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O desajuste de copings obtidos por fundição por cera perdida está sujeita à vários fatores tais como: contração de fundição do metal, expansão do revestimento, uso de espaçadores, entre outros. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desajuste marginal pré e pós cimentação de copings obtidos com três ligas de metais básicos - Ni-Cr-Be (VB), Ni-Cr (V2) e Co-Cr (KE) fundidos a partir de dois revestimentos - Termocast (TE) e Microfine (MI) e Titânio comercialmente puro (TR) fundido com dois revestimentos - Rematitan Plus (RP) e Rematitan Ultra (RU), nas condições E0, sem espaçador, E1, com uma camada de espaçador e E2, com duas camadas de espaçador. A partir de uma matriz metálica, foram obtidos 240 copings, sendo 10 para cada combinação metal-revestimento-espaçador. Foi utilizado Microscópio Óptico para determinação do desajuste nas condições pré e pós cimentação, efetuada com cimento de fosfato de zinco. Foi realizado teste de tração pós cimentação para determinação da carga de remoção dos copings da combinação KE-MI. Foram realizados ensaios dilatométricos para a definição dos coeficientes de expansão térmico linear dos metais e dos revestimentos, determinação da expansão de presa dos revestimentos, além de ensaio para determinação da variação dimensional das fundições e análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados de desajuste marginal foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes Anova e Student-Newman-Keulsa que revelaram significância estatística (0,05) para os fatores isolados. Para os metais, os valores de desajuste (&mu;m) foram V2 (85) = VB (89) < KE (119) < TR (171) e para os revestimentos, MI (68) < TE (128) < RP (153) < RU (188). Para o espaçador os desajustes foram E2 (76) < E1 (125) < E0 (147). Os menores valores de desajuste pós cimentação foram obtidos pelas combinações: VB-MI-E2 (44), V2-MI-E2 (47), VB-MI-E1 (52), VB-MI-E0 (55), TR-RU-E2 (67), V2-MI-E1(70), V2-TE-E2 (77), V2-MI-E0 (86), VB-TE-E2 (103), todas as demais combinações tiveram valores acima de 120 &mu;m, adotado como referência clinicamente aceitável. Houve diferença significante para as cargas de remoção entre as condições E2 (49 Kgf) < E1 (74 Kgf) < E0 (102 Kgf). Os valores de expansão de presa foram: TE (1,05%), MI (0,88%), RP (0,19%) e RU (0,02%). Para o ensaio dilatométrico, os valores de contração dos metais foram: KE (0,270%), V2 (0,262%), VB (0,256%) e TR (0,160%). Para os revestimentos, houve diferença significante, entre MI (0,74%) e RU (-1,63%). A análise da variação dimensional revelou diferença significante para os metais: V2 (0,08%) &ge; VB (-0,12%) &ge; KE (-0,21%) &ge; R (-0,85%) e para os revestimentos: MI (0,09%) > TE (-0,26%) = RP (-0,50%) > RU (-1,19%). Os revestimentos MI e RU apresentaram micro estrutura mais refinada, contendo cristais mais homogêneos e menos porosidade que os revestimentos RP e TE. Com base nos dados analisados, é válido afirmar que, embora a utilização de revestimentos com boas propriedades dilatométricas facilite a confecção de copings com ajuste marginal adequado, a utilização de espaçadores pode ser indispensável para obtenção de resultados clínicos satisfatórios. / The marginal fit of copings made by lost-wax casting are subject to different variation factors, such as contraction of molten metal, investment thermal expansion, die spacer use and others. This study aimed to evaluate the marginal adaptation of copings before and after cementation, obtained with three basic alloys - Ni-Cr-Be (VB), Ni-Cr (V2) and Co-Cr (KE), melted with two investments - Termocast (TE) and Microfine (MI) - and commercially pure titanium (TR) melted with Rematitan Plus (RP) and Rematitan Ultra (RU), in the conditions: E0 (without die spacer), E1 (one die spacer layer) and E2 (two die spacer layers). From a metal matrix, 240 copings were obtained, 10 for each combination metal-investment-spacer. An optical microscope was used to determine the misfit before and after the cementation with zinc phosphate cement. A tensile strength test was carried out after the cementation in order to determine the remotion load. Dilatometric tests were used to calculate the linear thermal expansion coefficients of metals and investments, to determine the setting expansion of the investments and to determine the dimensional variation as well. After the tests, the data were analyzed statistically. The analysis of variance for the marginal adaptation showed statistical significance (0.05) for all variation factors. For the metals, the misfit, in &mu;m, was: V2 (85) = VB (89) < KE (119) < TR (171); and for investments, MI (68) < TE (128) < RP (153) < RU (188). The misfit for factor die spacer was: E2 (76) < E1 (125) < E0 (147). Having accepted the value of 120 &mu;m as a reference limit of clinically acceptable results, the lowest misfit values for different combinations after cementation were: VB-MI-E2 (44), V2-MI-E2 (47), VB-MI-E1 (52), VB-MI-E0 (55), RU-TR-E2 (67 &mu;m), V2-MI-E1 (70), E2-V2-TE (77), V2-MI-E0 (86), VB-TE-E2 (103). All the other combinations had values above 120 &mu;m. There was a significant difference for tensile strength under the conditions E2 (49 Kgf), E1 (74 Kgf) and E0 (102 kgf). The setting expansion values were: TE (1.05%), MI (0.88%), RP (0.19%) and RU (0.02%). According to the dilatometer test, the values of contraction for the metals were: KE (0.27%), V2 (0.262%), VB (0.256%) and TR (0.16%), and for the investments: MI (0.74%) and RU (-1.63%). The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for metals dimensional variation: V2 (0.08%) &ge; VB (-0.12%) &ge; KE (-0.21%) &ge; TR (-0.85%) and investments: MI (0.09%) > TE (-0.26%) = RP (-0.50%) > RU (-1.19%). In conclusion, the use of investments with good dilatometric properties improves the marginal fit of the copings, but the die spacer use may be essential for obtaining satisfactory clinical results.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar por métodos microbiológicos e microscópia eletrônica de varredura a aderência bacteriana sobre superfície lisa e rugosa (modificada por irradiação a laser) de titânio comercialmente puro (\'Ti\' cp). Os corpos-de-prova eram em forma de discos (12,0 mm x 2,0 mm). Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 e Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 RP 62A foram às bactérias selecionadas. A topografia das superfícies foram avaliadas por meio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). As medidas do ângulo de contato permitiram conhecer a molhabilidade (hidrofobicidade) das superfícies. Os discos de \'Ti\' cp foram incubados em meio de cultura caldo Mueller Hinton inoculado com suspensão bacteriana da ordem de \'10 POT.8\' (UFC)/mL, durante 1, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas. A cada intervalo de tempo, os discos foram retirados, lavados em solução salina fisiológica e após este procedimento foram colocados em novos tubos contendo 5,0 mL de solução salina fisiológica esterilizada e submetidos ao banho ultrassônico de 40 kHz por oito minutos. A seguir, da suspensão bacteriana resultante foram realizadas diluições seriadas (\'10 POT.-1\'-\'10 POT.-6\'), semeadas em ágar Mueller Hinton e as placas incubadas em estufa bacteriológica a 37 graus Celsius para aguardar o desenvolvimento bacteriano. As colônias crescidas foram contadas, enumeradas e o valor expresso em UFC/mL para cada diluição. Os discos removidos do banho ultrassônico foram preparados para observação por MEV. A medida do ângulo de contato foi realizada em equipamento denominado goniômetro. O resultado da avaliação da viabilidade das células de biofilme de S. mutans sobre superfície lisa em média foi de 1,66 \'+ OU -\' 1,67 x \'10 POT.6\' e sobre superfície rugosa 1,06 \'+ OU -\' 1,07 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 as médias não são significantemente diferentes. Em média as células viáveis do biofilme de S. epidermidis sobre superfície lisa foram de 6,68 \'+ OU -\' ) 5,83 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 as médias não são significativamente diferentes. As células viáveis do biofilme de S. epidermidis, recuperadas em vários intervalos de tempo (1, 6, 24, 48 e 72h) da superfície rugosa 7,16 \'+ OU -\' 2,34 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 são significantemente diferentes. Em relação à molhabilidade a superfície lisa é hidrofóbica, com um ângulo de 75 graus e a superfície rugosa hidrofílica, com um ângulo < 7 graus. Apesar da superfície lisa ser hidrofóbica e a superfície rugosa hidrofílica ambas as superfícies permitiram a aderência bacteriana e formação de biofilme, fato comprovado por MEV e por cultura. Comparando-se as superfícies lisa e rugosa - modificada por meio físico (aplicação de feixe de laser de alta intensidade \'Nd\':YAG) não foi observada redução significante no número de bactérias aderidas à superfície rugosa, o que permite concluir que a modificação de superfície por laser de alta intensidade cria superfície favorável para aderência de S. mutans e S. epidermidis, sem reduzir a aderência bacteriana, o que pode ser fator de risco para adquirir infecção. / The objective of this study was assessed by microbiological methods and the scanning electron microscope on bacterial adhesion to smooth and rough (modified by laser irradiation) of commercially pure titanium (\'Ti\' cp). The bodies-of-proof was in the form of discs (12,0 mm x 2,0 mm). Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 RP62A were selected bacteria. The topography of the areas were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Measures the angle of contact allowed to know the wettability (hydrophobicity) of the areas. Of \'Ti\' cp discs were incubated in culture media Mueller Hinton broth inoculated with bacterial suspension of approximately \'10 POT.8\' (CFU)/mL, for 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Each time, the discs were removed, washed in saline solution and after this procedure were placed into new tubes containing 5.0 mL of sterile saline solution and submitted to the ultrasonic bath for eight minutes of 40 kHz. Then, the resulting bacterial suspension were serially diluted (\'10 POT.-1\'-\'10 POT.-6\'), grown in Mueller Hinton agar plates and incubated in bacteriological incubator at 37 Celsius degrees to await the development blight. The grown colonies were counted, listed and the value expressed in CFU/mL for each dilution. Discs removed from the ultrasonic bath were prepared for observation by SEM. The measure of the angle of contact was made in equipment called goniometer. The result of evaluating the viability biofilm cells of S. mutans on smooth surface was on average of 1,66 \'+ OU -\' 1,67 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 and on area rugosa 1,06 \'+ OU -\' 1,07 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 average is not significantly different. On average the cells of the biofilm of S. epidermidis on smooth 6,68 \'+ OU -\' 5,83 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 average is not significantly surface were different. The cells of the biofilm of S. epidermidis, recovered at various at intervals of time (1, 6, 24, 48 and 72h) of the area rugosa 7,16 \'+ OU -\' 2,34 x \'10 POT.6\' 0,05 are significantly different. In relation to the smooth surface wettability is hydrophobic, with an angle of 75 degrees and the hydrophilic surface rough, with an angle < 7 degrees. Despite the smooth surface is rough hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface areas have both the adhesion and formation of bacterial biofilm, a fact evidenced by SEM and by culture. Comparing the smooth and rough surfaces - modified by the physical environment (application of the laser beam of high intensity \'Nd\': YAG) was not observed a significant reduction in the number of bacteria adhered to the surface rough, which indicates that the modification of surface by high-intensity laser creates favorable surface for adhesion of S. mutans and S. epidermidis, without reducing the bacterial adhesion, which may be a risk factor for acquiring infection.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar por métodos microbiológicos e microscópia eletrônica de varredura a aderência bacteriana sobre superfície lisa e rugosa (modificada por irradiação a laser) de titânio comercialmente puro (\'Ti\' cp). Os corpos-de-prova eram em forma de discos (12,0 mm x 2,0 mm). Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 e Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 RP 62A foram às bactérias selecionadas. A topografia das superfícies foram avaliadas por meio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). As medidas do ângulo de contato permitiram conhecer a molhabilidade (hidrofobicidade) das superfícies. Os discos de \'Ti\' cp foram incubados em meio de cultura caldo Mueller Hinton inoculado com suspensão bacteriana da ordem de \'10 POT.8\' (UFC)/mL, durante 1, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas. A cada intervalo de tempo, os discos foram retirados, lavados em solução salina fisiológica e após este procedimento foram colocados em novos tubos contendo 5,0 mL de solução salina fisiológica esterilizada e submetidos ao banho ultrassônico de 40 kHz por oito minutos. A seguir, da suspensão bacteriana resultante foram realizadas diluições seriadas (\'10 POT.-1\'-\'10 POT.-6\'), semeadas em ágar Mueller Hinton e as placas incubadas em estufa bacteriológica a 37 graus Celsius para aguardar o desenvolvimento bacteriano. As colônias crescidas foram contadas, enumeradas e o valor expresso em UFC/mL para cada diluição. Os discos removidos do banho ultrassônico foram preparados para observação por MEV. A medida do ângulo de contato foi realizada em equipamento denominado goniômetro. O resultado da avaliação da viabilidade das células de biofilme de S. mutans sobre superfície lisa em média foi de 1,66 \'+ OU -\' 1,67 x \'10 POT.6\' e sobre superfície rugosa 1,06 \'+ OU -\' 1,07 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 as médias não são significantemente diferentes. Em média as células viáveis do biofilme de S. epidermidis sobre superfície lisa foram de 6,68 \'+ OU -\' ) 5,83 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 as médias não são significativamente diferentes. As células viáveis do biofilme de S. epidermidis, recuperadas em vários intervalos de tempo (1, 6, 24, 48 e 72h) da superfície rugosa 7,16 \'+ OU -\' 2,34 x \'10 POT.6\' a nível 0,05 são significantemente diferentes. Em relação à molhabilidade a superfície lisa é hidrofóbica, com um ângulo de 75 graus e a superfície rugosa hidrofílica, com um ângulo < 7 graus. Apesar da superfície lisa ser hidrofóbica e a superfície rugosa hidrofílica ambas as superfícies permitiram a aderência bacteriana e formação de biofilme, fato comprovado por MEV e por cultura. Comparando-se as superfícies lisa e rugosa - modificada por meio físico (aplicação de feixe de laser de alta intensidade \'Nd\':YAG) não foi observada redução significante no número de bactérias aderidas à superfície rugosa, o que permite concluir que a modificação de superfície por laser de alta intensidade cria superfície favorável para aderência de S. mutans e S. epidermidis, sem reduzir a aderência bacteriana, o que pode ser fator de risco para adquirir infecção. / The objective of this study was assessed by microbiological methods and the scanning electron microscope on bacterial adhesion to smooth and rough (modified by laser irradiation) of commercially pure titanium (\'Ti\' cp). The bodies-of-proof was in the form of discs (12,0 mm x 2,0 mm). Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 RP62A were selected bacteria. The topography of the areas were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Measures the angle of contact allowed to know the wettability (hydrophobicity) of the areas. Of \'Ti\' cp discs were incubated in culture media Mueller Hinton broth inoculated with bacterial suspension of approximately \'10 POT.8\' (CFU)/mL, for 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Each time, the discs were removed, washed in saline solution and after this procedure were placed into new tubes containing 5.0 mL of sterile saline solution and submitted to the ultrasonic bath for eight minutes of 40 kHz. Then, the resulting bacterial suspension were serially diluted (\'10 POT.-1\'-\'10 POT.-6\'), grown in Mueller Hinton agar plates and incubated in bacteriological incubator at 37 Celsius degrees to await the development blight. The grown colonies were counted, listed and the value expressed in CFU/mL for each dilution. Discs removed from the ultrasonic bath were prepared for observation by SEM. The measure of the angle of contact was made in equipment called goniometer. The result of evaluating the viability biofilm cells of S. mutans on smooth surface was on average of 1,66 \'+ OU -\' 1,67 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 and on area rugosa 1,06 \'+ OU -\' 1,07 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 average is not significantly different. On average the cells of the biofilm of S. epidermidis on smooth 6,68 \'+ OU -\' 5,83 x \'10 POT.6\' at the 0,05 average is not significantly surface were different. The cells of the biofilm of S. epidermidis, recovered at various at intervals of time (1, 6, 24, 48 and 72h) of the area rugosa 7,16 \'+ OU -\' 2,34 x \'10 POT.6\' 0,05 are significantly different. In relation to the smooth surface wettability is hydrophobic, with an angle of 75 degrees and the hydrophilic surface rough, with an angle < 7 degrees. Despite the smooth surface is rough hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface areas have both the adhesion and formation of bacterial biofilm, a fact evidenced by SEM and by culture. Comparing the smooth and rough surfaces - modified by the physical environment (application of the laser beam of high intensity \'Nd\': YAG) was not observed a significant reduction in the number of bacteria adhered to the surface rough, which indicates that the modification of surface by high-intensity laser creates favorable surface for adhesion of S. mutans and S. epidermidis, without reducing the bacterial adhesion, which may be a risk factor for acquiring infection.

O desajuste de copings obtidos por fundição por cera perdida está sujeita à vários fatores tais como: contração de fundição do metal, expansão do revestimento, uso de espaçadores, entre outros. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desajuste marginal pré e pós cimentação de copings obtidos com três ligas de metais básicos - Ni-Cr-Be (VB), Ni-Cr (V2) e Co-Cr (KE) fundidos a partir de dois revestimentos - Termocast (TE) e Microfine (MI) e Titânio comercialmente puro (TR) fundido com dois revestimentos - Rematitan Plus (RP) e Rematitan Ultra (RU), nas condições E0, sem espaçador, E1, com uma camada de espaçador e E2, com duas camadas de espaçador. A partir de uma matriz metálica, foram obtidos 240 copings, sendo 10 para cada combinação metal-revestimento-espaçador. Foi utilizado Microscópio Óptico para determinação do desajuste nas condições pré e pós cimentação, efetuada com cimento de fosfato de zinco. Foi realizado teste de tração pós cimentação para determinação da carga de remoção dos copings da combinação KE-MI. Foram realizados ensaios dilatométricos para a definição dos coeficientes de expansão térmico linear dos metais e dos revestimentos, determinação da expansão de presa dos revestimentos, além de ensaio para determinação da variação dimensional das fundições e análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados de desajuste marginal foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes Anova e Student-Newman-Keulsa que revelaram significância estatística (0,05) para os fatores isolados. Para os metais, os valores de desajuste (&mu;m) foram V2 (85) = VB (89) < KE (119) < TR (171) e para os revestimentos, MI (68) < TE (128) < RP (153) < RU (188). Para o espaçador os desajustes foram E2 (76) < E1 (125) < E0 (147). Os menores valores de desajuste pós cimentação foram obtidos pelas combinações: VB-MI-E2 (44), V2-MI-E2 (47), VB-MI-E1 (52), VB-MI-E0 (55), TR-RU-E2 (67), V2-MI-E1(70), V2-TE-E2 (77), V2-MI-E0 (86), VB-TE-E2 (103), todas as demais combinações tiveram valores acima de 120 &mu;m, adotado como referência clinicamente aceitável. Houve diferença significante para as cargas de remoção entre as condições E2 (49 Kgf) < E1 (74 Kgf) < E0 (102 Kgf). Os valores de expansão de presa foram: TE (1,05%), MI (0,88%), RP (0,19%) e RU (0,02%). Para o ensaio dilatométrico, os valores de contração dos metais foram: KE (0,270%), V2 (0,262%), VB (0,256%) e TR (0,160%). Para os revestimentos, houve diferença significante, entre MI (0,74%) e RU (-1,63%). A análise da variação dimensional revelou diferença significante para os metais: V2 (0,08%) &ge; VB (-0,12%) &ge; KE (-0,21%) &ge; R (-0,85%) e para os revestimentos: MI (0,09%) > TE (-0,26%) = RP (-0,50%) > RU (-1,19%). Os revestimentos MI e RU apresentaram micro estrutura mais refinada, contendo cristais mais homogêneos e menos porosidade que os revestimentos RP e TE. Com base nos dados analisados, é válido afirmar que, embora a utilização de revestimentos com boas propriedades dilatométricas facilite a confecção de copings com ajuste marginal adequado, a utilização de espaçadores pode ser indispensável para obtenção de resultados clínicos satisfatórios. / The marginal fit of copings made by lost-wax casting are subject to different variation factors, such as contraction of molten metal, investment thermal expansion, die spacer use and others. This study aimed to evaluate the marginal adaptation of copings before and after cementation, obtained with three basic alloys - Ni-Cr-Be (VB), Ni-Cr (V2) and Co-Cr (KE), melted with two investments - Termocast (TE) and Microfine (MI) - and commercially pure titanium (TR) melted with Rematitan Plus (RP) and Rematitan Ultra (RU), in the conditions: E0 (without die spacer), E1 (one die spacer layer) and E2 (two die spacer layers). From a metal matrix, 240 copings were obtained, 10 for each combination metal-investment-spacer. An optical microscope was used to determine the misfit before and after the cementation with zinc phosphate cement. A tensile strength test was carried out after the cementation in order to determine the remotion load. Dilatometric tests were used to calculate the linear thermal expansion coefficients of metals and investments, to determine the setting expansion of the investments and to determine the dimensional variation as well. After the tests, the data were analyzed statistically. The analysis of variance for the marginal adaptation showed statistical significance (0.05) for all variation factors. For the metals, the misfit, in &mu;m, was: V2 (85) = VB (89) < KE (119) < TR (171); and for investments, MI (68) < TE (128) < RP (153) < RU (188). The misfit for factor die spacer was: E2 (76) < E1 (125) < E0 (147). Having accepted the value of 120 &mu;m as a reference limit of clinically acceptable results, the lowest misfit values for different combinations after cementation were: VB-MI-E2 (44), V2-MI-E2 (47), VB-MI-E1 (52), VB-MI-E0 (55), RU-TR-E2 (67 &mu;m), V2-MI-E1 (70), E2-V2-TE (77), V2-MI-E0 (86), VB-TE-E2 (103). All the other combinations had values above 120 &mu;m. There was a significant difference for tensile strength under the conditions E2 (49 Kgf), E1 (74 Kgf) and E0 (102 kgf). The setting expansion values were: TE (1.05%), MI (0.88%), RP (0.19%) and RU (0.02%). According to the dilatometer test, the values of contraction for the metals were: KE (0.27%), V2 (0.262%), VB (0.256%) and TR (0.16%), and for the investments: MI (0.74%) and RU (-1.63%). The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for metals dimensional variation: V2 (0.08%) &ge; VB (-0.12%) &ge; KE (-0.21%) &ge; TR (-0.85%) and investments: MI (0.09%) > TE (-0.26%) = RP (-0.50%) > RU (-1.19%). In conclusion, the use of investments with good dilatometric properties improves the marginal fit of the copings, but the die spacer use may be essential for obtaining satisfactory clinical results.

Out of the known aerospace metal and alloys, Aluminium (Al) and Titanium (Ti) are important due to their unique combination of properties, such as strength, ductility and corrosion resistance etc. For these reasons, welding of these two materials, especially in the butt and lap configuration, has a significant impact for structural applications. However, welding of Al to Ti is a challenge due to wide differences in their physical properties and properties of the brittle intermetallic that are formed. Such problems in Ti-Al weld can be minimized if the temperature of welding is reduced. Therefore, many solid-state welding processes have been introduced for this system in the past few decades. Amongst these processes, Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is among the most appropriate for dissimilar materials in the butt and lap configuration, as this process involves lower temperature of processing. The present thesis is an attempt to address the issues pertaining to the friction stir welding of commercially pure Al and Ti. Though these commercially pure materials are seldom used in actual applications, where alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V and Al 2219 (and their variants) are used, this work is done to get a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms during Friction Stir Welding (FSW). The study has been extended to the effect of using a thin strip of other metallic materials between Al and Ti. These inserts are likely to play a role in the formation of intermetallic and control the after effects of the formation of these intermetallic. Two metals have been chosen for this purpose, namely Zinc (Zn) and Niobium (Nb). The thesis has 8 chapters that attempts to systematically understand the process of FSW of cp-Al to cp-Ti. In Chapter 1 of the thesis, the FSW process is introduced with an emphasis on important parameters that control the welding process. In addition, a brief introduction of Al-Ti binary system is also given. Literature related to conventional solid state welding processes and friction stir welding process is presented in Chapter 2. In this chapter, previous works on the FSW of various materials is reviewed, with more emphasis on welding of aluminium to titanium. At the end of the chapter the scope and motivation of the present investigation has been outlined Chapter 3 includes the experimental details involved in the present study. In addition to the details of the processes and various characterization techniques used in the present investigation, the basic principles involved in various techniques, names as X-ray tomography, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) have also been given. Micro-hardness and tensile tests results are also reported in this chapter. A detailed study on FSW of Al and Ti is presented in chapter 4 of the thesis. The effect of process parameters on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties has been reported. A bottom-up approach on experimentally determining the “process window” is presented. The results emphasises on the distribution of titanium fragments and intermetallic particles in the nugget zone and their influence on mechanical properties of the weld. The microstructural evolution in the matrix is also detailed. The most noteworthy observation is substantial grain refinement in the nugget zone due to the presence of fine fragments of titanium and intermetallic. Cross-tensile tests of the samples welded under the optimised conditions fail in the retreating side of the aluminium material and has strength more than the parent material. The last section in this chapter deals with thermal stability of the microstructures. Chapter 5 deals with the use of Zn as interlayer between Al and Ti. The microstructural evolution and its effect on the mechanical properties have been examined. The investigations clearly show that FSW of Al and Ti with Zn interlayer has superior mechanical properties compared to Al-Ti welds without interlayer. The resulting microstructure has a better thermal stability. The use of Nb as interlayer has been studied in chapter 6. The microstructural investigation of the nugget zone reveals that Nb interlayer does not readily form solid solution with any of the base materials and Nb gets distributed more heterogeneously compared to Ti itself. This has led to a reduction in the strength of the weld, however, the ductility increases The thermal stability of the microstructure is poor compared to FSW of Al to Ti with Zn interlayer. In chapter 7, salient features of the different micro-mechanism operating during FSW of the investigated combinations has been discussed in detail. Finally, the outcome of the thesis has been summarized and scope for future investigation is outlined in chapter 8.

In the present work, deformation behavior, texture and microstructure evolution of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) are investigated by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) after compression tests at elevated temperatures. By analysing work hardening rate vs. flow stress, the deformation behaviour can be divided into three groups, viz. three-stage work hardening, two-stage work hardening and flow softening. A new deformation condition map is presented, dividing the deformation behavior of CP Ti into three distinct zones which can be separated by two distinct values of the Zener-Hollomon parameter. The deformed microstructures reveal that dynamic recovery is the dominant deformation mechanism for CP Ti during hot working. It is the first time that the Schmid factor and pole figures are used to analyse how the individual slip systems activate and how their activities evolve under various deformation conditions. Two constitutive equations are proposed in this work, one is for single peak dynamic recrystallization (DRX), the other is specially for CP Ti deformed during hot working. After the hot compression tests, some stress-strain curves show a single peak, leading to the motivation of setting up a DRX model. However, the examinations of EBSD maps and metallography evidently show that the deformation mechanism is dynamic recovery rather than DRX. Then, the second model is set up. The influence of the deformation conditions on grain size, texture and deformation twinning is systematically investigated. The results show that {10-12} twinning only occurs at the early stage of deformation. As the strain increases, the {10-12} twinning is suppressed while {10- 11} twinning appears. Three peaks are found in the misorientation frequency-distribution corresponding to basal fiber texture, {10-11} and {10-12} twinning, respectively. A logZ-value of 13 is found to be critical for both the onset of {10-11} compressive twinning and the break point for the subgrain size. The presence of {10-11} twinning is the key factor for effectively reducing the deformed grain size. The percentage of low angle grain boundaries decreases with increasing Z-parameter, falling into a region separated by two parallel lines with a common slope and 10% displacement. After deformation, three texture components can be found, one close to the compression direction, CD, one 10~30° to CD and another 45° to CD. / QC 20100819

Digitaliseringen har inneburit en tilltagande komplexitet i organisationer, vilket föranlett skapandet av begreppet teknisk skuld. Likväl som organisationer försätter sig i ekonomiska skulder försätter sig organisationer i tekniska skulder. Tidigare forskning inom teknisk skuld visar på ett kunskapsgap gällande organisationsteoretiska aspekters eventuella påverkan på teknisk skuld. Baserat på detta så syftar studien till att undersöka antagandet gällande kontrasterande perspektiv på teknisk skuld mellan kommersiellt styrda och tekniskt styrda organisatoriska enheter. För att sedan utforska huruvida balansen av organisatoriska aspekter mellan enheter kan understödja en viss typ perspektiv och därmed inverka på organisationens faktiska ageranden, avvägningar och vägval i relation till teknisk skuld. Undersökningen grundas i en kvalitativ fallstudie där åtta intervjuer i fyra mjukvaruutvecklande organisationer genomförts. Studien visar på att perspektiven mellan enheter i denna undersökning skiljer sig åt en aning men att detta inte påverkar teknisk skuld i någon större utsträckning. Detta tack vare ömsesidig förståelse, god kommunikation, samsyn genom överordnade mål samt balans mellan makt och kultur. Kommersiella krafter tycks besitta något mer makt men undersökta bolag har samtidigt vägt upp detta genom en tydligt teknikfokuserad kultur. Vilket kan få organisationer att, om något, balansera en aning mer åt ett fokus på framtida hållbarhet och därmed gå miste om nutida affärsmöjligheter genom att undgå ett mer flexibelt och tillåtande förhållningssätt till teknisk skuld. / Digitization has meant an increasing complexity in organizations, which has led to the creation of the concept of technical debt. Just as organizations incur financial debts the organizations incur technical debts. Previous research in technical debt sheds light on a knowledge gap regarding organizational aspects, which influence technical debt. Based on this, the study aims to examine the assumption regarding contrasting views on technical debt between commercially controlled and technically controlled organizational units. To then explore whether the balance of organizational aspects between units can support a certain type of perspective and thereby influence the organization's actual actions, trade-offs and decision-making in relation to technical debt. The study was created through a qualitative case study where eight interviews were conducted in four software developing organizations. The study shows that the perspectives between units in this survey differ slightly, but that this does not affect technical debt to any great extent. This thanks to mutual understanding, good communication, consensus through overriding goals and a balance between power and culture. Commercial forces seem to possess somewhat more power, but surveyed companies have at the same time offset this through a clear product- and technology-focused culture. Which may cause organizations to, if anything, balance a little bit more on future sustainability and thus miss out on current business opportunities by avoiding a more flexible and permissive approach to technical debt.