Mon travail de thèse propose une réflexion au sujet d’un paradoxe ancien mais qui demeure pertinent à travailler dans le contexte renouvelé des "controverses socioscientifiques" publiques. La position épistémique dominante au sein de la communauté scientifique peut être qualifiée de réeliste, à savoir qu’il existe en soi un monde extérieur à la pensée, qu’une connaissance objective et neutre de ce monde est possible, ce qui permettrait un progrès social. Par ailleurs les exigences de la démocratie, comme organisation de gouvernance en vue de construire un monde commun par l'accord du peuple, présupposent que chaque voix individuelle, chaque point de vue singulier est à considérer selon une éthique égalitaire. C'est ainsi que le statut de l'expert en démocratie est paradoxal. En effet, si l’expert est un scientifique appelé à répondre à une question définie par le politique pour laquelle, en contexte de controverse, les données scientifiques disponibles ne permettent pas de conclure, l'expert doit néanmoins proposer une réponse à la question qui lui est posée. C’est ainsi que, même en absence de réponses, l’expert est choisi sur la base de sa présupposée compétence, par le biais d’un accès privilégié au réel. Ce choix suggère que la parole de l'expert est toujours plus intéressante, plus pertinente qu’une parole non-experte, ce qui va à l’encontre du postulat démocratique.Face à la critique de l’expertise, il y a généralement deux craintes, deux spectres (dans le sens « d’apparition effrayante ») de réponses envisageables. D’un côté, il y a le renforcement de la légitimité traditionnelle de l’expertise qui est sous tendue par une épistémologie réeliste, et donc la peur de la confiscation du pouvoir qui en découle. De l’autre côté, altérer les frontières entre science et non-sciences, relativiser le pouvoir de la « grande science » pourrait conduire à une forme de nihilisme, à savoir la perte de la hiérarchie des valeurs, notamment la distinction entre connaissance et croyance, et la perte de la potentialité de fonder une connaissance pertinente nécessaire à une transformation sociale du monde.Mais je me demande également pourquoi l’appel à l’expertise, dont l’une des raisons réside dans la recherche d’une fin (clôture ou finalité, telle est la question) à la discussion, débat au cours duquel on échange des arguments. Selon les partisans d’un réelisme, la discussion scientifique n’est pas de même nature que le débat démocratique, mais dans le cas de mon constructivisme cette différence n’existe pas. Si étymologie de la controverse suppose un face-à-face et une clôture, la discussion pouvant se conclure par une reconstruction ou réarrangement semble plus approprié à une optique constructiviste. L’expertise résistera t-elle à notre enquête dramaturgique ? / My research topics focus on the social responsability of researchers, their involvement and political engagement, all the way from the construction of knowledge to its formulation (research aesthetic) and dissemination.As I study others' engagement and their legitimation strategies, I also aim at formulating mine: a constructivism that holds itself accountable for its creations.This thesis discusses the role of experts in democracy; it is written in French. I highly doubt that I am able to summarize it in English, just as I doubt that exclusively English-speaking readers would be able to understand the manuscript in French.

In a world of uncertainty and change, leaders should base their decisions on best available scientific evidence. However, history has shown that science is often inadequately incorporated into the decision-making process. This dissertation investigates three environmental issues to identify the challenges of considering Earth system dynamics in policymaking and management. I also propose solutions for improving the two-way exchange of knowledge and values between researchers and policymakers. In chapter one, I investigate subsea permafrost carbon sensitivity to climate change using an expert assessment. The analysis revealed that subsea permafrost contains significant carbon stocks and is already contributing to climate change through the release of CO2 and CH4. However, the lack of field data and high uncertainty regarding carbon stocks and emissions make it challenging to accurately predict the impact of subsea permafrost on future climate. Despite these challenges, experts agreed that ignoring this system in climate change policies increases the risk of underestimating ecosystem feedbacks and overshooting climate targets. In chapter two, I conduct a comprehensive global study on the changing wildfire regimes from the Holocene (11,700 years BP) to projections for the year 2300, utilizing expert assessment to analyze the complex interactions among climate, vegetation shifts, and human activity. Experts believe that the rate of fire regime alteration has increased ten-fold in the last 250 years, primarily due to land use and anthropogenic climate change. The study predicts intensified fire regimes with increased fire activity and reduced ecosystem services in most biomes under higher emissions. We offer management recommendations to preserve ecosystem services. However, the experts describe how predicting the interaction between fire regime drivers remains a significant knowledge gap and vulnerability. In the final chapter, I focus on the intentions and performance of water megaprojects as solutions to water-related problems. I investigate a range of water megaprojects as case studies tracing the origins, justifications, and impacts of megaprojects from around the globe. Despite abundant evidence that these projects usually do not achieve their stated purpose, unstated ideological and economic justifications lead to continued support for water megaprojects. These justifications include prioritizing short-term goals over long-term sustainable development objectives, the significant influence of powerful interest groups, inadequate understanding of the natural water system, favoring personal values over scientific evidence, and biased risk analysis resulting in low success rates. While my dissertation highlights significant challenges in science policy integration, it suggests that substantial progress is possible through sensible changes in incentives and operations, reducing policy risks, and enhancing the relevance of natural sciences research.

L’insertion par l’activité économique (IAE) regroupe des associations et des entreprises quimettent au travail des chômeurs « en difficulté » afin de faciliter leur accès ultérieur à l’emploi.Cette thèse se penche sur l’action des fédérations de structures d’insertion. Positionnées àl’interface entre les responsables politiques et administratifs et les professionnels des structuresd’insertion, ces fédérations tentent de réguler les tensions et les controverses au sein de l’espacede l’IAE. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique reposant sur des observations participantes etdes entretiens avec des acteurs de l‘IAE, cette recherche met d’abord l’accent sur les stratégiesd’alliance et d’opposition entre fédérations. La thèse interroge ensuite la participation de cesdernières aux réformes de l’IAE. Si les fédérations se présentent comme les représentantes desintérêts des acteurs de l’IAE, elles se posent également en relais des injonctions de l’État enmatière de « performance » et de « bonne gestion ». Enfin, la recherche montre l’avènementd’une nouvelle génération d’experts de l’insertion, aux trajectoires sociales et aux aspirationsindividuelles ajustées aux attentes de ces fédérations. À la croisée d’une sociologie du travailassociatif et des politiques d’insertion et d’emploi, cette thèse entend apporter un éclairage à laquestion des transformations des politiques sociales mises en oeuvre par les associations. / Integration via economic activity (IEA) gathers different structures (associations andcompanies) that set to work unemployed in difficulty so that they may have a subsequent accessto employment. This thesis studies the action of federations of agencies for integration.Positioned at the interface between political and administrative officials and experts ofstructures for integration, these federations try to regulate tension and controverses within theIAE area. From an ethnographic survey based on participant observations and interviews withstakeholders of the IAE, this research first emphasizes strategic alliances and resistancebetween federations. The thesis then questions the involvment of the federations in the reformsof the IAE. If they claim to represent the interests of the IAE stakeholders, they also set themselves as representatives of government demands as far as «performance» and «goodmanagement» are concerned. Finally, this research shows the arrival of a new generation ofexperts in job integration, whose social trajectories and individual ambitions are ajusted to theneeds and expectations of these federations. This thesis is at the crossroads of a communitywork sociology and of policies in the field of employment and integration, and it also intendsto shed light on the problem of the social policies transformations implemented by theassociations.

Lean Management and Lean Six Sigma (LM/LSS) are improvement methodologies that have been utilized to achieve better performance outcomes at organizational and operational levels. Although there has been evidence of breakthrough improvement across diverse organizational settings, LM/LSS remains an early-stage improvement methodology in public sector organizations, specifically within local government organizations (LGOs). Some LGOs have benefited from LM/LSS and reported significant improvements, such as reducing process time by up to 90% and increasing financial savings by up to 57%. While the success of LM/LSS can lead to satisfactory outcomes, the risk of failure can also result in a tremendous waste of financial and non-financial resources. Evidence from the literature indicates that the failure to achieve the expected outcomes is likely due to the lack of attention paid to critical success factors (CSFs) that are crucial for LM/LSS success. Furthermore, research in this research area regarding characterizing and statistically examining the CSFs associated with LM/LSS in such organizational settings has been limited. Hence, the aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive investigation of the success factors for LM/LSS in LGOs. The initial stage of this dissertation involved analyzing the scientific literature to identify and characterize the CSFs associated with LM/LSS in LGOs through a systematic literature review (SLR). This effort identified a total of 47 unique factors, which were grouped into 5 categories, including organization, process, workforce knowledge, communications, task design, and team design. The next stage of this investigation focused on identifying a more focused set of CSFs. This involved evaluating the strength of the effect (or importance) of the factors using two integrated approaches: meta-synthesis and expert assessment. This process concluded with a total of 29 factors being selected for the empirical field study. The final stage included designing and implementing an online survey questionnaire to solicit LGOs' experience on the presence of factors during the development and/or implementation of LM/LSS and their impact on social-technical system outcomes. Once the survey was concluded, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify the underlying latent variables, followed by using a partial least square-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to determine the significance of the factors on outcomes. The EFA identified three endogenous and five exogenous latent variables. The results of the PLS-SEM model identified four significant positive relationships. Based on the results from the structural paths, the antecedent Improvement Readiness (IR) and Change Awareness (CA) were significant and had a positive influence on Transformation Success (TS). For the outcome Deployment Success (DS), Sustainable Improvement Infrastructure (SII) was the only significant exogenous variable and had the highest positive impact among all significant predictor constructs. Furthermore, Measurement-Based Improvement (MBI) was significant and positively influenced Improvement Project Success (IPS). Findings from this dissertation could serve as a foundation for researchers looking to further advance the maturity of this research area based on the evidence presented in this work. Additionally, this work could be used as guidelines for practitioners in developing implementation processes by considering the essential factors to maximize the success of LM/LSS implementation. Given the diversity of functional areas and processes within LGO contexts, it is also possible that other public sector organizations could benefit from these findings. / Doctor of Philosophy / Lean Management and Lean Six Sigma (LM/LSS) is an improvement methodology that is used by businesses and organizations to improve how they work and achieve better results. LM/LSS has been especially helpful in various organizations; however, the implementation of this improvement methodology has been limited by many challenges for public sector organizations, especially local government organizations (LGOs). The overall aim of this dissertation is to improve the success of LM/LSS implementation within the context of LGOs. More specifically, this dissertation systematically studied the critical success factors associated with LM/LSS success. Different research approaches, including research formulation, development, and testing techniques, were conducted to achieve the aim of this dissertation. Publications related to LM/LSS in LGOs have been rigorously analyzed to identify a comprehensive list of CSFs. To identify the most important factors, a meta-synthesis evaluation and expert survey assessment have been conducted. Following the refinement of the factors, a large-scale field study using a survey questionnaire has been designed and distributed to LGOs. Once the survey concluded, statistical methods that included Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) were conducted. The former was used to identify the underlying latent variables, while the latter was conducted to examine the influence of the factors on social and technical outcomes. This dissertation could be used as a reference guideline helping practitioners to increase the success of LM/LSS implementation in LGOs. This dissertation can also guide scholars to potential research avenues that could advance this research area.

The master's work consists of 117 sheets, 127 bibliographic sources and 4 applications are used. Relevance of the research topic. The active turnover of the intangible results of human labor is an integral part of modern economic relations. The process of quality development of individual organizations, and the economy as a whole, is directly related to the continuous improvement of technical means and technologies. The purpose of the study is the development of measures to improve the management of intellectual property in the medical field by the example of FGBU "RNTS" VTO "them. Acad. G.A. Ilizarov ”of the Ministry of Health of Russia (hereinafter the Ilizarov Center; Center). To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set and solved: to study the concept and essence of intellectual property in economic and legal aspects; to analyze the financial and economic activities of the Center; develop measures to improve the management of intellectual property of the Center. The study made it possible to clarify the concept of “medical intellectual property”, to substantiate the new classification signs of intellectual property of a medical institution, to develop an algorithm for managing intellectual property in a medical institution. Significance. The author has developed measures for managing intellectual property in the provision of medical services, and also has proposed an organizational and methodological mechanism for the implementation of practical recommendations. / Магистерская работа состоит из 117 листов, использовано 127 библиографических источников и 4 приложения. Актуальность темы исследования. Активный оборот нематериальных результатов человеческого труда является неотъемлемой частью современных экономических отношений. Процесс качественного развития отдельно взятой организаций, и экономики в целом, напрямую связан с непрерывным совершенствованием технических средств и технологий. Цель исследования – разработка мер по совершенствованию управления объектами интеллектуальной собственности в медицинской сфере на примере ФГБУ «РНЦ «ВТО» им. акад. Г.А. Илизарова» Минздрава России (далее Центр им. Илизарова; Центр). Для достижения указанной цели были поставлены и решены следующие задачи: изучить понятие и сущность интеллектуальной собственности в экономическом и правовом аспектах; провести анализ финансово-хозяйственной деятельности Центра; разработать мероприятия по повышению эффективности управления интеллектуальной собственностью Центра. Проведенное исследование позволило уточнить понятия «объект медицинской интеллектуальной собственности», обосновать новые классификационные признаки интеллектуальной собственности медицинского учреждения, разработать алгоритм управления объектами интеллектуальной собственности в медицинском учреждении. Значимость. Автором разработаны мероприятия управления интеллектуальной собственностью при оказании медицинских услуг, а также предложен организационно-методический механизм реализации практических рекомендаций.

Разработана технология дистанционной оценки технического состояния жилых зданий, предназначенная для использования при предварительной оценке технического состояния жилых зданий для принятия экспертного решения по признанию их аварийными и подлежащими сносу. / The technology of remote assessment of the technical condition of residential buildings has been developed, intended for use in the preliminary assessment of the technical condition of residential buildings to make an expert decision on recognizing them as emergency and subject to demolition.

Contexte: Le cancer du poumon est la deuxième cause de décès par cancer chez les femmes mondialement. Peu d'études ont examiné les facteurs de risque professionnel potentiel de ce cancer chez celles-ci. Objectif: Cette thèse vise à déterminer si certaines expositions professionnelles sont associées au risque de cancer du poumon chez les femmes. L’objectif principal est composé de trois sous-objectifs: 1) Étudier les associations entre les expositions professionnelles prévalentes telles qu'évaluées par des experts et le risque de cancer du poumon chez les femmes dans une étude cas-témoin Montréalaise. 2) Comparer la concordance des attributions d'exposition entre la matrice emploi-exposition canadienne (CANJEM) et l'évaluation d'experts pour les emplois occupés par des femmes. 3) Étudier les associations entre des expositions professionnelles prévalentes et le risque de cancer du poumon chez les femmes dans un ensemble de données internationales combinées de dix études cas-témoins de ce cancer, en utilisant CANJEM pour évaluer les expositions des femmes Méthodes : Pour le sous-objectif 1, nous avons utilisé des modèles de régression logistique multivariée pour examiner les associations entre les expositions professionnelles prévalentes et le risque de cancer du poumon chez les femmes (361 cas et 521 témoins) dans l'étude de Montréal. Pour le sous-objectif 2, nous avons comparé la concordance des expositions entre CANJEM et les experts pour 69 expositions professionnelles en utilisant les données de la même étude montréalaise. Pour le sous-objectif 3, nous avons utilisé une approche méta-analytique pour examiner les associations entre des expositions professionnelles prévalentes et le risque de cancer du poumon chez les femmes (3040 cas et 4187 témoins) à partir de dix études cas-témoins menées en Europe, au Canada et en Nouvelle-Zélande. En l'absence de la disponibilité de données sur les expositions des femmes, nous avons appliqué CANJEM pour estimer les expositions professionnelles. Résultats: Nous n'avons pas observé de risque accru de cancer du poumon chez les femmes exposées professionnellement à 22 agents prévalents évalués dans l'étude de Montréal. Nous avons constaté que la capacité de CANJEM à reproduire l'évaluation des expositions par des experts variait selon l'agent. 2 Compte tenu de ces résultats, nous avons sélectionné 15 agents susceptibles d'être évaluables à l'aide de CANJEM qui étaient également répandus dans l'ensemble de données internationales. Il n'y avait aucune association entre la plupart des agents examinés et le cancer pulmonaire; cependant, les expositions à la poussière métallique, aux composés de fer, à l'isopropanol et aux solvants organiques étaient associées à des risques légèrement élevés. Conclusions: Cette thèse a estimé l'exposition professionnelle des femmes à un large éventail d'agents et a examiné leurs associations avec le cancer du poumon. Dans l'étude de Montréal, aucun des agents évalués par les experts n'était associé à ce cancer. CANJEM s'est avéré capable de reproduire des évaluations d'exposition similaires à celles des experts, bien que sa fiabilité dépende de l'agent. Les expositions professionnelles évaluées par CANJEM ont suggéré des risques plus élevés de cancer du poumon chez les femmes exposées à la poussière métallique, aux composés de fer, à l'isopropanol et aux solvants organiques. / Background: Worldwide, lung cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Few studies have examined possible occupational risk factors for lung cancer in women. Objective: This thesis aims to investigate whether selected occupational exposures are associated with lung cancer risk among women. The main objective consists of three sub-objectives: 1) To investigate associations between prevalent occupational exposures as assessed by experts and lung cancer risk among women in a Montreal lung cancer case-control study 2) To compare exposure assignment concordance between the Canadian Job-Exposure Matrix (CANJEM) and expert assessment for jobs held by women 3) To investigate associations between prevalent occupational exposures and lung cancer risk among women in a combined international dataset of ten lung cancer case-control studies, with exposure assessed by CANJEM. Methods: For sub-objective 1, we used multivariate logistic regression models to examine the associations between prevalent occupational exposures as assessed by experts and lung cancer risk among women (361 cases and 521 controls) in the Montreal study. For sub-objective 2, we compared exposure assignment concordance between CANJEM and expert assessments for 69 occupational exposures using data from the same Montreal study. For sub-objective 3, we used meta-analysis to examine the associations between prevalent occupational exposures and lung cancer risk among women (3040 cases and 4187 controls) from ten case-control studies conducted in Europe, Canada, and New Zealand. In the absence of available expert-assessed exposures, we applied CANJEM to estimate occupational exposures. Results: We did not observe a clearly increased risk of lung cancer among women occupationally exposed to 22 prevalent agents assessed by experts in the Montreal study. We found that CANJEM’s ability to replicate expert assessment of exposures varied by agent and by specific configurations of CANJEM. Considering these findings, we selected 15 agents suitable to evaluate using CANJEM — which were also prevalent in the international dataset of ten studies — and examined their risks for lung cancer. There was no association between most agents examined in this analysis and lung cancer; however, exposures to metallic dust, iron compounds, isopropanol, and organic solvents were associated with suggestive higher risks. 4 Conclusions: This thesis estimated women's occupational exposure to a wide range of agents and examined their associations with lung cancer. In the Montreal study, none of the expert-assessed prevalent agents was associated with lung cancer. CANJEM was shown to be able to reproduce exposure assessments similar to those of the experts, although its reliability was agent dependent. Occupational exposures assessed by CANJEM in the international dataset of ten studies indicated slightly higher risks of lung cancer among women exposed to metallic dust, iron compounds, isopropanol, and organic solvents.