A Web 2.0 alterou o desenvolvimento de aplicações para internet. Contudo, os pesquisadores e desenvolvedores ainda replicam as ideias uns dos outros com pouco reuso. Esse cenário ilustra a necessidade de uma engenharia de domínio, na qual as similaridades e as variabilidades de uma família de aplicações são identificadas e documentadas, com a finalidade de obter o reuso dos componentes desenvolvidos. Neste trabalho, e feita uma engenharia de domínio para Redes Sociais na Web 2.0, com o foco nas funcionalidades colaborativas relativas ao compartilhamento de conteúdo. Como método, e utilizado o FODA (Feature Oriented Domain Analysis) adaptado com o modelo 3C de colaboração para classificar e padrões para interação mediada por computador para descrever as funcionalidades colaborativas. No modelo 3C, a colaboração e analisada a partir da comunicação, coordenação e cooperacao, e padroes descrevem e detalham o contexto de uso das funcionalidades levantadas. Para a implementação das funcionalidades colaborativas comuns nessas aplicações, são desenvolvidos componentes de software compatíveis com a plataforma Groupware Workbench. Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar os artefatos gerados na engenharia de domínio e um estudo de caso para avaliar a aplicabilidade e abrangência dos componentes desenvolvidos em um contexto real, a rede social para compartilhamento de imagens de arquitetura, chamada Arquigrafia Brasil. Os experimentos e o estudo de caso indicaram que os artefatos gerados são reusáveis, uteis e abrangem boa parte das funcionalidades presentes nas redes sociais atuais. / The Web 2.0 changed the development of internet applications. However, researchers and developers replicate each other ideas with low reuse. This scenario illustrates the necessity of a domain engineering, in which the communalities and variabilities of a family of applications are identified and documented. In this work, a domain engineering was applied on social networks in Web 2.0, focusing on collaborative features related to content sharing. We used, as a method, the FODA (Feature Oriented Domain Analysis) adapted with 3C collaboration model to classify and patterns for computer-mediated interaction to describe the collaborative features. To implement the commons features of these applications, a component kit compatible with an infrastructure named Groupware Workbench was defined and developed. An experiment was done to evaluate the artifacts generated by the domain engineering and a case study was done to evaluate coverage and applicability of the developed components in a real context, a social network for architectural images sharing named Arquigrafia Brasil. The experiment and the case study showed that the generated artifacts are reusable, useful and cover a representative part of the social networks collaborative features.

À l'heure actuelle, les dispositifs embarqués regroupent une grande variété d'applications, ayant des fonctionnalités complexes et demandant une puissance de calcul de plus en plus importante. Ils évoluent actuellement de systèmes multiprocesseur sur puce vers des architectures many-core et posent de nouveaux défis au développement de logiciel embarqué. En effet, Il a classiquement été guidé par les performances et donc par les besoins spécifiques des plates-formes. Or, cette approche s'avère trop couteuse avec les nouvelles architectures matérielles et leurs évolutions rapprochées. Actuellement, il n'y a pas un consensus sur les environnements à utiliser pour programmer les nouvelles architectures embarquées. Afin de permettre une programmation plus rapide du logiciel embarqué, la chaîne de développement a besoin d'outils pour la mise au point des applications. Cette mise au point s'appuie sur des techniques d'observation, qui consistent à recueillir des informations sur le comportement du système embarqué pendant l'exécution. Les techniques d'observation actuelles ne supportent qu'un nombre limité de processeurs et sont fortement dépendantes des caractéristiques matérielles. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons EMBera~: une approche à base de composants pour l'observation de systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce. EMBera vise la généricité, la portabilité, l'observation d'un grand nombre d'éléments, ainsi que le contrôle de l'intrusion. La généricité est obtenue par l'encapsulation de fonctionnalités spécifiques et l'exportation d'interfaces génériques d'observation. La portabilité est possible grâce à des composants qui, d'une part, ciblent des traitements communs aux MPSoCs, et d'autre part, permettent d'être adaptés aux spécificités des plates-formes. Le passage à l'échelle est réussi en permettant une observation partielle d'un système en se concentrant uniquement sur les éléments d'intérêt~: les modules applicatifs, les composants matériels ou les différents niveaux de la pile logicielle. Le contrôle de l'intrusion est facilité par la possibilité de configurer le type et le niveau de détail des mécanismes de collecte de données. L'approche est validée par le biais de différentes études de cas qui utilisent plusieurs configurations matérielles et logicielles. Nous montrons que cette approche offre une vraie valeur ajoutée dans le support du développement de logiciels embarqués. / Embedded software development faces new challenges as embedded devices evolve from Multiprocessor Systems on Chip (MPSoC) with heterogeneous CPU towards many-core architectures. The classical approach of optimizing embedded software in a platform-specific way is no longer applicable as it is too costly. Moreover, there is no consensus on the programming environments to be used for the new and rapidly changing embedded architectures. MPSoC software development needs debugging tools. These tools are based on observation techniques whose role is to gather information about the embedded system execution. Current techniques support only a limited number of processors and are highly dependent on hardware characteristics. In this thesis, we propose EMBera, a component-based approach to MPSoC observation. EMBera aims at providing genericity, portability, scalability and intrusion control. Genericity is obtained by encapsulating specific embedded features and exporting generic observation interfaces. Portability is achieved through components targeting common treatments for MPSoCs but allowing specialization. Scalability is achieved by observing only the elements of interest from the system, namely application modules, hardware components or the different levels of the software stack. Intrusion control is facilitated by the possibility to configure the type and the level of detail of data collection mechanisms. The EMBera approach is validated by different case studies using different hardware and software configurations. We show that our approach provides a real added value in supporting the embedded software development.

A Cyber-physical System (CPS) can be described as a network of interlinked, concurrent computational components that interact with the physical world. Such a system is usually of reactive nature and must satisfy strict timing requirements to guarantee a correct behaviour. The components can be of mixed-criticality which implies different progress models and communication models, depending whether the focus of a component lies on predictability or resource efficiency. In this dissertation I present a novel approach that bridges the gap between stream processing models and Labelled Transition Systems (LTSs). The former offer powerful tools to describe concurrent systems of, usually simple, components while the latter allow to describe complex, reactive, components and their mutual interaction. In order to achieve the bridge between the two domains I introduce the novel LTS Synchronous Interface Automaton (SIA) that allows to model the interaction protocol of a process via its interface and to incrementally compose simple processes into more complex ones while preserving the system properties. Exploiting these properties I introduce an analysis to identify permanent blocking situations in a network of composed processes. SIAs are wrapped by the novel component-based coordination model Process Network with Synchronous Communication (PNSC) that allows to describe a network of concurrent processes where multiple communication models and the co-existence and interaction of heterogeneous processes is supported due to well defined interfaces. The work presented in this dissertation follows a holistic approach which spans from the theory of the underlying model to an instantiation of the model as a novel coordination language, called Streamix. The language uses network operators to compose networks of concurrent processes in a structured and hierarchical way. The work is validated by a prototype implementation of a compiler and a Run-time System (RTS) that allows to compile a Streamix program and execute it on a platform with support for ISO C, POSIX threads, and a Linux operating system.

O planejamento da operação de sistemas hidrotérmicos pode ser classificado como um problema de um sistema acoplado no tempo e no espaço, não linear, não convexo, estocástico e de grande porte. A complexidade do problema justifica a necessidade de utilização de diversas ferramentas computacionais com abordagens variadas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a realização de estudos relacionados ao planejamento da operação energética de sistemas hidrotérmicos de geração, pela aplicação de componentes de software e de sistemas de inferência fuzzy. Pretende-se apresentar e aplicar um processo de desenvolvimento (UML Components), baseado em componentes de software, para a construção de modelos computacionais de simulação e otimização para servir de apoio ao planejamento da operação energética do sistema hidrotérmico brasileiro. O processo de desenvolvimento UML Components é aplicado de forma a nortear o desenvolvimento do software, para englobar as diferentes atividades realizadas nos fluxos de trabalho, além de incluir os vários artefatos produzidos. Como contribuição adicional, paralelamente ao uso dos componentes de software, este trabalho apresenta uma política de operação energética para reservatórios baseada em sistemas de inferência fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno. A política proposta é baseada na otimização da operação energética das usinas hidrelétricas, empregando o modelo de otimização desenvolvido. Com a operação energética otimizada, obtém-se as relações entre a energia armazenada do sistema e o volume útil operativo de cada usina a reservatório. A partir dessas relações são ajustados os parâmetros do modelo Takagi-Sugeno de ordem um. Ao optar-se por um sistema de inferência fuzzy para determinar a política de operação energética de um conjunto de reservatórios, obtém-se uma estratégia de ação/controle que pode ser monitorada e interpretada, inclusive do ponto de vista lingüístico. Outra vantagem na aplicação de sistemas fuzzy deve-se ao fato dos operadores humanos (especialistas) poderem traduzir, de forma consistente, e em termos de regras lingüísticas, o seu processo de tomada de decisões, fazendo com que a ação do sistema fuzzy seja tão fundamentada e consistente quanto a deles. / The operation planning of hydrothermal power systems can be classified as a nonseparable, nonlinear, nonconvex, stochastic and of large scale optimization problem. The complexity of this problem justifies the need for the use of various computational tools with different approaches. This work aims the accomplishment of studies related to the operation planning of hydrothermal power systems through the implementation of software components and fuzzy inference systems. It is intended to provide and implement a development process (UML Components) based on software components for building computational model of optimization and simulation to support the operation planning of the Brazilian hydrothermal power systems. The UML Components development process is a applied in a way to guide the software development to encompass different activities realized on workflows, as well as to include the various artifacts produced. As additional contribution, in parallel to the use of software components, it is intended to present an operational policy of reservoirs based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference systems. The proposed policy is based on optimization of hydropower operation, using the optimization model developed. Through the optimized operation, relations between system stored energy and the reservoir volume of each plat are obtained. With these relationships, the parameters of the Takagi-Sugeno model are adjusted. In choosing a fuzzy inference system for determining the operational policy of a set of reservoirs, it is obtained as strategy of action/control that can be monitored and interpreted including linguistic standpoint. Another benefit of the fuzzy system application refers to the fact that human specialists can consistently represent, through linguistic rules, their decision making process, making the fuzzy system action as consistent and sound as theirs.

A tecnologia de componentes de software é propícia para encapsular questões técnicas de implementação e favorecer o reúso entre aplicações, o que é particularmente relevante no desenvolvimento de aplicações colaborativas na Web. Este trabalho utiliza a plataforma Groupware Workbench nesse contexto. A aplicação social Arquigrafia foi a principal motivadora dessa evolução. O Arquigrafia é um ambiente colaborativo para o estudo de arquitetura e compartilhamento de imagens fortemente baseado em colaboração e inteligência coletiva. Como o conceito de inteligência coletiva é muito amplo e mal definido, foi realizada uma análise de domínio e uma classificação das técnicas e seus usos nos sistemas atuais. Também foi feito o mapeamento e a implementação das funcionalidades do Arquigrafia em componentes do Groupware Workbench e executada uma avaliação da plataforma em quatro vertentes, sendo elas: arquitetura de componentes; suporte à colaboração; arquitetura técnica; e percepção dos desenvolvedores. Limitações tecnológicas e conceituais foram identificadas, como por exemplo, o modelo de mapeamento objeto-relacional e questões ligadas à flexibilidade. Essas limitações e colocações foram tratadas e avaliadas na plataforma, resultando em melhorias na arquitetura dos componentes e na simplificação do código. O Groupware Workbench no geral mostrou-se viável para o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação colaborativa real na Web 2.0. / Software components technology is favorable to encapsulate implementation technical issues and encourage the reuse among applications. These characteristics are particularly relevant in the development of web-based collaborative applications. This work evaluates and evolves the Groupware Workbench platform in this context. The social application Arquigrafia was the main motivation for this evolution. Arquigrafia is a collaborative environment for the study of architecture and image sharing strongly based on collaboration and collective intelligence. Since the concept of collective intelligence is very broad, we performed a domain analysis and a classification of its use in current systems. We also implemented the Arquigrafia features using Groupware Workbench components and evaluated the platform in four areas: components architecture; collaboration support; technical architecture; and developers perspective. We identified technological and conceptual limitations, as for example, the adopted object-relational mapping model and issues related to the flexibility of the platform. These limitations were treated and evaluated. We noted improvements in the architecture of the components and code simplification. As a result, the Groupware Workbench was a feasible solution for developing the Arquigrafia application.

The North House is a proof-of-concept prefabricated solar powered home designed for northern climates, and intended for the research and promotion of high-performance sustainable architecture. Led by faculty at the University of Waterloo, the development and design of the project involved a broad collaboration between faculty and students at the University of Waterloo, with Ryerson University and Simon Fraser University. The North House prototype competed in the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon in October of 2009. This thesis identifies the North House as a component-based building. It illustrates in detail the components of which the house is composed, the sequence by which they are assembled, and the details that allow for the building’s rapid assembly and disassembly. Finally, the thesis explores the possibilities afforded by componentbased architecture including adaptability, off-site fabrication and demountability. Drawing on this, the thesis projects future ways of designing buildings sustainable to both manufacture and operate.

The North House is a proof-of-concept prefabricated solar powered home designed for northern climates, and intended for the research and promotion of high-performance sustainable architecture. Led by faculty at the University of Waterloo, the development and design of the project involved a broad collaboration between faculty and students at the University of Waterloo, with Ryerson University and Simon Fraser University. The North House prototype competed in the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon in October of 2009. This thesis identifies the North House as a component-based building. It illustrates in detail the components of which the house is composed, the sequence by which they are assembled, and the details that allow for the building’s rapid assembly and disassembly. Finally, the thesis explores the possibilities afforded by componentbased architecture including adaptability, off-site fabrication and demountability. Drawing on this, the thesis projects future ways of designing buildings sustainable to both manufacture and operate.

Owing to advancements in component re-use technology, component-based software development (CBSD) has come a long way in developing complex commercial software systems while reducing software development time and cost. However, assembling distributed resource-constrained and safety-critical systems using current assembly techniques is a challenge. Within complex systems when there are numerous ways to assemble the components unless the software architecture clearly defines how the components should be composed, determining the correct assembly that satisfies the system assembly constraints is difficult. Component technologies like CORBA and .NET do a very good job of integrating components, but they do not automate component assembly; it is the system developer's responsibility to ensure thatthe components are assembled correctly. In this thesis, we first define a component-based system assembly (CBSA) technique called "Constrained Component Assembly Technique" (CCAT), which is useful when the system has complex assembly constraints and the system architecture specifies component composition as assembly constraints. The technique poses the question: Does there exist a way of assembling the components that satisfies all the connection, performance, reliability, and safety constraints of the system, while optimizing the objective constraint? To implement CCAT, we present a powerful framework called "CoBaSA". The CoBaSA framework includes an expressive language for declaratively describing component functional and extra-functional properties, component interfaces, system-level and component-level connection, performance, reliability, safety, and optimization constraints. To perform CBSA, we first write a program (in the CoBaSA language) describing the CBSA specifications and constraints, and then an interpreter translates the CBSA program into a satisfiability and optimization problem. Solving the generated satisfiability and optimization problem is equivalent to answering the question posed by CCAT. If a satisfiable solution is found, we deduce that the system can be assembled without violating any constraints. Since CCAT and CoBaSA provide a mechanism for assembling systems that have complex assembly constraints, they can be utilized in several industries like the avionics industry. We demonstrate the merits of CoBaSA by assembling an actual avionic system that could be used on-board a Boeing aircraft. The empirical evaluation shows that our approach is promising and can scale to handle complex industrial problems.

Model-driven software development (MDSD) and component-based software development are both paradigms for reducing complexity and for increasing abstraction and reuse in software development. In this thesis, we aim at combining the advantages of each by introducing methods from component-based development into MDSD. In MDSD, all artefacts that describe a software system are regarded as models of the system and are treated as the central development artefacts. To obtain a system implementation from such models, they are transformed and integrated until implementation code can be generated from them. Models in MDSD can have very different forms: they can be documents, diagrams, or textual specifications defined in different modelling languages. Integrating these models of different formats and abstraction in a consistent way is a central challenge in MDSD. We propose to tackle this challenge by explicitly separating the tasks of defining model components and composing model components, which is also known as distinguishing programming-in-the-small and programming-in-the-large. That is, we promote a separation of models into models for modelling-in-the-small (models that are components) and models for modelling-in-the-large (models that describe compositions of model components). To perform such component-based modelling, we introduce two architectural styles for developing systems with component-based MDSD (CB-MDSD). For CB-MDSD, we require a universal composition technique that can handle models defined in arbitrary modelling languages. A technique that can handle arbitrary textual languages is universal invasive software composition for code fragment composition. We extend this technique to universal invasive software composition for graph fragments (U-ISC/Graph) which can handle arbitrary models, including graphical and textual ones, as components. Such components are called graph fragments, because we treat each model as a typed graph and support reuse of partial models. To put the composition technique into practice, we developed the tool Reuseware that implements U-ISC/Graph. The tool is based on the Eclipse Modelling Framework and can therefore be integrated into existing MDSD development environments based on the framework. To evaluate the applicability of CB-MDSD, we realised for each of our two architectural styles a model-driven architecture with Reuseware. The first style, which we name ModelSoC, is based on the component-based development paradigm of multi-dimensional separation of concerns. The architecture we realised with that style shows how a system that involves multiple modelling languages can be developed with CB-MDSD. The second style, which we name ModelHiC, is based on hierarchical composition. With this style, we developed abstraction and reuse support for a large modelling language for telecommunication networks that implements the Common Information Model industry standard.

Designing and implementing coupled Earth System Models (ESMs) is a challenge for climate scientists and software engineers alike. Coupled models incorporate two or more independent numerical models into a single application, allowing for the simulation of complex feedback effects. As ESMs increase in sophistication, incorporating higher fidelity models of geophysical processes, developers are faced with the issue of managing increasing software complexity. Recently, reusable coupling software has emerged to aid developers in building coupled models. Effective reuse of coupling infrastructure means increasing the number of coupling functions reused, minimizing code duplication, reducing the development time required to couple models, and enabling flexible composition of coupling infrastructure with existing constituent model implementations. Despite the widespread availability of software packages that provide coupling infrastructure, effective reuse of coupling technologies remains an elusive goal: coupling models is effort-intensive, often requiring weeks or months of developer time to work through implementation details, even when starting from a set of existing software components. Coupling technologies are never used in isolation: they must be integrated with multiple existing constituent models to provide their primary services, such as model-to-model data communication and transformation. Unfortunately, the high level of interdependence between coupling concerns and scientific concerns has resulted in high interdependence between the infrastructure code and the scientific code within a model’s implementation. These dependencies are a source of complexity which tends to reduce reusability of coupling infrastructure. This dissertation presents mechanisms for increasing modeler productivity based on improving reuse of coupling infrastructure and raising the level of abstraction at which modelers work. This dissertation argues that effective reuse of coupling technologies can be achieved by decomposing existing coupling technologies into a salient set of implementation-independent features required for coupling high-performance models, increasing abstraction levels at which model developers work, and facilitating integration of coupling infrastructure with constituent models via component-based modularization of coupling features. The contributions of this research include: (1) a comprehensive feature model that identifies the multi-dimensional design space of coupling technologies used in high-performance Earth System Models, (2) Cupid, a domain-specific language and compiler for specifying coupling configurations declaratively and generating their implementations automatically, and (3) Component-based Coupling Operators (CC-Ops), a modular approach to code reuse of coupling infrastructure based on component technologies for high-performance scientific settings. The Cupid domain-specific language is evaluated by specifying a coupling configuration for an example fluid dynamics model and measuring the amount of code generated by the Cupid compiler compared to a hand coded version. The CC-Op approach is evaluated by implementing several CC-Ops using an existing high-performance component framework and measuring performance in terms of scalability and overhead.