Este trabalho apresenta uma variação do problema de roteamento de veículos que permite o uso de veículos com múltiplos compartimentos. A necessidade de veículos com múltiplos compartimentos surge com frequência em aplicações práticas quando uma série de produtos, que possuem diferentes qualidades ou tipo, precisam ser transportados mas não podem ser misturados. Este problema é chamado na literatura de roteamento de veículos com múltiplos compartimentos (PRVMC). Nós propomos uma heurística busca tabu implementada em uma busca local iterada para resolver este problema. Experimentos foram feitos para avaliar a performance da busca tabu iterada e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os resultados disponíveis na literatura. O algoritimo proposto é capaz de encontrar soluções melhores e em menos tempo de processamento que as heurísticas existentes. / We study a variant of the vehicle routing problem that allows vehicles with multiple compartments. The need for multiple compartments frequently arises in practical applications when there are several products of different quality or type, that must be kept or handled separately. The resulting problem is called the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem (MCVRP). We propose a tabu search heuristic and embed it into an iterated local search to solve the MCVRP. In several experiments we analyze the performance of the iterated tabu search and compare it with results from the literature. We find that it consistently produces solutions that are better than existing heuristic algorithms.

Orientador: Izilda Esmênia Muglia Araújo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T10:44:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neiva_CamilaAlvesCorrea_M.pdf: 1065525 bytes, checksum: 5283e98e1556e2921a7e3d26a36ba69a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal é uma situação clínica grave de disfunção de órgãos, resultante da permanência da hipertensão intra-abdominal, que pode ser identificada por meio da medida indireta da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA). Esta síndrome afeta todos os sistemas orgânicos do paciente acometido, por isso a medida indireta da PIA é um dado importante nas decisões sobre a terapêutica do paciente grave. Erros nos valores da PIA podem causar tanto a falta de uma conduta quanto procedimentos desnecessários. Não foram encontrados na literatura trabalhos que estimassem o volume mínimo necessário para a mensuração indireta da PIA por meio da pressão intra-vesical a partir da técnica tilizada no hospital em estudo. Objetivos: determinar o volume mínimo necessário de solução salina a 0,9% para medir a PIA por meio da PIV utilizando ambos os cateteres; comparar os valores da PIA obtidos pelos diferentes volumes infundidos e os dois tipos de cateteres; descrever a técnica utilizada para medir a PIA por meio dos cateteres vesicais tipo Foley de duas e três vias. Método: realizou-se estudo prospectivo experimental, no período de setembro de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. A mensuração da PIA foi obtida por meio da medida da pressão intravesical com sistema de coluna d'água com infusão de volumes de zero a 100mL de solução salina 0,9% à temperatura ambiente. Um grupo de pacientes utilizou o cateter tipo Foley duas vias (Grupo CV2), e o outro três vias (Grupo CV3). Resultados: a amostra foi constituída por 20 pacientes em cada grupo, do sexo masculino, acima de 18 anos de idade. A média de idade foi de 50,8 anos (±15,6) no grupo CV2 e de 65 anos (±18,5) no grupo CV3. Foi possível realizar a medida da PIA utilizando apenas o volume necessário para o preenchimento do sistema de medida (sem infundir volume na bexiga) em todos os pacientes. Observou-se aumento linear da PIA conforme aumenta o volume infundido, em ambos os grupos. Este efeito foi mais evidente nos pacientes do grupo CV2. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as medidas da PIA nos volumes 20x40mL, 40x60mL e 80x100mL. No grupo CV3, não foi encontrada diferença significativa comparando-se os valores obtidos da PIA nos volumes 0x20mL, 0x40mL, 20x40mL, 40x60mL, 60x80mL e 80x100mL. Conclusões: não foi necessário instilar solução fisiológica na bexiga para realizar a medida da PIA, ou seja, o volume necessário para preencher o sistema foi suficiente para a leitura. O aumento do volume infundido causou aumento linear no valor da PIA, em ambos os grupos. Utilizando-se o CV2, volumes acima de 40mL causam diferenças clinicamente significantes nos valores da PIA e a partir de 20mL as diferenças são estatisticamente significantes. No grupo CV3, a diferença clínica existe a partir de 80mL e em termos estatísticos, a partir de 60mL. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores da PIA obtidas infundindo-se 20x40mL, 40x60mL e 80x100mL, em ambos os grupos / Abstract: The abdominal compartment syndrome is a clinical situation of severe organ dysfunction resulting from the maintenance of intra-abdominal hypertension, which can be identified through the indirect method of measuring intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). This syndrome affects all organs of the patient, so the indirect method of measuring IAP is an important factor in decisions about treatment of critically ill patients. Errors in the values of IAP can cause both the lack of a conduct as unnecessary procedures. Studies to estimate the minimum volume required for indirect measurement of IAP through intra-bladder pressure and the techniques used in the hospital were not found in the literature. Objectives: to determine the minimal instillation volume of saline for measuring IAP through the transvesical pressure using the system of water column and 3-way and 2-way Foley catheter; to describe the technical used to measure the intra-abdominal pressure using two and tree-way Foley catheter. Method: we performed a experimental prospective study from September 2009 to January 2010. To measure IAP through the intravesical pressure was used to the water column (central venous pressure catheter) using volumes from 0 to 100mL of saline at room temperature. One group of patients used the 2-way Foley catheter (CV2 Group) and other group used the 3-way (CV3 Group). Results: We studied twenty adult men in each group, in a total of forty patients. In CV2 group, the mean age was 50.8 years (± 15.6) and CV3 group was 65 years (± 18.5). It was possible to perform the IAP measurements using only the necessary volume to fill the measurement system (without infusing any bladder volume) in all patients. We observed a linear increase in IAP as increases the infused volume in both groups. This effect was clearest in the CV2 group. Comparisons between IAP using 20x40mL, 40x60mL and 80x100mL were not significant in CV2 group. In CV3 group the comparisons between IAP were not significant 0x20mL, 0x40mL, 20x40mL, 40x60mL, and 60x80mL 80x100mL. Conclusions: there was no need to instill saline into the bladder to perform the measurement of IAP, ie even without any instillation of saline into the bladder an IAP measurement could be obtained in all patients. Increasing the volume of saline infused led to a linear increase in the values of IAP in both groups. For CV2 group volumes over 40mL caused clinically significant differences in the values of IAP. Volumes up to 20mL were statistically significant. For CV3 group, there was a clinical difference from 80mL and in statistical difference from 60mL. There was no significant difference between the values obtained infusing 20x40mL, and 40x60mL 80x100mL in both groups / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

Severe Acute Pancreatitis (SAP) is the rapid onset of inflammation within the pancreatic organ. Unlike the milder form of this illness, SAP is associated with a high mortality and morbidity. No significant reduction in the outcomes of this disease has been made since the implementation of organ supportive management over two decades ago. This is due to difficulties in distinguishing between the milder form of the disease in the early period of the onset of symptoms when clinical intervention is most likely to prevent complications and death. Clinical equipoise exists in the management of one of these complications, namely Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS) as the conventional management of surgery runs contrary to published evidence showing early abdominal surgery deteriorates clinical outcomes. Aims: Validation of the potential use of the Early Warning Score (EWS) as a predictor of SAP. Evaluation of the evidence for recombinant human protein C (Xigris™) in the early treatment of SAP. Determination of the safety profile of Xigris™ when given early in SAP. To determine if surgical management of ACS in SAP is of significant benefit compared to conventional management alone. Methods: Four studies were performed: A prospective observational study assessing the median EWS of patients admitted with acute pancreatitis; a systematic review of published evidence reporting the use of Xigris™ in SAP; a prospective cohort study using a 24 hour infusion of Xigris™ early in patients diagnosed with SAP and a pilot randomized controlled trial of targeted decompression in patients with ACS complicating SAP. Results: The highest EWS values for 130 patients with acute pancreatitis within the first 3 days of admission were not shown to have significant sensitivity and specificity in predicting an unfavourable outcome. A review of the published literature between from January 1985 to January 2011 supported the further investigation of Xigris™ as a treatment for SAP. No significant adverse events or differences in outcomes were evident in 19 patients who received a 24-hour infusion of Xigris™ early in SAP compared to matched historical controls. 22 patients were screened for the development of ACS. No patient developed ACS and consequently no randomization to either treatment arm was possible. Conclusion: With the recent advent of an updated classification system for the severity of acute pancreatitis, further prospective evaluation of the use of EWS in clinical practice is warranted. The results of the Phase 1 clinical trial of Xigris™ didnot reveal significant safety issues that might preclude the further investigation of Xigris™ as a specific therapy early in the onset of SAP. The absence of ACS inpatients with SAP lends support to a theory that ACS may be an epiphenomenon in the course of SAP.

The mathematical modelling of the reaction and diffusion mechanism of lipophilic toxic compounds in the mammalian cell is a challenging task because of its considerable complexity and variation in the architecture of the cell. The heterogeneity of the cell regarding the enzyme distribution participating in the bio-transformation, makes the modelling even more difficult. In order to reduce the complexity of the model, and to make it less computationally expensive and numerically treatable, Homogenization techniques have been used. The resulting complex system of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), generated from the model in 2-dimensional axi-symmetric setting is implemented in Comsol Multiphysics. The numerical results obtained from the model show a nice agreement with the in vitro cell experimental results. The model can be extended to more complex reaction systems and also to 3-dimensional space. For the reduction of complexity and computational cost, we have implemented a model of mixed PDEs and Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). We call this model as Non-Standard Compartment Model. Then the model is further reduced to a system of ODEs only, which is a Standard Compartment Model. The numerical results of the PDE Model have been qualitatively verified by using the Compartment Modeling approach. The quantitative analysis of the results of the Compartment Model shows that it cannot fully capture the features of metabolic system considered in general. Hence we need a more sophisticated model using PDEs for our homogenized cell model. / Computational Modelling of the Mammalian Cell and Membrane Protein Enzymology

The mechanism by which ionic lanthanum (La3+) increases and subsequently decreases spontaneous transmitter release was investigated by recording miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) at frog neuromuscular junctions. Addition of tetrodotoxin and Co2+ delayed the onset of MEPP frequency increase but did not otherwise prevent the response. Dinitrophenol substantially reduced but did not eliminate the increase, whereas 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid8-(diethylamino) octyl ester (TMB-8) completely abolished it. Thus, La3+ does not act by depolarizing the terminal or by substituting for Ca2+ at transmitter release sites. Instead, it appears to enter the terminal through Na+ channels and promote Ca2+ release from intracellular organelles. The profound depletion of transmitter with time may be due to the high turnover of transmitter coupled with the inhibition of metabolic processes by La3+.

The electric car market is growing at a furious pace and cars are becoming increasingly advanced. When the internal combustion engine is replaced with an electric motor, a vacuum is created in the front of the car. Car manufacturers have taken advantage of this and created a luggage compartment in the front. The space is called frunk based on a combination of the words front and trunk.  Car owners currently have difficulty finding areas of use for the frunk as the limited geometry of the space makes it generally difficult to find objects that fit. Products with a view to creating added value for the funk are almost non-existent on the market. The purpose of the degree project is to provide use cases and concept work for a purposeful but rarely used frunk, as an attractive product range for a future Volvo car fleet, regardless of the car segment. shall be malleable according to Volvo's various car segments.  Together with Volvo Cars, the project group has developed a number of concepts that puts the user at the center. The project group has maximized the volume, modified the material and found new solutions, all to make full use of the space. To further optimize the space, the project team has created the concept frunk-kit. Frunk-kit as a concept is a business idea that includes selectable accessories gathered in a custom-made bag. The options vary according to the customer benefit for different target groups and global markets. This concept gives the customer the opportunity to choose the options that suit their lifestyle and the enhances the user experience. The Frunk-kit concept is based on finding the right use for the space and in order to be able to demonstrate the function of the frunk-kit, the project group has created a prototype where the active lifestyle is at the center based on the XC40 recharge target group. By combining the range of Volvo accessories with the frunk, we create new opportunities for the customer to get where they want, with everything they need.

Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems widespread in tropical and subtropical coastlines, with a coverage of 75% of the world’s tropical shorelines. Mangrove plants developed specific physiological and morphological adaptation to thrive in such unique environments. Together with plant adaptations, mangroves develop a tight partnership with microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that form the so-called mangrove-microbiome. Plant-associated microorganisms are generally recruited by the root system (root tissues and rhizosphere) and the colonization process starts with the release of root-related exudates detected by the surrounding edaphic microorganisms that are attracted in the rhizosphere zone. Then, root surface selects those microorganisms that can enter the tissues as endophytes. The microorganisms recruited belowground can migrate through the plant tissues by using the plant vessels and may colonize the aboveground compartments of the plant. Here, I aimed to evaluate the environmental origin and compartmentalization of the mangrove microbiome. To do this, I sampled bulk sediments, sea water, and mangrove plant compartments (root rhizosphere and endosphere, pneumatophores, shoot, leaves, flowers and propagules) of 20 gray mangrove trees (Avicennia marina L.) across two sites on the Red Sea coast of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. By high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, I showed that the bacterial assembly in A. marina plant compartments follows a clear niche partition process in which bacterial communities are actively recruited from the surrounding ecosystem (sediment and sea water) by the root system, and further distributed across the different plant organ and compartments. Moreover, the composition of microbiome detected had many similitudes with others previously described around the world, suggesting that certain bacteria represent a mangrove “core microbiome”. The conservation of microbiome composition, mainly driven by environmental and host selection, that beneficial bacteria provide to the plant and contribute to its growth and fitness by several mechanisms. Thus, the characterization and identification of mangrove microbiome can meliorate our knowledge regarding plant–microbe interactions, as well as put the bases for the development of Nature-based Solution (NBS) to enhance reforestation and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems

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No description available.

Injury of the manus is an important cause of morbidity and function loss in dogs, especially working breeds. These injuries may cause foreign body retention and can lead to persistent infection. Accurate methods for diagnosis and localization of pathology in this anatomically complex region are critical to minimize patient morbidity, guide surgical planning, and improve case outcomes. The anatomy of the canine manus was evaluated with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and transverse anatomic sections. Most structures identified on transverse sections were visible on both CT and MRI images. Detail in the osseous structures was better in CT images, while MRI provided increased contrast of soft-tissue structures. To test the hypothesis that diagnostic accuracies of CT, MRI, and ultrasound differ for detection of acute wooden foreign bodies in the canine manus, we inserted wooden splinters into canine cadaver manus and imaged each manus with all three modalities. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that CT was most accurate for detection of acute wooden foreign bodies, followed in turn by ultrasound and MRI. Diseases in the human hand and foot are often confined by soft-tissue spaces, but similar structures have not been described in the dog. To determine if these spaces are present in the canine manus, we injected contrast medium into likely spaces and compartments in cadaver specimens, imaged the limbs with CT, and dissected the injected manus specimens. We found thirteen discrete soft-tissue spaces and five myofascial compartments that are similar to those described in the human hand. To test the hypothesis that spread of disease in the canine manus can be modeled and predicted, we injected cadaver interdigital web spaces with contrast medium, imaged them with CT, and dissected them. We found that the pattern of contrast agent spread, as a model of infection, was predictable and unique to the initial injection site. Findings from these cadaver studies improve our understanding of anatomy, imaging of wooden foreign bodies, and likely patterns of disease extension in the canine manus. Future studies are needed to test the utility of this information for surgical planning in affected clinical patients. / Ph. D.