L’insertion par l’activité économique (IAE) regroupe des associations et des entreprises quimettent au travail des chômeurs « en difficulté » afin de faciliter leur accès ultérieur à l’emploi.Cette thèse se penche sur l’action des fédérations de structures d’insertion. Positionnées àl’interface entre les responsables politiques et administratifs et les professionnels des structuresd’insertion, ces fédérations tentent de réguler les tensions et les controverses au sein de l’espacede l’IAE. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique reposant sur des observations participantes etdes entretiens avec des acteurs de l‘IAE, cette recherche met d’abord l’accent sur les stratégiesd’alliance et d’opposition entre fédérations. La thèse interroge ensuite la participation de cesdernières aux réformes de l’IAE. Si les fédérations se présentent comme les représentantes desintérêts des acteurs de l’IAE, elles se posent également en relais des injonctions de l’État enmatière de « performance » et de « bonne gestion ». Enfin, la recherche montre l’avènementd’une nouvelle génération d’experts de l’insertion, aux trajectoires sociales et aux aspirationsindividuelles ajustées aux attentes de ces fédérations. À la croisée d’une sociologie du travailassociatif et des politiques d’insertion et d’emploi, cette thèse entend apporter un éclairage à laquestion des transformations des politiques sociales mises en oeuvre par les associations. / Integration via economic activity (IEA) gathers different structures (associations andcompanies) that set to work unemployed in difficulty so that they may have a subsequent accessto employment. This thesis studies the action of federations of agencies for integration.Positioned at the interface between political and administrative officials and experts ofstructures for integration, these federations try to regulate tension and controverses within theIAE area. From an ethnographic survey based on participant observations and interviews withstakeholders of the IAE, this research first emphasizes strategic alliances and resistancebetween federations. The thesis then questions the involvment of the federations in the reformsof the IAE. If they claim to represent the interests of the IAE stakeholders, they also set themselves as representatives of government demands as far as «performance» and «goodmanagement» are concerned. Finally, this research shows the arrival of a new generation ofexperts in job integration, whose social trajectories and individual ambitions are ajusted to theneeds and expectations of these federations. This thesis is at the crossroads of a communitywork sociology and of policies in the field of employment and integration, and it also intendsto shed light on the problem of the social policies transformations implemented by theassociations.

The dissertation deals with the theme of the Jewish communities that were able to originate in Moravia and Silesia as a result of the civil emancipation of Jews in the middle of the 19th century. The individual chapters focus on the different aspects of the emancipatory Jewish commu- nities from their external institutional manifestations to their internal social structures, which reflec- ted the plurality of transforming religious, national and political identities within Jewish society. Attention is first devoted to the legal and demographic prerequisites for the establishment and development of Jewish settlement in the places where the Jews were not allowed to live before the emancipation. The emancipatory Jewish communities did not emerge as mere clusters of mem- bers of the Jewish minority, but rather as organized religious communities. Therefore, the work devotes great space to the genesis of small pre-emancipatory prayer fellowships, to their tranfor- mation to religious associations and religious communities, then focuses on attempts to transform the religious communities into democratic or national ones and on their degradation and destruction by the Nazi occupiers. The thesis examines the various factors influencing the "organization of Jewry" (attitude of the state authorities to the...