This dissertation analyses and appraises factors that lead SADCC/SADC to restructure in 1992 and in 1999 respectively. Regime theory is used as an analytical tool of these factors throughout this study. The restructuring of regional organisation in the world is often associated with a decision that is taken by regional leaders, only to hide failures of these organisations to deliver. Studies of this phenomenon, however, frequently fail to research the underlying causes. In the case of SADCC/SADC, apart from the fact that the organisation failed to achieve its intended objectives, such as regional integration, economic independence, regional security, and more, this study argues that there were a lot of elements that influenced the pace and the operations of SADCC/C in achieving regional integration and other objectives. The basic debate in this study thus revolves around the fact that the restructuring exercise in SADCC/SADC was a result of many factors and this argument is supported by the regime theory. / Political Science / M.A. (Political Science)

Esta dissertação tem como tema o instituto das Indicações Geográficas (IGs), signo distintivo da área do Direito denominada Propriedade Intelectual, situada no campo da propriedade industrial que, no Brasil, é regulada pela Lei de propriedade industrial 9.279, de 14 de maio de 1996. As IGs relacionam um produto ou a prestação de um serviço ao seu local de origem e têm importância estratégica para os envolvidos, protegendo produtos ou serviços desde a elaboração até sua comercialização. As IGs possuem papel destacado no mundo, especialmente no setor da vitivinicultura, e na Serra Gaúcha onde estão localizadas as primeiras IG’s para vinhos finos e espumantes do Brasil, o que motivou, de forma decisiva, a escolha desse tema. O objetivo da dissertação foi analisar a titularidade das IGs no Brasil, comparando a legislação brasileira com a de Portugal e da Argentina, além da legislação de organismos internacionais. A normatização das IGs no Brasil iniciou no século XIX, porém, foi no fim do século XX, em consonância com o avanço dos acordos multilaterais, que a atual lei que regula o sistema de Propriedade Industrial e, consequentemente das IGs, foi aprovada. Mas foi somente em 2002, que o Brasil registrou sua primeira IG nacional, a Indicação de Procedência Vale dos Vinhedos. O estudo evidenciou que tanto na Argentina quanto em Portugal existe legislação específica para IGs de vinhos que abarcam mais aspectos e de forma mais precisa. A aplicação afirmativa do instituto das IGs no Brasil é recente e o estudo comparativo evidenciou que a legislação brasileira possui lacunas e aspectos não definidos explicitamente, além do que o direito à titularidade das IGs não é implementado na forma como previsto em lei. Uma revisão das normas que regem o sistema de Propriedade Industrial e que oportunize e implemente o amparo legal pode propiciar um avanço na proteção das regiões, dos produtos e dos produtores e pode consolidar, cada vez mais, o instituto das Indicações Geográficas no Brasil. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-24T18:27:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andresa Colloda.pdf: 1142566 bytes, checksum: 517fc87b8a7b6b5bfe0ab957e1e04396 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T18:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andresa Colloda.pdf: 1142566 bytes, checksum: 517fc87b8a7b6b5bfe0ab957e1e04396 (MD5) / This dissertation is about Geographical Indications (GIs), a distinctive feature of the Law area known as Intellectual Property, belonging to the field of industrial property, which is, in Brazil, regulated by the Industrial Property Law, number 9279, from May 14, 1996. GIs relate a product or the provision of a service to their place of origin and have strategic importance for those involved, protecting products or services since the development up to the commercialization. GIs have a prominent role in the world, especially in the sector of viticulture, and to the Serra Gaúcha, where are located the first GIs to fine wines and sparkling wines from Brazil, which led, in a decisive way, to the choice of this theme. The aim of this dissertation was to analyze the ownership of GIs in Brazil, comparing the Brazilian legislation with Portugal´s and Argentina´s, in addition to legislation of international organizations. The standardization of the GIs in Brazil began in the nineteenth century, but was in the late twentieth century, in line with the advancement of multilateral agreements, that the current law that regulates the Industrial Property system, and consequently of GIs, was approved. But it was only in 2002 that Brazil had its first national GI, the Indication of Origin of Vale dos Vinhedos. The study showed that both Argentina and Portugal have specific legislation for GIs of wines that covers more aspects and are more specific. The effective application of the GIs in Brazil is recent, and the comparative study showed that Brazilian legislation has gaps and issues not explicitly defined, and in addition, the right to the ownership of GIs is not implemented in the way foreseen by law. A review of the rules governing the Industrial Property system that oportunize and implement the legal support may provide a breakthrough in the protection of regions, products and producers, and can consolidate, increasingly, the Geographical Indications in Brazil.

Esta dissertação tem como tema o instituto das Indicações Geográficas (IGs), signo distintivo da área do Direito denominada Propriedade Intelectual, situada no campo da propriedade industrial que, no Brasil, é regulada pela Lei de propriedade industrial 9.279, de 14 de maio de 1996. As IGs relacionam um produto ou a prestação de um serviço ao seu local de origem e têm importância estratégica para os envolvidos, protegendo produtos ou serviços desde a elaboração até sua comercialização. As IGs possuem papel destacado no mundo, especialmente no setor da vitivinicultura, e na Serra Gaúcha onde estão localizadas as primeiras IG’s para vinhos finos e espumantes do Brasil, o que motivou, de forma decisiva, a escolha desse tema. O objetivo da dissertação foi analisar a titularidade das IGs no Brasil, comparando a legislação brasileira com a de Portugal e da Argentina, além da legislação de organismos internacionais. A normatização das IGs no Brasil iniciou no século XIX, porém, foi no fim do século XX, em consonância com o avanço dos acordos multilaterais, que a atual lei que regula o sistema de Propriedade Industrial e, consequentemente das IGs, foi aprovada. Mas foi somente em 2002, que o Brasil registrou sua primeira IG nacional, a Indicação de Procedência Vale dos Vinhedos. O estudo evidenciou que tanto na Argentina quanto em Portugal existe legislação específica para IGs de vinhos que abarcam mais aspectos e de forma mais precisa. A aplicação afirmativa do instituto das IGs no Brasil é recente e o estudo comparativo evidenciou que a legislação brasileira possui lacunas e aspectos não definidos explicitamente, além do que o direito à titularidade das IGs não é implementado na forma como previsto em lei. Uma revisão das normas que regem o sistema de Propriedade Industrial e que oportunize e implemente o amparo legal pode propiciar um avanço na proteção das regiões, dos produtos e dos produtores e pode consolidar, cada vez mais, o instituto das Indicações Geográficas no Brasil. / This dissertation is about Geographical Indications (GIs), a distinctive feature of the Law area known as Intellectual Property, belonging to the field of industrial property, which is, in Brazil, regulated by the Industrial Property Law, number 9279, from May 14, 1996. GIs relate a product or the provision of a service to their place of origin and have strategic importance for those involved, protecting products or services since the development up to the commercialization. GIs have a prominent role in the world, especially in the sector of viticulture, and to the Serra Gaúcha, where are located the first GIs to fine wines and sparkling wines from Brazil, which led, in a decisive way, to the choice of this theme. The aim of this dissertation was to analyze the ownership of GIs in Brazil, comparing the Brazilian legislation with Portugal´s and Argentina´s, in addition to legislation of international organizations. The standardization of the GIs in Brazil began in the nineteenth century, but was in the late twentieth century, in line with the advancement of multilateral agreements, that the current law that regulates the Industrial Property system, and consequently of GIs, was approved. But it was only in 2002 that Brazil had its first national GI, the Indication of Origin of Vale dos Vinhedos. The study showed that both Argentina and Portugal have specific legislation for GIs of wines that covers more aspects and are more specific. The effective application of the GIs in Brazil is recent, and the comparative study showed that Brazilian legislation has gaps and issues not explicitly defined, and in addition, the right to the ownership of GIs is not implemented in the way foreseen by law. A review of the rules governing the Industrial Property system that oportunize and implement the legal support may provide a breakthrough in the protection of regions, products and producers, and can consolidate, increasingly, the Geographical Indications in Brazil.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study examines the role of bilateral investment treaties in securing foreign investment in Ethiopia. Using books, journal articles, and legislation, the study has found that those bilateral investment treaties have a role in securing international investments for Ethiopia. It has also found that BITs do not only safeguard foreign investors but can also attract more investment. The study concludes by providing a list of recommendations, highlighting the benefits of BITs for Ethiopia. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LL. M. (International Economic Law)

Es objetivo de la presente investigación demostrar cuáles fueron las variables que tuvieron mayor influencia en la fluctuación de las exportaciones de café, nuestro producto de exportación agrario estrella, así como también resaltar el rol del TLC en las variaciones de esta, conocer si en verdad fue una variable relevante en el crecimiento de las exportaciones o simplemente ha resultado favorecida por el buen contexto de las demás variables explicativas, llevándose el crédito como un free raider (Quienes toman ventaja de una situación sin afrontar los costos que conllevan). / Trabajo de investigación

This study examines the comparative impact of multilateral trade agreements on intra-regional trade in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) regions in Africa. Annual data was gathered from 2000 to 2018 and dynamic panel data and econometric techniques were used to control for individual country characteristics, endogeneity, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and interdependencies between the countries in each region. Two estimations were done, one using the tariff measures of multilateral agreements, the second using non-tariff measures of multilateral agreement. The results of the empirical analysis show that the SADC region has a slight edge over ECOWAS in terms of technological progress and investment, especially in trade infrastructure. However, the ECOWAS levels of employment and economic growth are higher than those in the SADC region. These differences further translate into differences that drive intra-African trade in these regions, and how they relate to the role of multilateral agreements in intra-African trade in each of these regions. While technology and investment are key drivers and enhancers of intra-African trade in SADC countries, economic growth and employment stand out as key enhancers of intra-African trade in ECOWAS, especially where multilateral agreement is represented by tariff measures. This study reports that when non-tariff measures are used to represent multilateral agreements, export trade costs, in addition to investment and technology, are the key drivers of intra-African trade in SADC countries. For ECOWAS, under non-tariff measures of multilateral agreements, only economic growth drives intra-African trade. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Business Management)

MAAS / Department of Development Studies / See the attached abstract below

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study sets out to analyse the trade performance of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) to determine the lessons that can be learnt from it strengths and weaknesses with the purpose to assist future trade negotiations - and specifically the current free trade negotiations between the United States of America (USA) and the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU). A short overview of AGOA's content is given with specific reference to the many rules and regulations governing the arrangement. AGOA's trade performance over the past four years is analysed by country and sector to determine the main recipients of its benefits with specific attention to the performance of SACU countries. AGOA's strengths and opportunities are discussed by looking at the impact that AGOA had on investment and job creation in Southern Africa. The study takes a closer look at new markets that benefited from AGOA and how well SACU made use of the non-reciprocal nature of AGOA by looking at the trade balance with the USA. The weaknesses of AGOA are analysed by looking at its nature - the fact that it is a nonnegotiated arrangement with benefits that can be terminated at any point. The failure of AGOA to address non-tariff barriers is discussed by looking at the impact of subsidies, quotas, threat of anti-dumping actions and its restrictive rules and regulations. The unsustainability of the substantial growth that the clothing and textile industries experienced under AGOA is considered by looking at the Multi-Fibre Agreement and the impact that its termination had up to now on especially SACU countries. The analysis of AGOA's trade performance highlighted the fact that only a few countries and products benefited from AGOA. The study deliberates AGOA's failure to liberalise Southern Africa's exports. The knowledge gained by analysing AGOA, its trade performance with specifically SACU, and its strengths and weaknesses are applied by looking at the current US free trade proposal with SACU. The study looks at the motivations for the free trade agreement from both a US and SACU point of view and continues to analyse the content of the proposed agreement. The analysis includes the various problem areas within the proposed agreement as well as the potential benefits that such an agreement can bring about. The study concludes with a summary of the lessons learnt from AGOA and how they apply to the proposed US free trade agreement as well as future trade negotiations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie poog om die resultate van die "African Growth and Opportunity Act" (AGOA) oor die afgelope vier jaar te ontleed met die doel om die sterk en swakpunte van die handelsverdrag te beklemtoon as basis vir toekomstige handelsooreenkomste. Daar word spesifiek verwys na die handelsooreenkoms wat tans beding word tussen die Verenigde State van Amerika (VSA) en die "South African Customs Union" (SACU). Die studie gee 'n kort opsomming van die inhoud van AGOA met spesifieke verwysing na die verskeie reëls en regulasies wat die ooreenkoms onderskryf. Die resultate van die afgelope vier jaar word ontleed per land en sektor om vas te stel watter lande en produkte die meeste voordeel getrek het onder AGOA. Weereens word daar spesifiek na SACU se resultate verwys. AGOA se sterkpunte word bespreek deur na die impak te kyk op investering en werkskepping in Suider Afrika. Die studie kyk na nuwe marksgeleenthede wat voordeel getrek het onder AGOA. Daar word ook gekyk hoe goed SACU van die nie-wederkerige natuur van AGOA gebruik gemaak het deur te verwys na die handelsbalans tussen SACU en die VSA. Die swakpunte van AGOA word bespreek deur te kyk na AGOA se inherente kenmerke, byvoorbeeld dat die "ooreenkoms" nie onderhandel is nie en dat voordele te enige tyd opgeskort mag word. Daar word ook gekyk na AGOA se gebrek om nie-tarief gedrewe handelsstruikelblokke in die vorm van subsidies, kwotas, die bedreiging van aksies teen handelsstorting en die impak van die vele reëls en regulasies aan te spreek. Die onvolhoubaarheid van groei binne die tekstiel en kledingsbedryf (wat merkbare sukses onder AGOA bereik het) as gevolg van die terminasie van die "Multi-Fibre Agreement" word bespreek - met spesifieke verwysing na die impak op Suider Afrika. Die analise van AGOA se handelsresultate het uitgewys dat slegs 'n handjie-vol lande en produkte by AGOA baat gevind het. Die studie oorweeg die moontlike redes wat gelei het tot hierdie verskynsel. Die kennis wat opgedoen is deur na AGOA se handelsresultate te kyk, asook sy sterk- en swakpunte te ontleed, word aangewend deur na die huidige VS handelsooreenkoms met SACU the kyk. Die studie oorweeg die motiverings vir so 'n handelsooreenkoms van beide 'n VS en SACU oogpunt en maak ook 'n ontleding van die inhoud van die ooreenkoms. Die ontleding kyk nie net na die verskeie probleme wat na vore kom nie maar ook na die voordele wat SACU te beurt kan val as gevolg van die oorkoms. Die studie sluit af deur 'n opsomming te maak van die lesse wat geleer is deur die ontleding van AGOA en hoe dit van toepassing is op die huidige VS ooreenkoms asook toekomstige ooreenkomste.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the democratisation of South Africa's foreign trade policy, by evaluating the negotiations surrounding the establishment of a free trade area between South Africa and the European Union (EU). Democracy here is defined as a form of government that rests on three components namely, public participation in and public debate over policy formulation and a governing elite that is responsive to the needs of the majority of the population. The thesis firstly outlines the process of negotiation itself, looking at the developments that shaped the years of talks. It examines the nature of the final agreement, called the Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA). It focuses on the Co-operation Agreements that were concluded, South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention and the details of the free trade agreement. It finds that although the negotiations took very long to complete and the EU proved to be a tough negotiator, there are a number of opportunities for South Africans in the TDCA. In the second section the internal process in developing a South African negotiating mandate is examined. This is done to conclude whether or not South Africa's foreign trade policy is being formulated in a democratic manner. However, first of all the question why the democratisation of foreign trade policy formulation is important is addressed. Two possible theories are advanced. Firstly, globalisation has forced countries to lure foreign direct investment (FDI) as a matter of urgency. Seeing as FDI is mostly tied up with western nations that prefer democracies, states are opting to democratise. The focus is to a large extent on satisfying international actors. Or alternatively, the very survival of the nascent democracy today depends on the consultative nature of domestic economic and international economic policy formulation. This is not a question of choice with an external focus, but rather a matter of urgency with purely an internal focus. Four actors in foreign policy formulation, namely parliament, government, the bureaucracy and civil society, are examined in order to understand whether they had access to the process and whether these institutions themselves have been democratised since 1994. The thesis finds that the process was to a large extent democratic in nature. However, the thesis also finds that no matter how democratic policy formulation is in South Africa, the options for policy are limited by a number of international elements. These include globalisation, regional trading blocs like the European Union, and international organisations like the World Trade Organisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis evalueer die demokratisering van Suid-Afrika se buitelandse handelsbeleid deur die onderhandelingsproses tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en Suid-Afrika rakende die sluiting van 'n vryhandelsooreenkoms te ontleed. Demokrasie word in die tesis definieer as 'n tipe regering wat rus op drie komponente, naamlik deelname in en debat oor beleidsformulering en 'n regerende elite wat die behoeftes van die meerderheid van die burgers in ag neem in beleidsformulering. Eerstens omskryf die tesis die gebeure wat die onderhandelingsproses beïnvloed het. Die finale ooreenkoms word oorweeg teen die agtergrond van die samewerkingsooreenkomste wat tussen die partye gesluit is, Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike deelname aan die Lomé Konfensie en die vryhandelsooreenkoms. Die gevolgtrekking word bereik dat ten spyte van die feit dat die onderhandelings oor 'n hele aantal jare gestek het, en alhoewel die EU 'n uitgeslape onderhandelaar was, die orreenkoms talle geleenthede vir Suid-Afrikaners skep. In die tweede instansie word die interne proses wat tot Suid-Afrika se onderhandelingsmandaat gelei het, ondersoek. Dit is gedoen om vas te stel of die beleid op 'n demokratiese manier geformuleer is. Daar word egter eers bepaal waarom die demokratisering van buitelandse handelsbeleid belangrik is. Twee moontlike teorie word geformuleer. Die eerste stel dit dat globalisering lande forseer om direkte buitelandse beleggings aan te lok. Siende dat buitelandse beleggings van westerlike state afkomstig is, wat verkies om met demokratiese state sake te doen, word ontwikkelende lande as te ware geforseer om veral hulle buitelandse beleidsformulering te demokratiseer. In die alternatief kan dit betoog word dat die voortbestaan van die demokrasie self afhang van 'n ekonomiese beleidsformulering wat beide binnelandse en internasionale prosesse insluit. Dit is nie 'n kwessie van keuse met 'n eksterne fokus nie, maar 'n noodsaaklikheid met 'n interne fokus. Vier groeperinge wat buitelandse beleidsformulering beïnvloed word ondersoek, naamlik die Parlament, the regering, die burokrasie en die burgerlike samelewing, om vas te stelof hierdie instansies toegang tot die proses gehad het en of hierdie instansies self sedert 1994 gedemokratiseer is. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat al is die formulering van buitelandse beleid hoé demokraties, word die moontlikehede vir beleidsformulering beperk deur globalisering, streeksorganisasies soos die EU, en internasionale organisasies soos the Wêreld Handelsorganisasie. Vir Chris, Gitti, Thomas en my ouers, sonder wie hierdie nooit klaar sou gekom het nie. Baie dankie ook aan Prof Philip Nel vir sy hulp, leiding en ondersteuning.