to climate change is low and, consequently, the quantity of organizations that knows the risks and opportunities imposed by climate change is quite low. Exceptions occur in .the pulp and paper industry and electricity sector, where emissions inventories practices is more consolidated. In general, firms are in the initial stage of climate strategy development, implementing low-cost actions of GHG emissions reductions inside the company. Energy efficiency, operational improvements and teleconference technology are the most developed actions. Organizations do not develop actions in their supply chain and they do not know financial instruments and external actors available to assist them to implement actions to combat climate change. Increase of competitiveness, access to new markets and branding are the main inducing factor for the development of an emission reduction action. It was also concluded that the companies’ maturity level related to the climate issues varies accordingly the economic sector and that pulp and paper and chemical and petrochemical industries are the sectors that present the highest number of companies developing the steps of the climate strategy model presented by Hoffman (2006).

Orientador: José Luis Bendicho Beired / Banca: Áureo Busetto / Banca: Anna Maria Martinez Correa / Resumo: O advento da Revolução Cubana em 1959 representou um ponto de inflexão na trajetória dos movimentos sociopolíticos da América Latina no século XX. Inspiradas pela vitória dos rebeldes em Cuba, várias organizações de extrema esquerda do continente aderiram à luta armada e à teoria do foco guerrilheiro nos anos 60 e 70. No Brasil, após o Golpe de Estado de 1964, diferentes grupos promoveriam ações revolucionárias contra a ditadura militar instaurada. As idéias de Che Guevara, Fidel Castro e Régis Debray desencadeariam intermináveis debates político-ideológicos entre as diversas correntes de orientação marxista. No presente trabalho procuramos avaliar como a experiência da Revolução Cubana foi apropriada pelas organizações clandestinas brasileiras e, da mesma forma, como seu exemplo serviu para legitimar determinadas posições de setores do movimento comunista no país. / Abstract: The Cuban Revolution advent in 1959 represented a point of inflection in the trajectory of sociopolitical movements in Latin America in the century XX. Inspired for the rebel's victory in Cuba, several extreme left wing organizations of the continent adhered to the armed combat and the theory of guerrilla focus in the 60's and 70's. In Brazil after the "coup d'etat" in 1964, different groups would promote revolutionary actions against the established military dictatorship. Che Guevara's, Fidel Castro's and Régis Debray's ideas would trigger endless political-ideological arguments among several groups of Marxist orientation. In the present work we try to evaluate how the experience of the Cuban Revolution was appropriate to the Brazilian clandestine organizations and, in the same way, how their example served to legitimate certain positions of the communist movement in the country. / Mestre

O comportamento territorial é exibido por animais que competem por recursos dentro de uma área específica defendida. Ao excluir competidores potenciais desta área através de comportamentos agressivos, os indivíduos territoriais garantem acesso prioritário aos recursos essenciais para sua sobrevivência e reprodução. Em anfíbios anuros, a territorialidade tem sido relacionada principalmente com espécies de reprodução prolongada, cujos sítios reprodutivos estão disponíveis durante todo o ano. O presente trabalho foi realizado em um trecho de riacho na Floresta da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro. Foram realizadas quatro visitas consecutivas a área de amostragem em cada mês (abril/2009 à agosto/2010). O objetivo foi responder questões sobre a territorialidade dos indivíduos da espécie Hylodes nasus: (área de vida, fidelidade ao sítio, comportamentos agonísticos e combates físicos). As áreas de vida dos machos apresentaram relação significativa com o número de recapturas. O tamanho da área de vida das fêmeas foi ligeiramente maior do que dos machos. Os machos apresentaram maior fidelidade do que as fêmeas. A fidelidade apresentou resultado significativo com o CRC e a massa corporal dos indivíduos. Foram observadas 50 interações agonísticas entre machos, sendo exibidos 11 comportamentos agressivos. Foram observados 19 combates físicos, sendo os machos envolvidos classificados como residente, intruso, vencedor ou perdedor. Todas as disputas foram vencidas por indivíduos residentes. Informações a respeito da influência de fatores ambientais sobre a população de H. nasus, aspectos da estrutura populacional e descrição do microhábitat também são fornecidos. / The territorial behavior is exhibited by animals that compete for resources within a specific defended area. By excluding potential competitors in this area through aggressive behavior, territorialist individuals ensure priority access to essential resources for their survival and reproduction. In anuran amphibians, territoriality has been mainly related to prolonged-breeding species, whose breeding sites are available throughout the year. This study was conducted in a portion of the river in the Tijuca Forest, Rio de Janeiro. There were four consecutive visits to the sampling area in each month (April/2009 to August/2010). The objective was to answer questions about the territorial behavior of Hylodes nasus (home range, site fidelity, agonistic behaviors and physical fighting). The males home range showed a significant relation with number of recapture. The home range estimated for females was slightly larger than males. Males have higher site fidelity than females. The site fidelity showed a significant relation with individuals' SVL and body mass. There were observed 50 agonistic encounters between males, showing 11 aggressive behaviors. There were observed 19 physical fights with males being classified as resident, intruder, winner or loser. All contests were won by resident individuals. Information about the influence of environmental factors on the population of H. nasus, aspects of population structure and description of microhabitat are also provided.

El propósito de este artículo es dar noticia de una nueva copia o apógrafo del poema épico-satírico Beltraneja. La peculiaridad de esta copia radica en el hecho de que forma parte de un códice del siglo XVII hecho por el pintor sevillano Francisco Pacheco. Mediante el análisis de este documento, no solo intentamos construir un panorama crítico de los estudios sobre el poema desarrollados hasta el momento, sino que proponemos una serie de reflexiones en torno del anonimato y la datación del poema a partir del contexto cultural de Pacheco. Más allá de pretender precisar cuestiones paratextuales o de interpretación ideológica, este trabajo busca realzar la trascendencia histórica y literaria de un producto representativo de la sátira hispanoamericana colonial. / The purpose of this article is to give notice of a new copy or apograph of the epic-satirical poem Beltraneja. The peculiarity of this copy lies in the fact that it is part of a seventeenth-century codex made by the Sevillian painter Francisco Pacheco. Through the analysis of this document, not only do we try to construct a critical view of the studies on the poem developed so far, but we also propose a series of reflections around the anonymity and the date of the poem starting from Pacheco’s cultural context. Beyond pretending to precise paratextual and ideological interpretation issues, this piece of work aims to enhance the historical and literary significance of a representative product of the colonial Spanish-American satire.

In this paper discourse analysis on the Ethiopian National Action Program (NAP) to combat desertification is made. The aim is to describe how the overall image/picture of desertification, its causes, and effects and of possible solutions are presented in the NAP. The result of this analysis shows that the main cause of desertification is human activities mainly due to the poorly developed socio-economic situation in the dryland areas. It is indicated that an excessive dependency of the rural population on the natural resources, particularly land, is the major cause of land degradation and this deterioration of land is said to have been caused by the rapid population growth, overgrazing, forest clearing as well as past government and institutional failures. In addition it is indicated that the effect of desertification usually involves ecological changes that sap land of its ability to sustain agriculture and human habitation, therefore the most serious threat to human welfare. Desertification diminishes the ability of affected countries to produce food and consequently entail the reduction of regional and global food- producing potential with impacts on world food reserves and food trade. The solution given to mitigate desertification in Ethiopia is that the present strategies are intended to combat desertification, through different action programmes such as improving knowledge on drought and desertification, basic infrastructure, institutional organisations and capacity, awareness and participation as well as empowerment of women. The analysis also shows that priority was given to socio-economical aspect of the country not directly to combat desertification. It is suggested that in order to mitigate the land degradation, promotion of alternative livelihood is necessarily and this is reported to be achieved through industrialisation, rural credit programmes, intensification and diversification of agriculture, building awareness and access to information, enhancement of institutional organisations, participatory natural resource management, encouraging the private sector in involvement in forest development etc. Finally the analysis identifies different discourses, such as the survivalism, anthropocentrism, ecological modernisation, administrative- rationalism, economic rationalism and democratic pragmatism. Likewise the conflict that prevails between the discourses is discussed.

A study of communication content, frequency and problems was performed at the Swedish Air Force Air Combat Simulation Centre, FLSC. The purpose was to investigate the connection between team communication and performance variables, to study communication problems during air combat and to employ and develop the PILOT method of communication problem analysis. Ten fighter pilots and four fighter controllers engaged in simulated air combat beyond visual range in teams on two sides, Blue and Red, with four pilots and one fighter controller each. Eight such training runs lasting 15 to 25 minutes were analyzed with regard to the Blue team’s communication during launch situations, i.e. one minute before launching a missile to either missile impact of failure, and problems during whole runs. The performance of the Blue team was rated by an experienced training instructor in six of the runs. It was hypothesized that positive outcomes would be associated with high communication frequencies but low communication problem rates. Results showed that high utterance frequencies were positively associated with positive global outcomes, i.e. wins, but not associated with high instructor ratings or launching hitting missiles. Incoherent results were found for communication problems. The results were discussed and further research suggested.