Miranda understanding, appreciation, and reasoning abilities are essential to courts' determinations of knowing and intelligent Miranda rights waivers. Despite the remarkable development of Miranda research in recent decades, studies have generally focused on understanding and appreciation of Miranda rights, but have not examined Miranda reasoning and waiver decisions. Therefore, examining the nature of defendants' decisional capacities constitutes a critical step in further developing theoretical and clinical models for competent Miranda waiver decisions. The current study evaluated Miranda waiver decisions for 80 pretrial defendants from two Tulsa-area Oklahoma jails. Previously untested, the current study examined systematically how rational decision abilities affect defendants' personal waiver decisions. Components from general models of legal decision making, such as decisional competence and judgment models, were examined to determine their applicability to Miranda waiver decisions.

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The thesis adopts a doctrinal approach to consider how a subsidiarity and proportionality review by the CJEU could be applied to shared competences, and the criteria that the CJEU should take into account in balancing competing interests when determining the residency rights of EU citizens. It will identify limits to the competences of the EU through subsidiarity analysis, including how this should constrain the reasoning of the CJEU, but this has a consequence of better legitimising such genuinely European standards that do have a clear legal basis. Adhering to the rule of law is an important issue for the CJEU to demonstrate its respect for as a core value commonly associated with democracy and with the validity of law itself. A subsidiarity review undertaken by the CJEU involving the CJEU checking whether the Union has competence to act (conferral) and in cases concerning areas of shared competence would also serve to legitimise the CJEU’s ruling to the Member States and address the problem of ultra vires EU action lacking legitimacy in the perspective of the Member States eyes. Adopting a normative approach it considers how a subsidiarity and proportionality review could be anchored in EU law to address competence issues when the CJEU is striking a balance between fundamental principles of EU law, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the residency rights of migrant EU citizens who are economically inactive. As subsidiarity in these types of cases relates to the cross border requirement, the CJEU should be explicit about departing from the purely internal rule as well as explaining the substance of rights of EU citizens. The proportionality element of the review relates to the actual consideration and weighing up by the CJEU of the competing interests identified in this context. This requires the CJEU to identify explicitly in its reasoning any competing interests that have been weighed up as well as stating any other particular factors involved in the balancing and the weight accorded to those factors. Although such an approach would not necessarily result in a change in the outcome of the case, it would help to improve the quality of the reasoning of the CJEU and consequently enhance the legitimacy of the CJEU’s ruling.

In today’s Labor market we can see a trend that more and more individuals change jobs moreoften, an unexplained subject in the field of skills supply. The trend places greater demandson organizations to attract, develop and retain their staff. This paper aims to investigate howthis trend can affect organizations work with skills supply and to find out which factorsorganizations are focusing on to keep their staff.This qualitative study that includes eight small and mediumsized organizations from differentindustries shows that some organizations adapt to the trend while others do not. Somemanagers say that the trend is a alternation, something that you are always supposed to beprepared for. Others say that you loose focus on the actual work if you lay your focus on thetrend and how you risk losing your employees. Another part believes that the trend issignificant and that it is important to take into account. The trend has been shown to influenceseveral industries, and many managers choose to focus more on retaining and developing theirstaff today than before. The study also shows that other factors than wages, such asdevelopment and well-being, tend to be more important in today's labor market. / På dagens arbetsmarknad kan vi se en trend att allt fler individer byter jobb oftare, ettoutforskat ämne inom kompetensförsörjning. Trenden ställer högre krav på organisationer attattrahera, utveckla och behålla sin personal. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka hur dennatrend kan påverka organisationers arbete med kompetensförsörjning samt att reda på vilkafaktorer organisationer fokuserar på för att behålla sin personal.Denna kvalitativa studie som omfattar åtta små- och medelstora företag från olika branschervisar att vissa organisationer anpassar sig efter trenden medan andra inte gör det. Vissaverksamhetschefer menar att trenden är en förändring, något som man alltid vara förbereddpå. Andra menar att arbetet förlorar fokus om de tänker på trenden och hur de riskerar attförlora sina anställda. En annan del anser att trenden är betydelsefull och att det är viktigt attman tar hänsyn till den i sin kompetensförsörjning. Trenden har visat sig influera flerabranscher och många väljer att lägga mer fokus på att behålla och utveckla sin personal idagän tidigare. Studien visar även på att andra faktorer än lön, som utveckling och trivsel,tenderar ha större betydelse på dagens arbetsmarknad.

The purpose of the study is to examine how the Spanish teachers in secondary schools consider culture and intercultural competencies. This study also makes use of a sociocultural perspective that is in relation with the intercultural perspective and puts its mark in the study. To support our research we used the qualitative method, specifically, the semi-structured interview. Five Spanish language faculty members stemming from various areas of the country were interviewed. As a result of the questions presented we were able to conclude that teaching Spanish and Latin American culture is a fundamental objective in Spanish language classes. Another aspect that is worth highlighting in the data analysis is the importance of intercultural education in order to avoid misunderstandings, stereotypes, and cultural prejudices. In order to obtain this objective it is necessary that the language teacher apply different resources, strategies, and materials that will help activate and motivate students' learning, comprehension and interactions with other cultures.

The thesis analysis of employee education, the theory focuses on describing the basic knowledge about the process of learning and competency approach. The practical part is being aimed at the analysis of employee education of business partners of Opel Southeast Europe, LLC, provided by Raytheon Training International GmbH. Based on the analysis have been identified absences and proposed improvements.

Thesis advisor: Eva Garroutte / Thesis advisor: David Karp / In an age in which diversity and healthcare inequalities are prominent issues, culturally competent care has emerged as a popular response. However, there seems to be a gap between this academic interest and the attempts to implement cultural competency in the American healthcare system. The aim of this qualitative research was to explore the link between culture and health and to uncover what cultural competency might mean on a practical level through a case study of the pediatric in-patient units of an urban hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. Through participant observation over the span of two months, as well as 20 semi-structured interviews with 14 healthcare providers and 6 bilingual Latino parents of pediatric patients, I investigated the challenges that these groups face in providing and seeking care, respectively. The results of this project attempt to give voice to the families and their providers, as well as suggest how the hospital can better accommodate the needs of the Latino population. Overall, this project has revealed the complexity of the links between culture and health, and indicated that there is no single model of cultural competence that can adequately capture this complexity. Ultimately, relationships and good communication are at the core of the cross-cultural medical encounter, and may serve to create a more culturally welcoming atmosphere for patients of all backgrounds. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology Honors Program. / Discipline: Sociology.

Thesis advisor: Usha Tummala-Narra / Immigrants in the United States experience a unique array of mental health stressors related to their experiences of migration and acculturation. For immigrants who are also persons of color, additional obstacles and stressors may compound their experiences. Previous research indicates that while psychologists who work with this population may endorse multicultural competence, they may not actually carry out culturally sensitive practices. Additionally, much of the present literature on therapy with minority clients focuses on aspirational goals. However, analyses of the ways in which these tenets are applied to clinical work are few and far between. What are the barriers to implementing these practices? What resources support clinicians who are working with diverse immigrant populations? The present qualitative study focused on the experience of clinicians who work with minority immigrant clients. Thirteen White psychologists responded to open-ended questions regarding their clinical experience with this population. Interview questions explored positive and negative clinical experiences, issues of power, and the ways in which the therapeutic relationship impacted clinicians' views of themselves. Results of the study indicate that internal and external systemic factors influenced clinicians' expectations for therapy as well as the manner in which they approached problematic relational outcomes. Analyses further highlighted the role of power and systemic influences on the therapeutic relationship. Participating psychologists painted a clear picture of the importance of collaborative, empathic relationships, which further highlights the consequences of neglecting to address underlying tensions. A clear and consistent theme of deeply personal commitment to their work transcended individual interviews. Implications for researchers, clinicians, and training institutions were addressed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is recognised as the most widely established genetic model of immunity of the contemporary scientific era, exhibiting a high degree of conservation between Drosophila and mammalian innate immunity genes. However, whilst the majority of Drosophila immunity studies have previously been performed in adults and larvae, the embryo has recently emerged as a potentially viable model system; aiding in vivo studies and providing a more amendable system to undertake live imaging, hence evading many of the caveats associated with current immunity models. This project aimed to further develop the Drosophila embryo as a more potent and insightful immunity model, focusing on the immune response to bacterial infection. Initial results demonstrated that the Stage 15 Drosophila embryo was able to mount a relatively robust immune response to bacterial infection. This included induction of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes upon a range of bacterial stimuli; a response which was able to effectively discriminate between differential types of bacterial infection via the characterised Drosophila systemic immunity pathways. Live-imaging studies also showed that the cellular immune response was functional within the Stage 15 embryo. Subsequently, immune competence was shown to arise at approximately mid-embryogenesis, under the control of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) signalling, as demonstrated by the partial rescue of AMP expression and bacterial clearance in early stage embryos upon 20-HE co-administration with infective agents. Further analysis of the global transcriptional response of the Drosophila embryo to infection and damage via microarray studies confirmed the immune potential of this system, but also permitted the identification of genes upregulated uniquely upon Gram-positive or Gram-negativ infection. Moreover, wounding via sterile laser ablation induced significant upregulation of a subset of AMP genes an a network of cuticular genes, providing an insight into the embryonic damage response. Parallel analysis of the hemocyte transcriptional profile upon infection and damage elucidated that these immune cells may play a role in the regulation of the immune response via 20-HE signalling and production of ROS, although this remains subject to further validation. As such, transcriptional profile analysis of the embryo has been successful in identifying candidate genes for further validation and study.

The roles of pharmacists have changed in the last decades requiring pharmacists to keep up with, and even anticipate, the changes in practice to continue to be competent healthcare professionals. Competency or professional development frameworks have been developed and validated to support pharmacists with their learning and development. However, such a tool has not been developed for pharmacy undergraduate students and it is sensible to think that such a framework might also help pharmacy students in their learning and competency development. Thus, the aim of this research was to identify competencies required of pharmacy undergraduate students and to develop, and evaluate the use of, a professional development framework for these students. A mixed methods approach was adopted in the two-phased study. A cross-sectional design was employed in the first phase. Literature on pharmacy students’ competencies was reviewed and a series of workshops, focus groups and interviews with pharmacy students and academics, and stakeholders in pharmacy were conducted to identify the competencies required of pharmacy students during their degree and to develop the framework. The findings of previous rounds of data collection fed into the subsequent rounds. After five iterations 17 competencies were identified and divided in two clusters: Professional; and Delivery of Patient Care Competencies. A longitudinal design was used in the second phase. The use of the framework was evaluated with third and fourth year pharmacy students who self-assessed their competencies three times in two schools of pharmacy over the academic year of 2009-2010. The students’ self-assessed competencies increased over the year and correlated positively with their examination results and perceived self-directedness towards learning. This research provides evidence that the framework captures pharmacy undergraduate students’ development of their competencies during the academic year based on their self-assessed competence. Thus, the framework can be used as a self-assessment tool to support their learning.