Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Dale A. Blasi / An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dry matter intake (DMI) restriction on early receiving performance by steers in a drylot and subsequent grazing performance, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics. During the backgrounding period, crossbred, weanling steers (n = 329; initial BW = 191± 5.52 kg ) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 DMI levels corresponding to ad libitum, 2.50% of BW (2.50%), 2.25% of BW (2.25%), and 2.00% of BW (2.00%) for 62 d. During the subsequent grazing period, the same steers were randomly assigned to 13 paddocks to graze for 90 d. Paddocks were stocked at 281 kg live weight per hectare. Initial steer BW were similar on each pasture and each backgrounding treatment was equally represented within a paddock. During the feedlot period, steers were finished at a commercial feedlot and were assigned to 1 of 4 pens according to their rank in BW. Entire pens were harvested when average steer BW reached 545 kg. During the backgrounding period, ad libitum-fed steers had greater (P < 0.001) ADG and final BW than other treatments; steers fed at 2.50 and 2.25% of BW had similar ADG and final BW and were greater (P < 0.001) than steers fed 2.00% of BW. During the grazing period, compensatory gain was observed in restricted DMI treatments. Steers fed at 2.00% of BW had greater (P = 0.006) ADG than ad libitum-fed steers but an ADG similar to that of the other restricted DMI treatments. Steers fed ad libitum, 2.50% of BW, and 2.25% of BW had similar final BW and steers fed 2.00% of BW had lesser (P < 0.001) final BW than other treatments. During the feedlot phase, steers fed 2.00% of BW were on feed longer (P < 0.05) than other treatments. Growth compensation during grazing illustrated that restricted feeding immediately prior to pasture grazing can reduce backgrounding costs.

The last decades have been characterized by urbanization due to that the cities have widened and increased remarkably in number of inhabitants. The urbanization trend has led to a high pressure on land resources in the city. Many municipalities have therefore developed urban densification as a city development strategy. However, it is not uncommon that urban densification claims the green spaces as a suitable area in exploitation purpose. The reduced urban green areas have contributed to the valuable natural and cultural values are lost. To take compensatory measures of green spaces exploitation has therefore become an increasingly important tool for the modern urban planning. Though urban green spaces have a lot of positive effects in human health and for the environment, many municipalities in Sweden still do not have a strategy of the city greenery neither a strategy of compensation measures. This paper aims to investigate and to examine the extent to which compensation measures have been taken for a sample of zoning plans in the cities Umeå, Skellefteå and Piteå. The analysis is based on municipal guide lines of land and water use as well as the zoning plans and interviews with responsible officials in each city. To answer the questions to which compensation measures are used in exploitation of urban green areas and how the urban environment in each town has changed over time a literature study was made as well as a spatial overview in GIS and presentation of relevant data. The findings in this study shows that all the investigated cities have adopted a population goal that increases pressure on new housing. Neither of the studied zoning plans has applied adequate compensation measures even though the exploitation is planned on urban green spaces. Neither do any of the municipalities have a strategic approach for urban green areas despite the national authority Boverkets (2012) recommendation for achieving a sustainable urban planning in the present and in the future.

Introduction: Most pregnant smokers report abruptly reducing their cigarettes per day (CPD) by ~50% shortly after learning of pregnancy and of making further smaller reductions over the remainder of their pregnancy. Laboratory and naturalistic studies with non-pregnant smokers have found that these types of reductions often lead to changes in smoking topography (i.e., changes in smoking intensity to maintain a desired blood-nicotine level). 19, 20 If pregnant women engage in compensatory smoking, they may expose themselves and their offspring to the same level of toxicants despite reporting reductions in CPD. Methods: Pregnant and non-pregnant female smokers (n = 17 and 91, respectively) participated. At the experimental session, after biochemical confirmation of acute abstinence, all participants smoked one of their usual brand cigarettes ad lib through a Borgwaldt CReSS Desktop Smoking Topography device. Carbon monoxide (CO) and measures of nicotine withdrawal, craving, and reinforcement derived from smoking were also collected. Results: The two groups did not differ on any demographic or smoking characteristics at screening, except nicotine metabolism rate, which as expected, was faster in pregnant smokers. Analyses suggest that none of the smoking topography parameters differed between pregnant and non-pregnant smokers, although pregnant smokers had a significantly smaller CO boost. Both groups reported similar levels of relief of withdrawal and craving after smoking, but other self-report data suggest that pregnant smoker find smoking less reinforcing than non-pregnant smokers. Conclusions: Pregnant smokers do not smoke cigarettes differently as compared to non-pregnant female smokers, but appear to find smoking less reinforcing.

The aim of my diploma thesis is to find out and influence positively with the help of some compensative exercises posture, flexibility and muscular unbalance among swimmers from the Swimming club in Jindřichův Hradec. Experimental research was divided into two measurements between which half of the swimmers did the compensative excercises. The input and output measurements corresponded with their content and evaluated posture, flexibility and swimmers'muscular strength. Standard tests were used for testing and evaluation. Posture was evaluated with the help of plumb line and standing on two bathroom scales. Flexibility was evaluated by standardized tests of movability according to Měkota, Thomayer and Otta tests. Muscular shortening was tested according to Janda. Standing jump, pull-ups, or rather staying power in pull-up and press-up staying power in a kneeling position were used to compare muscular strength. Key words: compensative exercises, swimming, posture, muscular unbalance

Objectives: The aim of this thesis is find out the effect of the intervention compensatory exercise on the function of scapula fixators in older school-age swimmers. Methods: This is a one-factor experiment in which the activity of the scapula fixators will be evaluated by Jandas push-up stereotype, Kolars tilt test and swimming breaststroke. The activity was evaluated by 4 evaluators for observing objectivity. After the first initial evaluation, 8 weeks of interventional compensatory exercise will be started, which will include 9 specific exercises for strengthening scapula fixators. At the end of the experiment, the above tests are again performed to evaluate the activity of the blade fixators. Results: The results showed a significant weakening of the scapula fixators in 97. 14% of the tested elderly-school swimmers at the start of the experiment. After 8 weeks of interventional compensatory exercise, focusing on scapula fixators, the weakening was only present in 11. 43% of swimmers. Key words: Swimming, scapula fixators, elderly school age, compensatory exercise

Objetivo: descrever e comparar, por meio das análises perceptivo-auditiva e videofluoroscópica, as emissões das sílabas /pa/ e /sa/ e suas respectivas posições de língua em indivíduos fissurados de palato e não fissurados. Material e Método: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo em 100 indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina operada com disfunção velofaríngea, sendo 52 do sexo masculino e 48 do sexo feminino (X=15,6 anos DP=±10 anos), e 21 não fissurados, sendo 18 do sexo feminino e 3 do sexo masculino (X=20 anos DP=±6,3 anos). Foram analisadas as emissões dos fonemas /p/ e /s/ isolados, em sílabas, em vocábulos e em frases, por meio da avaliação perceptivo-auditiva. Foi utilizada a videofluoroscopia na visão lateral durante o repouso e a emissão de /papapa/ e /sasasa/. A partir de uma linha vertical imaginária (Z), que separava o espaço entre a língua e a parede posterior da faringe, foram estabelecidas cinco diferentes posições de língua. A presença de fístula no palato e a relação entre os arcos dentários também foram analisadas. Resultados e Conclusões: os fissurados apresentaram maior deslocamento posterior da língua do que os não fissurados durante a emissão da sílaba /pa/ (P<0,0001). Na sílaba /sa/, somente os fissurados apresentaram deslocamento da língua. As emissões de golpe de glote e emissão de ar nasal/fraca pressão/mímica facial nas sílaba /pa/ e /sa/ apresentaram deslocamento posterior da língua. A comparação entre a avaliação perceptivo-auditiva e a posição da língua na videofluoroscopia, mostrou que profissionais experientes podem apresentar dificuldade em identificar determinados tipos de distúrbios articulatórios compensatórios. As presenças de fístula no palato e de alteração na oclusão dentária nos fissurados, não provocaram deslocamento posterior da língua nas sílabas /pa/ e /sa/. / Purpose: to describe and to compare, by means of perceptual speech analysis and videofluoroscopic assessment of tongue positions during the emissions of syllables /pa/ and /sa/ in subjects with and without cleft palate. Material and Method: A retrospective study of 100 subjects presenting with cleft lip and palate operated with velopharyngeal dysfunction was carried out, 52 males and 48 females (X=15,6 years SD=±10 years of age), and 21 noncleft individuals, being 18 females and 3 males (X=20 years SD=±6,3 years of age). Phonetic description of the emission of phonemes /p/ and /s/ isolated, in syllables, in words and phrases was utilized by means of perceptive-auditive evaluation, and videofluoroscopy in the lateral view during rest and emission of /papapa/ and /sasasa/. From a vertical imaginary line (Z), which separated the space between the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall, five different tongue positions were established. The presence of palatal fistula and the relation between the dental arches were analysed as well. Results and Conclusions: The cleft individuals presented greater posterior tongue displacement than their counterparts in the syllable /pa/ (P<0,0001). In the /sa/ syllable, only the cleft individuals presented tongue displacement. The glottal stop emissions and nasal air emission/weak pressure/facial grimacing in the /pa/ and /sa/ syllables presented posterior tongue displacement. The comparison between the perceptive-auditive evaluation and tongue position on the videofluoroscopy showed that experienced professionals may present difficulty in identifying certain types of compensatory articulation errors. The presence of palatal fistula and dental oclusion alterations in cleft individuals, did not cause posterior tongue displacement in the /pa/ and /sa/ syllables.

Introdução: O serviço de Prótese de Palato (SPP) do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC-USP) vem atendendo pacientes com alterações de fala relacionadas à fissura labiopalatina ou disfunção velofaríngea, provenientes de vários estados do país, em modalidade de fonoterapia intensiva desde o ano de 2003. A proposta de intervenção fonoaudiológica conforme executada no SPP ainda não foi documentada na literatura. Objetivos: Descrever a história da Fonoterapia Intensiva (FI) conforme oferecida no Serviço de Prótese de Palato (SPP) e comparar os resultados de fala quanto à presença de substituições (S) e coproduções (C) com articulações compensatórias (AC) do tipo oclusiva glotal (SOG e COG) e fricativa faríngea (SFF e CFF) antes e depois da Fonoterapia Intensiva. Metodologia: Este estudo observacional foi conduzido utilizando amostra de conveniência envolvendo consulta em relatórios de atendimentos e prontuários de 67 pacientes da base de dados de pacientes que realizaram fonoterapia intensiva no Serviço de Prótese de Palato (SPP) do HRAC entre 2003 e 2015. A descrição da história da FI no SPP envolveu a consulta a anotações de prontuário de pacientes e ao relato de profissionais que já trabalharam no serviço. A comparação de dados antes de depois do PFI, particularmente, envolveu o levantamento das AC registradas no quadro de inventário consonantal, obtidos nos períodos pré e pós FI. Resultados: O histórico da fonoterapia intensiva no SPP foi descrito envolvendo a proposta de documentação sistemática de etapas de abordagem terapêutica para correção das AC, conforme sumarizadas no Guia do Programa de Fonoterapia Intensiva do SPP. Os achados indicaram que, após a FI, 26 indivíduos (39%) corrigiram todas as ACs, 32 indivíduos (48%) melhoraram a produção articulatória reduzindo o número de ACs documentadas no inventário consonantal, enquanto e 9 indivíduos (13%) mantiveram as ACs. A média de ACs (SOG, COG, SFF, CFF) por sons alterados na condição pré-FI foi 32,6 comparada à e 12,6 na condição pós-FI, uma diferença considerada significante (p<0,001) (Teste Wilcoxon). Ao analisar a ocorrência das AC isoladamente para cada som, observou-se que a redução de ACs, na condição pós-FI, foi estatisticamente significante apenas para o f (p=0,049), quando substituído pela fricativa faríngea. Conclusão: A fonoterapia intensiva, conforme oferecida no SPP entre os anos de 2003 e 2015 foi descrita neste trabalho. Os resultados indicam uma tendência para correção ou melhora das produções articulatórias na condição pós-FI com uma associação significativa entre a redução da média de sons afetados por AC na condição pós-FI e a fonoterapia intensiva. / Introduction: The Palatal Prosthesis Department at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies at the University of São Paulo (PPD-HRAC-USP) offers an intensive speech therapy (IST) to patients with speech disorders related to cleft lip and palate and velopharyngeal dysfunction since 2003. The IST is offered to patients with communication disorders related to Cleft Lip and Palate coming from many states in the country. The IST as provided at the PPD has not been described in the literature. Objectives: The objectives of this study are: to describe the IST at the PPD and to compare speech outcome regarding presence of substitutions (S) and coproductions (C) with compensatory articulation (CA) such as glottal stop (SGS and CGS) and pharyngeal fricative (SPF and CPF), before and after the IST. This investigation will involve review of the speech pathologists (SLP) notes, the scheduling and treatment plans as well as review of the patients charts. Methods: This observational study was based on a convenience sample and involved review of case reports and charts for a group of 67 patient included in the data base of IST at the PPD at HRAC between the years of 2003 and 2015. The description of the history of the IST at PPD was based in consultation to patients charts and recounting of the SLPs who provided the treatment. The comparison of outcome before and after IST, particularly, involved identification of data regarding use of CA as registered in the patients consonant inventory. Results: The history of the IST at the PPD has been described including the proposal for systematic documentation of the stages of the therapeutic approach proposed for correction of CA as summarized in the Intensive Speech therapy Program Guide. Findings indicate that, after IST, CAs were corrected for 26 individuals (39%), 32 (48%) improved their articulatory production reducing the number of ACs used, while 9 (13%) maintained the CAs. Data revealed a mean CA (SGS, CGS, SPF, CPF) by sounds affected of 32.6 before IST compared to 12.6 after the IST, a difference that was statistically significant (p<0.001) (Teste Wilcoxon). When analyzing each sound individually, only the reduction of PF for f, after IST, was statistically significant (p=0,049). Conclusion: The history of IST as offered at the PPD at HRAC, between the years of 2003 and 2015, was described in this study. The findings indicate a trend towards correction or improvement of articulatory production after the IST, with a significative association between the reduction in the mean number of sounds affected by CAs and the IST.

Introdução: Estudos foram realizados com o objetivo de investigar variáveis que podem alterar o valor de nasalância. Levanta-se a hipótese de que a presença de articulação compensatória (AC), particularmente a fricativa faríngea e o golpe de glote, terá um impacto nos achados nasométricos. Objetivos: Obter amostras de fala representativas das produções com presença e ausência de hipernasalidade, golpe de glote e fricativa faríngea; classificar amostras de fala por meio de julgamento perceptivo-auditivo por juízes múltiplos; comparar os valores de nasalância entre amostras de fala com presença e ausência de AC. Material e método: Neste estudo foram coletadas amostras de fala de 43 indivíduos, com história de fissura de palato, com ou sem disfunção velofaríngea. Cada indivíduo foi solicitado a repetir 24 frases (estímulos de fala) gerando 1032 gravações áudio e seus respectivos valores de nasalância. Foram excluídas 172 amostras por não apresentarem boa qualidade, restando 860 amostras de fala submetidas ao julgamento perceptivo-auditivo de 3 juízes. Permaneceram no estudo 553 amostras de fala que julgadas com 100% de concordância entre os juízes quanto à nasalidade e uso de AC. Foram formados quatro grupos de dados: G1 amostras sem hipernasalidade e sem AC (N=191); G2 amostras com hipernasalidade e sem AC (N=288); G3 amostras com hipernasalidade e com fricativa faríngea (N=33); G4 amostras com hipernasalidade e golpe de glote (N=41). Resultados: O teste estatístico ANOVA revelou diferença significante entre as médias de nasalância entre os 4 grupos (p<0,0001). Os resultados evidenciaram valores de nasalância significativamente mais elevados para os 3 grupos com hipernasalidade de fala (G2, G3, G4) em relação ao grupo sem hipernasalidade (G1). Este estudo também evidenciou que o uso da fricativa faríngea (G3) em amostras com hipernasalidade resultou em escores de nasalância significativamente mais altos do que observado nas amostras somente com hipernasalidade (G2), particularmente para os sons fricativos /f/ e /s/. Conclusão: A presença da AC, particularmente da fricativa faríngea, na presença da hipernasalidade teve um impacto nos valores de nasalância para os estímulos com os sons /f/ e /s/, os quais se mostraram aumentados em relação ao grupo com hipernasalidade e sem AC (G2). Futuros estudos podem auxiliar com dados normativos em nasometria para amostras de fala com AC sendo necessário um maior número de amostras de fala representativas do uso produções articulatórios com pontos atípicos. / Introduction: Studies have been conducted to investigate variables that can affect nasalance scores. The hypothesis that the presence of compensatory articulation (CA), particularly pharyngeal fricative and glottal stops, can have an impact in nasalance values has been made in this study. Objectives: To obtain speech samples representative of productions with and without hypernasality, glottal stops and pharyngeal fricatives; To classify the samples according to auditory-perceptual ratings by multiple judges; To compare nasalance values between samples with and without CA. Material and methods: The samples for this study were obtained from 43 individuals with history of cleft palate with and without velopharyngeal dysfunction. Each individual was required to repeat 24 phrases (speech stimuli) originating 1032 audio recordings and their respective nasometric values. A total of 172 samples were excluded due to inadequate quality, and the remaining 860 samples were submitted to auditory-perceptual ratings by 3 listeners. The 553 samples rated with 100% agreement among the judges regarding nasality and CA were maintained in the study. Four groups were identified: G1 included samples without hypernasality and without CA (N=191); G2 included samples witht hypernasality and without CA (288); G3 included samples with hypernasality and with pharyngeal fricative (N=33); G4 included samples with hypernasality and with glottal stop (N=41). Results: The statistical test ANOVA revealed significant difference between nasalance values for all 4 groups (p<0,0001). Results showed nasalance scores significantly higher for the 3 groups with hypernasality (G2, G3, and G4) in relation to the group without hypernasality and without CA (G1). The study revealed that the use of pharyngeal fricative (G3) in samples with hypernasality resulted in nasalance score significantly higher than the those identified for the samples with hypernasality but without CA (G2), and the significance was found for productions involving /f/ and /s/. Conclusion: the presence of CA, particularly pharyngeal fricative (G3), had an impact in nasalance values for the stimuli with /f/ and /s/, with scores significantly higher for the samples with pharyngeal fricative and with hypernasality when compared to the samples only with hypernasality (G2). Future studies can contribute with normative data for speech samples with CA requiring a larger samples representative of use of atypical place of production.

Apesar da eficácia dos antimicrobianos como melhoradores no desempenho animal, questões relativas à seleção de microorganismos resistentes e transferência desses para o consumo humano de carne vêem trazendo uma crescente preocupação que tem provocado diminuição do seu uso. Assim, há necessidade da busca de alternativas, destacando-se as ervas medicinais, as quais apresentam ações, antimicrobiana, antioxidante, imunomodulatória e ainda, estimulante da secreção de enzimas digestivas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a ação de um fito composto, produzido pela adição de partes aéreas secas e trituradas de plantas medicinais (Rosmarinus officinalis, Mentha piperita, Lippia sidoides e Lychnophora pinaster), em leitões, desde a creche até o abate, sobre parâmetros de desempenho, freqüência de diarréia, eliminação fecal de salmonelas, lesões histopatológicas intestinais e oxidação lipídica da carcaça. Os animais foram submetidos a duas situações: uma de desafio experimental (D, com inoculação de Salmonella typhimurium aos 35 dias de idade) e outra sem desafio (SD), permanecendo ambos grupos em salas isoladas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3x2, sendo um fator o desafio, e outro, a suplementação de aditivos na ração (fito composto FITO; antibióticos ATB; e controle negativo, sem adição de promotores CTRL). Foram alojados 120 leitões recém-desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, na unidade de creche do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos. Os animais foram pesados aos 21, 35, 49, 63 dias (creche) aos 96 e 106 dias (crescimento) e 131 dias de idade (terminação), e verificado o consumo de ração. Foi avaliada a freqüência de dias com diarréia (FDD) na creche, além da eliminação fecal de S. typhimurium, observando-se lesões histopatológicas causadas pela bactéria no trato entérico, e oxidação lipídica da carcaça aos 131 dias de idade. Não houve interação entre aditivos e desafio para nenhuma variável estudada. O peso médio (PM) do grupo ATB foi mais elevado durante todos os períodos em relação a FITO e CTRL, e estes não diferiram entre si; no entanto, aos 96 e 106 dias, o PM dos animais CTRL foi maior que FITO. De 21 a 35 dias de idade, a conversão alimentar (CA) do grupo ATB foi significativamente menor que CTRL; no entanto, FITO promoveu valor intermediário, não diferindo estatisticamente de ambos. O desafio experimental levou à queda no consumo diário de ração (CDR) de 35 a 48 dias. No entanto, no período final de crescimento, houve um efeito compensatório sobre as variáveis de desempenho, sendo PM, ganho diário de peso (GDP), CDR e CA significativamente melhores na sala D. Ainda, nesse período, na sala D, todas essas variáveis foram melhores para FITO, apesar da diferença ser meramente numérica, sugerindo efeito compensatório desse aditivo. O ATB promoveu menor FDD dos 21 aos 48 dias; no entanto, dos 35 aos 48 dias, FITO promoveu uma melhora mais rápida no quadro que CTRL. Não houve influência dos aditivos sobre a eliminação fecal de salmonelas, lesões histopatológicas no trato entérico ou sobre a oxidação lipídica na carcaça. Assim, a melhor CA na creche, e o efeito compensatório no final da fase de crescimento justificam futuras pesquisas sobre a ação do produto. / Despite the proven efficiency of antibiotics as growth promoters, issues associated to selection of microbial resistance and its impact over human health are rising concern between consumers and decreasing their use. Therefore, alternatives must be found, and medical herbs, with antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and stimulatory of digestives enzymes properties, seem promising. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the action of a phyogenic compound of medical herbs (Rosmarinus officinalis, Mentha piperita, Lippia sidoides and Lychnophora pinaster) towards piglets from weaning to slaughter, on performance parameters (body weight BW; average daily gain ADG; average daily feed intake ADFI; and feed conversion FC), frequency of diarrhea, fecal shedding of salmonellas, gut hystopatological lesions and lipid oxidation of meat, either under a challenged condition (C) or a non-challenged condition (NC). Experimental challenge consisted of oral administration of Salmonella typhimurium to piglets, at 35 days of age. Both groups were kept in isolated rooms. Experimental design was at random, and the treatments distributed in a 3x2 factorial arrangement. Factors were: challenge (C and NC) and additives (phytogenic compound PHYTO; antibiotic ATB; and control CTRL). 120 weaned piglets (21 days years old) were housed at nursery unit of Laboratory of Researche in Swine (LPS), and weighted at 21, 35, 49, 63 (nursery), 96, 105 (growing) and 131 (finishing) days of age. There was not interaction between factors. BW of ATB group was higher througout the experimental period. From 21 to 35 days of age, FC of ATB group was significantly lower than CTRL; however, PHYTO showed intermediary value, which did not statistically differ from both ATB and CTRL. Challenge caused lower ADFI from day 35 to 48. Nevertheless, at the final of growing period (96 to 105 days of age), there was a compensatory effect on performance, and animals out of C room had showed better values of BW, ADG, ADFI, FC than NC. At C room, such parameters were better for animals out of PHYTO group (although the differences were merely numerical), suggesting thus a compensatory effect of this compound. ATB has lead to lower FDD from day 21 to 48; however, from day 35 to 48, FDD of PHYTO group was lower than CTRL. There was not effect of additives on fecal shedding of salmonellas and on lipd oxidation of carcass. Further studies on the effect of the phyto compound must be carried out, especially during the growing and finishing periods.

1 ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this thesis is find out the effect of the intervention compensatory exercise on the function of scapula fixators in older school-age swimmers. Methods: This is a one-factor experiment in which the activity of the scapula fixators will be evaluated by Jandas push-up stereotype, Kolars tilt test and swimming breaststroke. The activity was evaluated by 4 evaluators for observing objectivity. After the first initial evaluation, 8 weeks of interventional compensatory exercise will be started, which will include 9 specific exercises for strengthening scapula fixators. At the end of the experiment, the above tests are again performed to evaluate the activity of the blade fixators. Results: The results showed a significant weakening of the scapula fixators in 97.14% of the tested elderly-school swimmers at the start of the experiment. After 8 weeks of interventional compensatory exercise, focusing on scapula fixators, the weakening was only present in 11.43% of swimmers. Key words: Swimming, scapula fixators, elderly school age, compensatory exercise