Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cardozo_mtd_dr_jabo.pdf: 446876 bytes, checksum: 0b413178ee7b84a67f1f7a95da08f058 (MD5) / Na produção de hortaliças é fator determinante a adubação aplicada nas dosagens corretas e a reposição de água no solo em quantidades ideais. A adubação com compostos orgânicos pode diminuir o custo da produção e proporcionar aumento da produtividade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar os efeitos das reposições de água de irrigação na produtividade, e a dosagem do composto de lixo a ser utilizada na cultura do pimentão quando cultivada em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa modelo arco com 280 m2. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 24 tratamentos em esquema fatorial de 6 x 4 (formas de adubação e reposição de água no solo, respectivamente). Quanto à adubação, foram seis formas: adubação mineral e adubação com composto de lixo orgânico (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 16 t ha-1), mais uma testemunha sem adição de adubos. Quanto às reposições de água no solo foram de 70%, 100%, 130% e 160% da lâmina necessária para elevar o solo à capacidade de campo. Foram determinados o número de frutos, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, eficiência do uso da água e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os resultados, verificou-se que quando a reposição de água no solo foi efetuada integralmente (100% de reposição) a produtividade foi similar entre as adubações com composto de lixo orgânico de 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 8 t ha-1 / In vegetables production, the correct dosages of applied fertilizer and replacement of water in the soil in optimal amounts is a determining factor. The fertilization with organic compounds can decrease the production cost and provide increased productivity. This study aimed to: determine the effects of different replacement of irrigation water in crop yield, and optimal dosage of organic compound to be used in sweet pepper when grown in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a bow model greenhouse with 280 m2. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with 24 treatments in a factorial arrangement of 6 x 4 (types of fertilization and water replacement in the soil, respectively). As for fertilization, it’s used six forms: fertilization with mineral fertilizer and organic compound (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 16 t ha-1) and one as control, without addition of fertilizers. For the water replacement in the soil, it’s used 70%, 100%, 130% and 160% of the blade to raise the soil at field capacity. It was determined the number of fruits, plants height, stalk diameter, efficiency of water use and crop productivity. Among the results, it was found that when the replacement of water in the soil was made in full (100% replacement) the productivity was similar between the fertilizer with organic waste compound of 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 8 t ha-1

Orientador: José Carlos Martinez / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Adílson Renófio / Resumo: Em todo processo, é presumível a condição da geração de resíduos, sendo cada vez mais premente a busca de alternativas para destinação correta destes resíduos. Neste sentido, foi realizado um experimento com a compostagem de diferentes resíduos sólidos industriais provenientes do processo de extração do princípio ativo de plantas medicinais. O experimento constitui-se na mistura, em proporções diferentes dos resíduos: a) Resíduo orgânico - gerado a partir do esmagamento da planta de jambú (Spilanthes oleracea), após a extração do princípio ativo, b) lodo físico-químico, gerado a partir do processo de tratamento de água e c) lodo biológico, oriundo do esgoto da empresa. Este trabalho teve como objetivos gerar uma alternativa, ambientalmente correta, para o reaproveitamento do lodo físico-químico e verificar o efeito agronômico dos compostos resultantes na produção da alface. O processo de compostagem deu-se no período de 120 dias. A temperatura das pilhas foi medida diariamente, em três diferentes profundidades. Ao final, o composto foi pesado e avaliou-se, em média, o rendimento. Na segunda fase do experimento, buscando avaliar o efeito agrônomico dos compostos sobre a produção da alface (Lactuca sativa L.), os materiais compostos foram dispostos em vasos, em casa de vegetação, formando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com fatorial 4 x 4, sendo o fator 1 formado por 4 tratamentos: composto 1 (C1 - 0% lodo - 100% jambú), composto 2 (C2 - 7% lodo - 93% jambú), composto 3 (C3 - 13% lodo - 87% jambú), composto 4 (C4 - 26% lodo - 74% jambú) e o fator 2 formado por 4 diferentes doses de compostos: (0, 45, 90 e 135 t ha-¹ ) e quatro repetições, totalizando 64 unidades experimentais. Nas avaliações realizadas após 45 dias do transplantio da alface, o tratamento C1 dose três (90 t ha-¹) apresentou os melhores resultados de rendimentos. Nos demais tratamentos, ocorreram um decréscimo... / Abstract: It is assumed that there is generation condition in every production process. Alternative ways for the correct destination of the residues has become essential. Therefore, an experiment on different industrial solid residues compound from medicinal plants active principle extration has been performed. The experiment was based on the mixture of the residues in different proportions: a) organic residue generated from jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) smashing after active principle extraction, b) physiochemic mud generated from water treatment process and c) biologic mud originated from the company sewage. This work aimed at generating an environmentally correct alternative for phisiochemic mud reutilization and verify the agronomic effects of the resulting compounds in lettuce production. The compounding process lasted 120 days. Piles temperature was measured in three different depths. At the end, the compound was weighed and the average yield was evaluated. In the second phase of the experiment we aimed at evaluating the compound agronomic effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. The compounded materials were placed ins vases in greenhouses in an entirely randomized order, with factorial 4 x 4. Factor 1 was formed by 4 treatments: compound 1 (C1 - 0% mud - 100% jambu), compound 2 (C2 - 7% mud - 93% jambu), compound 3 (C3 - 13% mud - 87% jambu), compound 4 (C4 - 26% mud - 74% jambu). Factor 2 was formed by 4 differente compound dosages: (0,45, 90 e 135 t ha-¹) and hour repetitions, totaling 64 experomental unities. Treatment C1, dosage 3 (90 t ha-¹) presented the best results in the evaluation 45 days after lettuce transplantation. In the remaining treatments there was alinear decrease in lettuce production. However, C4 that 26% mud in its composition was superior than those with 0 dosage of organic matter. Compound can be considered an environmentally correct alternative for these residues with the possibility of agronomic utilization. / Mestre

No description available.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o comportamento fisiológico e bioquímico de plantas de citros (Citrus spp.) submetidas à aplicação do herbicida glyphosate. Para tanto, foram realizados quatro estudos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito de glyphosate (doses entre 0 e 720 g e.a.ha-1, aplicadas sobre a parte aérea das plantas) nas concentrações foliares de chiquimato, aminoácidos livres totais e fenóis e na fotossíntese de plantas de citros em condições controladas. Foram testadas mudas de limão ‘Cravo’ (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck), com 4 meses de idade, e mudas de ‘Valência’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) sobre ‘Swingle’ (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf x Citrus paradisi Macf), com 24 meses de idade. No segundo estudo avaliou-se, em condições de campo, a toxicidade de glyphosate em plantas submetidas à aplicação atingindo o caule (doses entre 0 e 2160 g e.a.ha-1) ou toda a parte aérea (doses entre 0 e 720 g e.a.ha-1). Os materiais vegetais testados foram plantas de laranja ‘Valência’ sobre ‘Swingle’ e limão ‘Cravo’, com 20 e 27 meses de idade, respectivamente. No terceiro avaliou-se a queda de frutos de laranjeira ‘Pera’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) em função do glyphosate. No último estudo investigou-se a possibilidade de aplicação acidental simulada de glyphosate causar intoxicação e queda de frutos em plantas de laranja ‘Pera’. No primeiro estudo verificou-se efeito de glyphosate somente nas concentrações de chiquimato e aminoácidos livres totais das mudas de limão ‘Cravo’; porém, os efeitos foram transitórios. Não houve efeito nos conteúdos de fenóis e clorofila total e na atividade fotossintética. Não se constatou qualquer efeito nas características bioquímicas e na fotossíntese das mudas de ‘Valência’, indicando significativa tolerância ao herbicida. No estudo a campo, as plantas de citros atingidas pelo glyphosate no caule não sofreram intoxicação. Apenas a aplicação nas doses de 360 e 720 g e.a.ha-1 sobre a parte aérea afetou as plantas. O principal sintoma de intoxicação consistiu na emissão de brotações deformadas, indicando efeito nas regiões meristemáticas. Os efeitos nas folhas pré-formadas foram pequenos ou inexistentes. Todas as plantas atingidas pelo herbicida se recuperaram entre seis e doze meses após a aplicação. Nos estudos para avaliar a queda de frutos observou-se que o glyphosate promove a produção de etileno, causando a queda destes quando estão em fase final de maturação. A queda ocorreu principalmente devido ao contato direto com a pulverização e não devido à translocação do herbicida. No último estudo, constatou-se que a aplicação acidental simulada foi parcialmente interceptada pelo mato, não causando efeito significativo na queda de frutos e no desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas de citros. / The objective of this research was to evaluate physiological and biochemical responses of citrus (Citrus spp.) plants sprayed with the herbicide glyphosate. Four studies were done to attain this objective. By the first one, it were investigated the effects of glyphosate (dosages from 0 to 720 g a.e.ha-1 applied on plants canopies) on the leaf contents of shikimate, total free amino acids and phenolic compounds, and on photosynthesis of citrus plants under controlled conditions. The experiments were conducted using ‘Rangpur Lime’ (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck) rootstock, with 4 months old, and ‘Valencia’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) scion grafted on ‘Swingle’ (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf x Citrus paradisi Macf) rootstock, with 24 months old. By the second trial, it was evaluated, under field conditions, the toxicity of glyphosate on citrus plants sprayed directly to the the trunk (dosages from 0 to 2160 g a.e.ha-1) or on the canopy (dosages from 0 to 720 g a.e.ha-1). The plants tested were ‘Valencia’ var. grafted on ‘Swingle’ var. and on ‘Rangpur Lime’ var., with 20 and 27 months old, respectively. By the third trial, it was evaluated the fruit dropping of ‘Pera’ var. (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in relation to glyphosate spray. The last trial was conducted to evaluate if an accidental simulated spray of glyphosate can cause toxicity and fruit dropping in ‘Pera’ citrus var. The results by the first study showed effects of glyphosate only on shikimate and total free amino acids contents of ‘Rangpur Lime’ seedlings. However, these effects were temporaries. No effect was found on phenolic compound contents and on the photosynthetic characteristics evaluated. It was not postrayed any effect on biochemical and photosynthetic characteristics of the ‘Valencia’ plants, indicating significant glyphosate tolerance. By the second study, the citrus plants sprayed with glyphosate on their trunks have not showed intoxication. Only the application of glyphosate at dosages of 360 and 720 g a.i.ha-1 on the canopies affected the plants. The main toxic symptoms consisted of deformation of new flushes, indicating effect on plant meristems. The effects of glyphosate were low or none in the mature leaves. All plants sprayed by glyphosate have been recovered by from six to twelve months after the application. In the study, in order to evaluate the fruit dropping, it was found that the herbicide glyphosate induced ethylene production, causing fruit dropping when they are in final phase of ripening. Fruit dropping occurred mainly due to the direct contact of the spraying instead of the herbicide translocation. By the last study it was found that the accidental simulated spraying is partially intercepted by weeds, do not causing significant effect on fruit dropping and citrus growth.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar o processo de compostagem utilizando-se matÃria orgÃnica disponÃvel no banco de mudas da cidade de Sobral - CE, (esterco eqÃino e palhas de carnaÃba) em trÃs sistemas de aeraÃÃo: com injeÃÃo de ar, sucÃÃo de ar e injeÃÃo e sucÃÃo ar em ciclo (hÃbrido), observando-se os parÃmetros recomendados pela legislaÃÃo brasileira vigente, durante as fases de degradaÃÃo ativa e de maturaÃÃo. O experimento foi instalado com trÃs tratamentos, sendo um (01) sob o modo positivo; um (01) sob o modo negativo e um (01) sob o modo hÃbrido, obedecendo as proporÃÃes de 30% de esterco eqÃino e 70% de palhas, para todos os tratamentos. Cada tratamento foi repetido 3 (trÃs) vezes, perfazendo, assim, um total de 9 (nove) parcelas. Foi realizada a avaliaÃÃo destes processos, tendo sido observadas, principalmente, a influÃncia da aeraÃÃo e da umidade no desempenho destas tÃcnicas de tratamento, em leiras estÃticas aeradas. Durante a fase ativa, as leiras sob o modo positivo apresentaram reduÃÃo mÃdia de matÃria orgÃnica de 26,55%, as leiras sob o modo negativo de 21,78%, enquanto que as leiras, sob o modo hÃbrido de 31,21%. Durante a fase de maturaÃÃo, foram reviradas trÃs leiras de cada sistema de aeraÃÃo. A reduÃÃo mÃdia da matÃria orgÃnica das mesmas foi de 50,63%, em 50 dias; as demais apresentaram reduÃÃo mÃdia de 39,54%, em 60 dias. Durante a fase ativa, as leiras operadas sob o modo positivo apresentaram, em mÃdia, reduÃÃo de Carbono de 26,55%, no perÃodo de 40 dias; as leiras sob o modo negativo, de 21,78%, no perÃodo de 50 dias; e as leiras sob o modo hÃbrido de 31,21%, no perÃodo de 30 dias. Durante a fase de maturaÃÃo, para as leiras que sofreram reviramento, a reduÃÃo mÃdia de Carbono foi de 50,63%, no perÃodo de 50 dias, enquanto que as demais apresentaram uma reduÃÃo mÃdia de 39,54%, no perÃodo de 60 dias. O pH se mostrou Ãcido no material e no inÃcio do processo de compostagem, em todas as leiras. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os valores mÃdios do Ãndice pH foram aumentando de acordo com a degradaÃÃo da matÃria orgÃnica. Na fase de maturaÃÃo, o pH permaneceu na faixa alcalina em todas as leiras. Durante fase ativa, o teor de nitrogÃnio cresceu, em mÃdia, 41,12% nas leiras sob o modo positivo, 54,21% nas leiras sob o modo negativo e 32,05% nas leiras sob o modo hÃbrido. Durante fase ativa, as leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo positivo apresentaram uma reduÃÃo da relaÃÃo C/N de 47,89%, em 40 dias; as leiras sob o modo negativo, de 44,35%, em 50 dias; e as leiras sob o modo hÃbrido, de 48,33%, em 30 dias. PÃde-se observar que a relaÃÃo C/N final na fase de maturaÃÃo das leiras que foram reviradas, apresentou valores mÃdios na ordem de 10 a 15 no perÃodo de 50 dias. As leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo positivo tambÃm registraram valores dentro desta faixa, porÃm no perÃodo de 60 dias, enquanto que as leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo negativo registraram valores mÃdios superiores ao recomendado pela legislaÃÃo, tambÃm no perÃodo de 60 dias. Observou-se que em todos os sistemas os Coliformes Totais e Fecais ou Termotolerantes foram diminuindo durante a fase de aeraÃÃo (fase de degradaÃÃo ativa). As leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo positivo registraram valores de Coliformes Totais da ordem de 9,1x108 a 5,0x103 UFC. g-Âe de Coliformes Fecais da ordem de 6,2x108 a 3,1x103 UFCg-1; as leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo negativo registraram valores de Coliformes Totais da ordem de 8,4x108 a 4,8x103 UFC.g-1 e de Coliformes Fecais da ordem de 6,1x108 a 3,5x103 UFC.g-1 ; e as leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo hibrido registraram valores de Coliformes Totais da ordem de 9,2x107 a 4,1x103 UFC.g  e de Coliformes Fecais,da ordem de 5,2x108a 3,2x103 UFC.g-1 A temperatura foi o parÃmetro utilizado para avaliar a eficiÃncia do processo de compostagem, durante a fase ativa. O tÃrmino da fase de maturaÃÃo foi verificado por meio da relaÃÃo C/N. A anÃlise dos resultados obtidos para os parÃmetros fÃsicos, quÃmicos, e microbiolÃgicos nos trÃs sistemas avaliados neste trabalho permite inferir sobre o desempenho satisfatÃrio dos sistemas operacionalizados sob os modos positivo e hibrido. Com relaÃÃo à aeraÃÃo na primeira fase do processo, pode-se afirmar que seu efeito contribuiu satisfatoriamente, tanto na eliminaÃÃo de patÃgenos como na diminuiÃÃo do tempo de compostagem, acelerando a metabolizaÃÃo da matÃria orgÃnica. De posse dos resultados das anÃlises dos experimentos e interpretaÃÃo dos dados, observou-se que o sistema hÃbrido proposto neste trabalho apresentou ser mais eficiente que os demais. / In this research, it was aimed to evaluate the process of composting using the organic matter available at the bank of seedlings of the city of Sobral - CE, (horse manure and straw of carnauba) in three aeration systems: with injection of air, sucking of the air and injection and sucking in air cycle (hybrid), in compliance with the parameters recommended by Brazilian legislation in force, during the phases of active degradation and maturation. The experiment was installed with three treatments, one (01) under the positive way; one (01) under the negative way and one (01) under the hybrid way, following the proportions of 30% of horse manure and 70% of straw , for all treatments. Each treatment was repeated three (3) times, making, thus, a total of 9 (nine) parcels. It was conducted the evaluation of these processes, and it was observed mainly the influence of aeration and moisture in the performance of these techniques of treatment, on static. During the active phase, the under positive way they developed average reduction of organic matter of 26.55%, the under the negative way of 21.78%, while the, under the hybrid way of 31.21%. During the phase of maturation, it was turned three of each system of aeration. The reduction of organic matter of them was 50,63%, in 50 days; The other ones showed average reduction of 39,54%, in 60 days. During the active phase, the operated under the positive way had, on average, reduction of carbon of 26.55%, in the period of 40 days, the under the negative mode of 21.78%, in the period of 50 days, and the under the hybrid way of 31.21%, within 30 days. During the stage of maturity, for the that suffered of returning, the average reduction of carbon was 50.63%, in the period of 50 days, while the other ones showed an average decrease of 39.54%, in the period of 60 days. On all the, the pH developed in the material and in the beginning of the process of composting was acid. The results showed that the average pH was increasing according to the degradation of organic matter. At the stage of maturity, the pH remained in the alkaline range on all the. During the active phase, the content of nitrogen grown by an average of 41.12% on the under the positive way, 54.21% on the under the negative mode and 32.05% on the under the hybrid way. During the maturation, the content of nitrogen on all, regardless of the used method of aeration, presented quite different results. During active phase, the operated under the positive way showed a reduction of the C/N nitrogen of 47.89% in 40 days, the piles under the negative mode of 44.35% in 50 days; and piles under the hybrid way of 48.33%, in 30 days. It was observed that the C/N in the final stage of maturation of the that were returned, presented average values in the order of 10 to 15 in the period of 50 days. The under the operational way also recorded positive values within this range, but in the period of 60 days, while the piles under the operational mode registered negative average above the recommended by the law, in the period of 60 days. It was observed that in all the systems the Total Coliform and the Fecal Coliform were decreasing during the aeration (active phase of degradation). The under the operational mode recorded positive values of Total Coliform in the order of 9,1x108 to 5,0 x103 CFU.g-1 and of Fecal Coliform of the order of 6,2 x108 to 3,1 x103 UFCg-1, and the operational under the negative way registered values of Total Coliform in the order of 8,4 x108 to 4,8 x103 CFU.g-1 and of Fecal Coliform in the order of 6,1 x108 to 3,5 x103 CFU.g-1, and the piles under the hybrid way recorded values of Total Coliform in the order of 4,1 to 9,2 x107 and x103 CFU.g  and of Fecal Coliform, in the order of 5,2 x108 to 3,2 x103 CFU.g-1. The temperature was the factor used to evaluate the efficiency of the composting process, during the active phase. The end of the stage of maturity was verified by the C/N. The analysis of the results for the physical, chemical and microbiological systems in the three evaluated systems in this research were possible because of the satisfactory performance of the systems operated under the positive and hybrid ways. Regarding the aeration in the first phase of the trial, one can say that its effect contributed satisfactorily for the elimination of pathogens, such as decreasing the time of composting, accelerating the metabolism of organic matter. By the results of the analyses of the experiments and also the interpretation of the data, it was observed that the hybrid system of this research was more efficient than the others ones.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta dissertaÃÃo, tratamos da gramaticalizaÃÃo do pretÃrito perfeito composto em LÃngua Portuguesa. Abordamos a mudanÃa linguÃstica, partindo da correlaÃÃo forma(s)-funÃÃo(Ães) em dois eixos de anÃlise: (i) o continnum de gramaticalizaÃÃo de ter/haver (pleno) + particÃpio adjetival > ter/haver (auxiliar) + particÃpio verbal e (ii) a variaÃÃo linguÃstica na codificaÃÃo do tempo passado perfectivo anterior ao momento da fala. Duas abordagens teÃricas embasam a pesquisa: o Funcionalismo linguÃstico, voltado à gramaticalizaÃÃo e a Teoria da VariaÃÃo e MudanÃa LinguÃstica, estabelecendo, dessa forma, um modelo sociofuncionalista de investigaÃÃo. Para isso, utilizamos narrativas em prosa dos sÃculos XV, XVI e XVII, perÃodo de transiÃÃo e fixaÃÃo da LÃngua Portuguesa. No que concerne à gramaticalizaÃÃo, foram investigados os parÃmetros de gramaticalizaÃÃo de Lehmann (2002[1985]) â Integridade, Paradigmaticidade, Variabilidade paradigmÃtica, Escopo, Conexidade, Variabilidade sintagmÃtica â a modalidade, o tempo em relaÃÃo à referÃncia e o tipo de verbo. No que diz respeito à variaÃÃo, foram analisados a modalidade, o aspecto, a natureza semÃntica dos argumentos, o tipo de verbo, a referÃncia temporal â textual e o perÃodo histÃrico. Desses fatores mostram-se relevantes para o condicionamento a relaÃÃo entre tempo e referÃncia, a natureza semÃntica do sujeito, o aspecto e o perÃodo histÃrico. Essa proposta se mostra relevante, porque, alÃm de atestar o uso o pretÃrito perfeito composto ao longo da histÃria da linguÃstica do PortuguÃs como as pesquisas anteriores sobre o tema, investiga os fatores que condicionaram a mudanÃa de ter/haver + particÃpio passado sob a Ãtica sociofuncionalista. / In this dissertation, we deal with the grammaticalization of past tense compound in Portuguese. We discuss linguistic change, based on the correlation form(s)-function(s) in two lines of analysis: (I) the grammaticalization continuum of to have/there to be (full) + adjectival participle > to have/there to be (auxiliary) + verb participle and (ii) the linguistic variation in coding the perfective past tense before the moment of speech. Two theoretical approaches base the research: the linguistic Functionalism, focused on grammaticalization, and the Theory of Linguistic Variation and Change, establishing thus a socio-functionalist research model. For this, we used narratives in prose from the XV, XVI and XVII centuries, Portuguese transition and fixation moment. Regarding grammaticalization, we investigated Lehmannâs (2002[1985]) grammaticalization parameters - Integrity, Paradigmaticity, Paradigmatic Variability, Scope, Bondedness, Syntagmatic Variability - modality, reference time and verb type. Regarding variation, we investigated modality, aspect, semantic nature of arguments, type of verb, time and textual reference and the historical moment. Out of these factors, the ones shown as relevant for conditioning were time and reference relation, semantic nature of the subject, aspect and historical moment. This proposal is relevant because, besides attesting the past tense compound use made throughout Portuguese history as previous research has done on the topic, it investigates the factors that condition to have/there to be + past participle change from the socio-functionalist viewpoint.

A análise da instabilidade em pilares de concreto armado não é tão simples, o que leva os profissionais da área a recorrer ao uso de processos mais simplistas ou a mudanças na geometria da peça de concreto armado. Isso se deve ao fato do pouco conhecimento que existe sobre o real comportamento da estrutura. Muitos estudos têm sido elaborados para a análise da capacidade última dessas peças comprimidas e da estrutura como um todo, consistindo na análise do comportamento dos pilares submetidos a determinadas solicitações normais. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da estabilidade de pilares esbeltos de concreto armado submetidos à flexão normal composta. O estudo complementa o trabalho desenvolvido por Paula (1988) para a averiguação de colunas esbeltas, acrescentando-o alguns fatores como a esbeltez, distribuição do momento de primeira ordem e cargas de longa duração. O objetivo é apresentar meios para o dimensionamento de peças esbeltas através de caminhos alternativos e simplistas que permitam avaliar com certa precisão a estabilidade de um barra. / Analysis of reinforced concrete column instability in is not a simple task making the engineers to use simple designing processes or sometimes choose simple column geometry. The reason for that is the little knowledge of the real behaviour of the structure. Many studies have been made so far regarding the ultimate capacity of compressed columns following recommendations of several international codes. The present study is related to the stability of slender reinforced concrete columns subjected to bending moments and normal forces. It follows the first work made by de Paula (1988), in which the investigation of slender reinforced columns has been conducted. This is here completed by introducing other parameters in the analysis such as: slenderness ratio, distribution of the first order bending moments along the column and long-term loads. It also proposes an alternative procedure to avoid computing the actual ultimate load capacity in compression. A conventional ultimate curvature is proposed to give an approximated final bending moment distribution along the column, taking into account the second other effects. The column is then analysed considering only the ultimate material failure criteria. Thus, the instability is indirectly verified.

Haslea ostrearia est une diatomée cosmopolite pouvant proliférer en milieu naturel et dont les efflorescences sont particulièrement fréquentes dans les claires à huîtres de la côte Atlantique française. Cette diatomée produit la marennine, un pigment bleu-vert hydrosoluble connu pour induire le verdissement des branchies des huîtres, augmentant ainsi leur valeur marchande. La marennine présente des activités allélopathiques, antioxydantes ou encore antibactériennes in vitro et son utilisation en aquaculture a été envisagée suite à la mise en évidence d’effets prophylactiques chez des bivalves. Les objectifs de ce doctorat étaient 1) d’identifier les effets de ce pigment sur la croissance des bactéries du genre Vibrio, fréquemment impliquées dans la mortalité massive de bivalves et 2) de s’assurer de son innocuité sur des organismes marins (e.g. mollusques, échinodermes). Nos résultats sur la croissance bactérienne ont montré que les relations dose-effet ne présentaient pas systématiquement une tendance linéaire et également que la marennine pouvait totalement inhiber ou bien stimuler la croissance de Vibrio en fonction de la souche testée. De plus, des concentrations écologiquement pertinentes ont induit des effets négatifs sur la survie et le développement d’animaux marins. Ces effets indésirables n’ont cependant été observés que chez des stades fragiles de développement tels que les embryons et les larves. Enfin, nos résultats questionnent l’utilisation de H. ostrearia en aquaculture et soulignent la nécessité d’établir des doses seuils d'exposition afin de prévenir tout effet indésirable, tout en bénéficiant des effets prophylactiques de la marennine. / Blooms of the diatom Haslea ostrearia are recorded worldwide in marine environments and occur frequently in oyster ponds in the Western French coast. This diatom produces a blue-green water soluble pigment named marennine that is known to turn oyster gills green, which provides a higher market value to the bivalves. Although H. ostrearia has been identified centuries ago, little is known about the ecological significance of the blue pigment. Marennine displays allelopathic, antioxidant or antibacterial activities in vitro and its use in aquaculture was considered as some prophylactic effects were demonstrated on farmed shellfish. The aims of this thesis were thus 1) to further identify the effects of this pigment on the growth of bacteria from the genus Vibrio that are frequently involved in bivalve mass mortality and 2) to ensure its safety on marine organisms (e.g. molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms). Our results on bacterial growth demonstrated that the dose-response curves did not systematically present a linear pattern (e.g. “U shape”, hormetic responses) and that marennine could either totally inhibit the growth of Vibrio or stimulate it depending on the strain tested. Also, ecologically relevant doses could impair the survival and the development of the marine organisms tested. Such noxious effects seemed to only target early and fragile developmental stages as embryos and larvae, while adults appeared unaffected. Finally, our results question the exploitation of H. ostrearia in aquaculture and highlight the need to set exposure threshold doses to prevent any adverse effects but to benefit from the prophylactic strategy resulting from the use of marennine.

Rhodococci are notable for their ability to degrade a variety of natural and xenobiotic compounds. Recently, interest in Rhodococcus has increased due to the discovery of a large number of genes for secondary metabolism. Only a few secondary metabolites have been characterized from the rhodococci (including 3 recently described antibiotics). Twenty-four new Rhodococcus strains were isolated from soils in East Tennessee using acetonitrile enrichment culturing and identified using 16S rRNA analysis. Forty-seven Rhodococcus strains were screened for antibiotic production using a growth inhibition assay. One strain, MTM3W5.2, had 90% similarity to the Rhodococcus opacus 16S rRNA gene sequence and produced a large zone of inhibition against R. erythropolis and a large number of closely related species. The antimicrobial compound produced by MTM3W5.2 had a large MW of 911.5452 Da and acts much like a bacteriocin but no amino acids were detected in this molecule based on TLC analysis.

abstract: In the daily life of an individual problems of varying difficulty are encountered. Each problem may include a different number of constraints placed upon the problem solver. One type of problem commonly used in research are multiply-constrained problems, such as the compound remote associates. Since their development they have been related to creativity and insight. Moreover, research has been conducted to determine the cognitive abilities underlying problem solving abilities. We sought to fully evaluate the range of cognitive abilities (i.e., working memory, episodic and semantic memory, and fluid and crystallized intelligence) linked to multiply-constrained problem solving. Additionally, we sought to determine whether problem solving ability and strategies (analytical or insightful) were task specific or domain general through the use of novel problem solving tasks (TriBond and Location Bond). Results indicated that multiply-constrained problem solving abilities were domain general, solutions derived through insightful strategies were more often correct than analytical, and crystallized intelligence was the only cognitive ability that provided unique predictive value. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2019