Esta pesquisa buscou contribuir para os conhecimentos relativos ao financiamento e à gestão democrática da educação cuja questão principal é a análise da política municipal dos recursos financeiros descentralizados para as escolas de Dourados (MS) no período de 2005 a 2008. Buscou-se analisar a política de descentralização dos recursos financeiros implantada na gestão do PT de Dourados (MS) (2005-2008), compreendendo-a no bojo das disputas sociais como instrumento importante na alteração da correlação de forças que visa à radicalização da democracia na escola, compreendendo até que ponto ela contribuiu para democratizar a gestão da escola. A metodologia da pesquisa foi descritivo-analítica e incluiu tanto a análise de documentos (dados diretos produzidos no município, como atas, relatórios, planos de trabalho, legislação, dados diretos e indiretos, em especial do FNDE/MEC, como relatórios de prestação de contas, orçamento, legislação, entre outros) quanto entrevistas realizadas com diferentes sujeitos gestores municipais, pais, alunos, professores e direção de duas escolas públicas municipais de Ensino Fundamental sobre a gestão e a política dos recursos financeiros descentralizados, indagando até que ponto ela pressupôs o exercício das práticas participativas visando à democratização da gestão da escola. Trabalhou-se inicialmente com a hipótese de que a política de descentralização dos recursos financeiros para as escolas municipais de Dourados (MS), implantada pela administração do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) não foi conduzida de forma participativa, bem como esteve permeada por princípios da racionalidade técnica instrumental. A matriz para análise se sustenta em alguns pressupostos teóricos que analisam os programas descentralizantes, demonstrando a importância da política de descentralização de recursos financeiros para as escolas (CAMARGO, 1997) e compreendendo que a tendência de universalização das políticas de assistência financeira automática indica a insuficiência de recursos financeiros para alcançar resultados redistributivos que surtam efeitos de equalização de oportunidades educacionais nas escolas (FARENZENA, 2010), de modo que esses programas compõem a política de financiamento educacional que, em última instância, visa assegurar a política macroeconômica do Estado (CRUZ, 2009). Os dados coletados foram organizados em quatro chaves de análise, a saber: a) a gestão da escola na visão dos agentes escolares; b) mecanismos de gestão democrática e a participação da comunidade escolar; c) a participação da comunidade da escola na gestão dos recursos financeiros descentralizados; d) as decisões e as estratégias de gestão dos recursos financeiros nas escolas. Os resultados revelam que a política de descentralização de recursos financeiros elaborada na gestão do PT, embora demonstrasse limitações quanto às formas de gestão participativa, repercutiu positivamente entre os sujeitos das escolas, sem, contudo, contribuir para alterar as práticas de gestão patrimonialista que visam excluir os pais e alunos das decisões tomadas pela escola. / This study aims at the funding and democratic administration of public education. Its main focus is an analysis of municipal policy for decentralized school funding resources in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, between 2005 and 2008. Such policy analysis assesses its contributions to a democratic school administration. A descriptive-analytical methodology was applied to this study. It included an analysis of documents (produced in the municipal district: minutes, reports, work plans, legislation, etc.; and in the federal departments, especially FNDE / MEC, through reports, budgets, legislations, etc.) andinterviews with different subjects municipal managers, parents, students, teachers and principals of two municipal public elementary schools. The focus was on policies and the administration of decentralized funding resourcesto assess how and when community practicesare needed for the democratization of schooladministration. The first hypothesis shows that the policies for decentralization of funding resources in Dourados municipal schools, implemented by the PT(Workers Party) administration within that period, were not based on community practices. Actually, they were based on principles of instrumental/technical rationality. Three points were taken into consideration in this study: the importance of decentralization policies for schoolfunding resources (CAMARGO, 1997); the assessment of redistributed resources which balanced education opportunities in schools (FARENZENA, 2010); and education funding policies thatwere coherent to the Brazilian macroeconomicpolitics (CRUZ, 2009). Collected data were organized in four (04) analysis groups: a) the school administration from the school agents\' point of view; b) the mechanisms of democratic administration and the participationof the school community; c) the participation of the school communityin the administration of decentralized funding resources; d) administration decisions and strategies for school funding resources. The results show that the decentralization policies for the funding resources developed during the PT administration, although limited as far as community administration is concerned, had positively feedback from the subjects in schools. However, it did not contribute to change the property management practices, which leave parents and students out of the decisions taken by the school administration.

Esta tese analisa a emergência histórica da participação comunitária no campo da saúde e as ressonâncias contemporâneas desta experiência na prática política do Fórum em Defesa do SUS do Rio Grande do Sul, em sua luta contra a privatização da saúde. A participação comunitária emerge como um foco de experiência no contexto de irrupção da Reforma Sanitária e de defesa de um sistema público de saúde. As condições de possibilidade para a emergência deste foco de experiência vinculam-se à produção histórica dos diferentes lugares que ocuparam os sujeitos, como foco de investimento, na construção das políticas públicas de saúde brasileiras desde o século XIX. Esse foco de experiência produz os sujeitos como força política ativa na formulação e implementação da política pública de saúde. Ele tem como parte de seu regime de veridicção a distinção entre público e privado, contornando o privado como aquilo do qual o público deve afastar-se, demarcando fronteiras dicotomizadas. O foco de experiência da participação comunitária, ao aproximar-se do direito, como estratégia política de luta e de institucionalização nas malhas do Estado, percorre o caminho em direção à imunização negativa do direito à saúde pelo Estado. A participação comunitária, quando encontra o direito, insere-se nesse universo dual do sistema de propriedades e passa a generalizar o comum de sua reivindicação em um sentido de propriedade pública, ou seja, propriedade estatal. Nesse sentido, propomos uma participação comunitária que não se limite a reproduzir modelos e que rompa com a dicotomia público/privado, em prol da noção de comum e da afirmação de uma norma de vida. Isso pressupõe uma inversão, não mais o direito e seu regramento reproduzindo modelos de vida, mas a vida produzindo normas de vida sem cessar. / This thesis analyzes the historical emergence of community participation in the health field and contemporary resonances of that experience in the political practice of the Forum in Defense of SUS of Rio Grande do Sul, in its fight against health privatization. Community participation has emerged as a focus of experience in the context of the Sanitary Reform and defense of a public health system. The conditions of possibility for the emergence of such focus of experience are linked to the historical production of different places the subjects have occupied, as a focus of investment, in the construction of Brazilian public health policies since the nineteenth century. This focus of experience has produced the subjects as an active political force in both the formulation and implementation of the public health policy. As an integral part of its veridiction regime, it has the distinction between public and private delineating the private as something from which the public should be moved away, thus drawing dichotomized borders. The focus of experience of community participation, by approximating to law, as a political strategy of fight and institutionalization in the State meshes, follows the path of negative immunization of the right to health by the State. Community participation, by associating with law, enters this dual universe of the system of properties and starts generalizing what is common in its claim as being public property, i.e. State property. In this sense, we have proposed a kind of community participation that is not limited to the reproduction of models and is able to disrupt the public/private dichotomy in favor of both the notion of common and the affirmation of a life norm. This presupposes an inversion - instead of the reproduction of ways of life by law and its rules, the incessant production of life norms by life itself.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study about School Councils believes that this form of organization, when consolidating at school, suggests changes in how to manage educational institutions, as well as makes proposition to think about possible ways to enter new contacts in the school, focusing on the possibilities of an education based on assumptions and participatory political grounds. School councils are integrated collective, composed of segments that constitute the basic core operation of the school: parents and representatives from the civil society, the technical servers, managers, teachers and students. These segments form a legal unit that has different skills, but inclusive ones. It manifests itself through advisory, deliberative, supervisory and mobilizing character of participatory activities that are directed to follow the actions of the school. On this assumption, we believe that understanding the changes made on the school, with the aim of providing qualitative changes in the political and educational management processes, may be a necessary exercise to understand the directions and the structures defined in the educational system. For these questions, we chose, as a research object, the School Councils, which are asserted as a place of political and pedagogical settings and have the purpose of improving the dynamics of learning processes undertaken by the school. The research was conducted in the municipality of Aracaju-SE, between 2011 and 2013; it was to sample a set of fifteen (15) schools located in the most diverse neighborhoods in the city, 52 (fifty-two) people who answered to the questionnaires and a group of eighteen (18) people who participated of the interviews. All subjects in the sample are part of the chosen segments, namely: teachers, principals and parents to understand that the first two segments are directly acting on the guidelines of the school and have parents, as a representative voice of society, focusing, with their expectations and demands, a level of influence on the guidelines of pedagogical practice. The following techniques were used for data collection and analysis: Questionnaire, Interview and Document Analysis (Acts, Ordinances, Regiments, Decrees, Tables of measurement and evaluation of school results etc.). This research used as a guiding research a number of key issues, among them, we have: Is there sense in defining policy and teaching experience developed within the School Councils, as evidence of the meaning of Quality of the pedagogical processes of the School? Is there consistency among the official discourse, the discourse and the expectations of parents and teachers about the purposes and meanings of the actions of School Councils? All interpretive and deepening the study process was subsidized by important authors, among them, Paulo Freire, Jurgen Habermas, Bernard Charlot, Maria da Gloria Gohn, Carlos Alberto Torres, Jean-Louis Derouet, Claus Offe, among others. The thesis is organized into six chapters that present an analysis of the object and search results. / O estudo sobre os Conselhos Escolares considera que esta forma de organização, ao se consolidar na escola, sugere modificações na forma de gerir instituições de ensino, bem como faz proposição sobre possíveis caminhos para pensar a inserção de novos interlocutores no espaço da escola, incidindo sobre as possibilidades de uma formação escolar baseada em pressupostos e fundamentos político-participativos. Os Conselhos Escolares são coletivos integrados, compostos por segmentos que constituem o núcleo básico de funcionamento da escola: os pais e a representação da sociedade civil, os servidores técnicos, os gestores, professores e estudantes. Esses segmentos formam uma unidade jurídica que possui competências distintas, porém, integradoras. Manifesta-se através do caráter consultivo, deliberativo, fiscalizador, normativo e mobilizador de ações participativas que estejam direcionadas ao acompanhamento das atividades escolares. Por esse pressuposto, consideramos que entender as modificações realizadas sobre a escola, com a finalidade de proporcionar alterações de caráter qualitativo nos processos políticos e pedagógicos de gestão, pode ser um exercício necessário para compreensão dos rumos e das estruturas definidas no sistema educacional. Por estas questões, escolhemos, como objeto de pesquisa, os Conselhos Escolares, que se afirmam como lugar de definições políticas e pedagógicas e que possui a finalidade de aperfeiçoar a dinâmica dos processos formativos empreendidos pela escola. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na cidade de Aracaju-Se, entre os anos de 2011 e 2013 e teve como população pesquisada, um conjunto de 15(quinze) escolas localizadas nos mais diferentes bairros da cidade, 52 (cinquenta e duas) pessoas que responderam aos questionários e um grupo de 20 (vinte) pessoas, que participaram das entrevistas. Todos os sujeitos participantes da amostra fazem parte dos segmentos escolhidos, a saber: professores, gestores e pais, por entender que os dois primeiros segmentos estão diretamente atuando sobre as diretrizes da escola e têm, nos pais, uma voz representativa da sociedade, incindindo, com suas expectativas e demandas, um nível de influência sobre as diretrizes da prática pedagógica. Para a coleta e análise de dados foram utilizados as seguintes técnicas: o Questionário, a Entrevista e a Análise Documental (Atas, Portarias, Regimentos, Decretos, Quadros de medida e avaliação de resultados escolares, etc.). Esta pesquisa utilizou como norteador da investigação um conjunto de questões fundamentais, entre elas, destacamos: Há sentido em definir as experiências políticas e pedagógicas desenvolvidas no interior dos Conselhos Escolares, como evidência do significado de Qualidade dos processos pedagógicos da Escola?Há coerência entre os discursos oficiais, o discurso e as expectativas dos pais e professores sobre as finalidades e os sentidos das ações dos Conselhos Escolares? Todo processo interpretativo e de aprofundamento de estudo foi subsidiado por importantes autores, entre eles Paulo Freire, Jurgen Habermas, Bernard Charlot, Mª da Glória Gohn, Carlos Alberto Torres, Jean-Louis Derouet e Claus Offe. A Tese está organizada em seis capítulos, onde apresentamos a análise do objeto e os resultados da pesquisa.

The South African Government’s Demarcation process has ensured that the entire Country now have “City to City” municipal areas. This process has been put in place to ensure that basic services can now be provided to all the people of the Country. With the demarcation process the South African Government also introduced Integrated Development Planning (IDP). The IDP is a process through which municipalities prepare a strategic development plan, for a five-year period. The IDP is a product of the Integrated Development Planning process and a principle strategic planning instrument, which guides and describes all planning, budgeting, management and decision making in a municipality. / Dissertation (MSc (Project Management))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Construction Economics / unrestricted

Traditional grey infrastructure in New Orleans, Louisiana has become increasingly less efficient and adaptable to changing flood risks in the face of climate change and increasing development of flood-prone areas. City planners and decision-makers are beginning to use integrated flood risk management as a tool to increase community flood resiliency, however inequalities between communities’ representation still exist. The extent and methods of community participation within the decision-making of flood risk management requires more research. Thus, this study aims to examine methods of community participation within three city plans and to investigate if they are procedurally just for socially vulnerable populations. Based on existing research regarding city planning, this study will attempt to answer the following question: how are socially vulnerable populations being incorporated into the flood risk management decision-making of New Orleans’ city plans? Social vulnerability, in this context, is defined as the attributes of individuals or communities that create challenges in preparation for, protection from, and restoration from flood events.  In-depth content analyses of three New Orleans city plans involving flood risk mitigation were accomplished using coding an grouping related to the study’s research aim. This method was combined with conducting semi-structured interviews of key individuals involved in the analyzed city plans. This study shows the implications of incorporating socially vulnerable populations into community participation within flood risk planning in New Orleans. While it seems that there is an increased use and awareness of community participation methods within flood risk management planning in New Orleans, procedurally just methods and socially vulnerable populations’ engagement are lacking and left unassessed. Further research is needed to establish greater legitimacy of the importance for city government to prevent further marginalization of communities that are unequally engaging with flood risk planning.

The South African population has been experiencing an unprecedented rate of urbanization that has left government bodies struggling to meet the qualitative and the infrastructural demands of the emergent sector in undeveloped areas. This dissertation aims to focus on the intensive networks found in these developing areas of vulnerability that display strong cohesion due to activities surrounding the production process. The premise presented is that in order to intervene architecturally with these networks, designers should critically engage these networks through participative processes of research, design and ideally construction. Through the author’s process of engagement, several key Architectural principles for an intervention emerge. Primarily the concept that a built intervention in a vulnerable settlement should first seek to associate itself with a network for its initial survival, and then aim to exist in a symbiotic relationship with this network through a mutually beneficial relationship. View <a href=" http://www.jhonobennett.com/">Jhono Bennett's blog</a>. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bennett, J 2011, Platforms of engagement : a process of critical engagement with a developing context, MArch(Prof) dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11272011-161354 / > C12/4/36/gm / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

Magister Legum - LLM / This study focuses on the assessment of the Implementation of the Integrated Development Planning (lOP) process in Stellenbosch. The relevance of the study is to investigate whether the lOP process has delivered on the objectives of delivering effective and efficient service delivery to the communities who reside in the different towns within the municipal boundaries. The study will investigate against the policy implementation model of the 5-C Protocol plus communication whether service delivery has been conducted. The primary objective has been to generate and develop options for the improvement of the implementation of the lOP in Stellenbosch. The research not only set out to cover whether service delivery was taking place, but also whether the planning and development of the lOP was moving in the right direction. This could mean that the way the lOP was planned probably needed to be revisited. This scenario has been put to different stakeholders in the interviews to gain their perspectives.In order to make the assessment on the implementation of the lOP the study drew on the theoretical perspectives ascribed to the topic under investigation. The theory covered the areas of planning and different models for policy implementation. The 5-C Protocol (context, content, commitment, clients and coalitions, capacity) plus communication was used as the theoretical model to assess the implementation of the lOP in Stellenbosch. The 5 variables plus communication was adopted to assess whether the variables have been applied and accordingly an evaluation made about how the lOP implementation was conducted. Stellenbosch municipality was used as the case study to assess whether the lOP has been successfully implemented according to the 5-C Protocol plus communication and whether this can be used as a model for future reference by other municipalities. An investigation was conducted on how the municipality implemented the lOP; the fieldwork covered the context (political, social, economic and legal context), content (distributive, redistributive and regulatory use of resourcesO, capacity (tangible and intangible resources), clients and coalitions (stakeholder engagement through public and community participation) plus communication. The fieldwork during the study revealed a number of findings. This is discussed under the different variables of the 5-C Protocol. The variable of context has shown that the political scenario which plays itself out in the municipality has a substantial influence on the other contexts of economical, social and legal. The research found that the politics within the municipality has either stunted or contributed to the growth of especially the economical and social sectors within the Municipality in one or other respect. The content variable which focuses on distributive, redistributive and regulatory approaches by the Municipality has been found to be unrealised. The majority of the stakeholders which were engaged with felt that the distribution and redistribution of resources has not been achieved, especially to marginalised communities. Under the capacity variable (tangible and intangible resources) the study found that although the services to communities are continued to be supplied, there remains a specific lack of expertise and vacant posts within specific critical areas of service delivery. Coupled to this the Municipality did not adopt an approach of sourcing assistance from resident institutions and business in Stellenbosch which could assist in alleviating the situation. The clients and coalitions variable found that different stakeholders who were interviewed came from the politicians, officials and communities / NGO I business sectors. The perspectives from the stakeholders in the study have proven to be substantially diverse. In cases where the politicians and officials agreed over an issue the study found the community / NGO or business sector were at odds with this opinion. In other cases the communities would have an opinion while business or NGO's would not readily agree with that specific opinion. The study also found that the other variables (especially communication) played a significant role on the variable of clients and coalitions. The communication variable elicited a major response from the stakeholders from the marginalised communities. The study also found that there was little congruence in this variable (communication) between the officials and politicians on the one side and the other stakeholders on the other side. While the former felt that the Municipality was doing everything within its powers and available resources the communities especially felt that the approach and methodology were not effective and needed to be revisited

No description available.

[pt] Este projeto de pesquisa propõe analisar formas de participação e apropriação da laje, inserida no contexto espacial da favela, e tendo como estudo de caso o bairro da Rocinha, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A dissertação investiga conceitos que subvertem noções tradicionais de conceituação espacial, e como se dá a autogestão dos moradores no que concerne aspectos relacionados com o uso da laje. No tecido urbano densamente ocupado das favelas, este espaço nas moradias pode funcionar como interface de interseção entre os limites do espaço coletivo e privado. Foram, portanto, investigadas as ações e intervenções dos moradores na laje através de um enfoque na observação de abordagens socioculturais nesse ambiente. Reconhece-se na laje um tipo determinado de apropriação urbana, identificando-a como uma alternativa dos residentes à escassez de espaços públicos livres em favelas. Podemos observar que ela é usada como local de práticas vinculadas a processos de autoconstrução e ao aluguel, evidenciando aspectos relacionados ao valor de uso e de troca da laje. No caso da Rocinha, tanto em seu cotidiano como durante a pandemia de COVID-19, observamos manifestações coletivas na laje associadas à atividades sociais múltiplas. O processo de pesquisa de campo também revelou a laje vislumbrada sob a ótica do morador, como um espaço de projeção de sonho. Tornou-se aparente nestes processos sobretudo um caráter descrito na pesquisa como natureza híbrida. Foram definidas como técnicas de pesquisa: revisão de literatura; pesquisa etnográfica online qualitativa; e pesquisa de campo pela participação em encontros de coletivos. / [en] This research project proposes to analyze forms of participation and appropriation of the slab, inserted in the spatial context of the favela, and having as a case study the Rocinha neighborhood in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The dissertation investigates concepts that subvert traditional notions of spatial conceptualization, and how the residents self-management occurs regarding aspects related to the use of the slab. In the densely occupied urban fabric of the slums, this space in the dwellings can function as an interface of intersection between the limits of collective and private space. Therefore, the actions and interventions of slum dwellers are investigated through a focus on the observation of sociocultural approaches in this environment. A particular type of urban appropriation is recognized in the slab, identifying it as an alternative of residents to the scarcity of free public spaces in slums. We can observe that it is used as a place for practices linked to self-construction and renting processes, showing aspects related to the use and exchange value of the slab. In the case of Rocinha, both in its daily life and during the pandemic of COVID-19, we observed collective manifestations on the slab associated with multiple social activities. The field research process also revealed the slab glimpsed from the perspective of the inhabitant, as a space of dream projection. It became apparent in these processes above all a character described in the research as hybrid nature. The research techniques defined were: literature review; qualitative online ethnographic research; and field research through participation in collective meetings.

In this thesis I investigate the impact of donor organizations on NGOs’ efforts to foster local community participation in environmental projects, by analyzing how conditions on project funding affect a sample of South African NGOs. Numerous NGOs take environmental justice as a key tenet of their work. Yet, promoting environmental justice is not an easy task to perform. Aside from cultural, political and social contingencies peculiar to specific contexts, there are external constraints that can help or hinder NGOs’ efforts, among which resource-dependency dynamics stand out as particularly relevant. In fact, donors hold power over NGOs, who must stick to specific conditions to secure their support. My aim is to understand what conditions and what type of donors facilitate or hinder community participation —a basic condition for achieving environmental justice— in environmental projects, where hindrances are exemplified by the presence of NGOization dynamics. I analyze donors’ guiding principles, eligibility criteria and monitoring and evaluation standards, delving into the provisions of five different funders that financially support local environmental projects in South Africa, classified according to their core values and organizational settings. Data are collected, coded, and analyzed with the help of NVIVO through a content analysis of calls for grants, project proposals, project reports, and semi-structured interviews to donors and NGO professionals. In this study, I argue that donor organizations can facilitate community participation and avoid NGOization dynamics by acknowledging the existence of unequal power relations between them and the NGOs they fund and by taking measures to respond to NGOs demands. This study highlights the importance of long-term engagement and a relationship based on trust between donors and NGOs as key to creating alternative funding models that help secure the goals that local communities define. Moreover, this study also claims that donors’ upward accountability has a weight in determining conditions on funds and eligibility criteria, and that many of the donors’ virtuous practices originate from their independence from upward accountability measures.