This project is conceived within the master's degree in engineering technology and industry management (M2I-K Engineering) technology by design of the brake disc cover in compound tool, with year production 500 000 pcs. The material is deep-drawn sheet metal 11 305.21, 1 mm thickness. It is based on the literature studies about forming and calculation was suggested several variants of the present components. The proposed tool is clamped in the crank press LDC 400 firm Šmeral with a nominal force of 4000 kN. The functional parts are made from steel 19 573. The proposed technology of the deep drawing was verified by using simulation program AutoForm.

This diploma thesis deals with influence of modifying additives on achieved properties of anhydrite binders. The first part is focused on funamentals of anhydrite binders. Ist second part introduces anhydrite under-layments and their standard requirements. The experimental part is dedicated to anhydrite binders modyfyied by plasticizers, while their final properties are compared.

Les cyclopropanes sont des motifs régulièrement incorporés lors du développement de nouvelles molécules bioactives de par les propriétés qu’ils apportent à celles-ci. Cela a donc poussé les chimistes organiciens à développer de nouvelles méthodologies pour leur synthèse en modulant notamment les différentes substitutions. Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent donc dans cette thématique : le développement de méthodologies permettant l’accès à des cyclopropanes hautement substitués. Afin d’accéder à des motifs 1,2,3-trisubstitués et stéréoenrichis, nous avons dans un premier temps envisagé de réaliser des couplages de Suzuki-Miyaura sur des halocyclopropanes 2,3-disubstitués synthétisés dans le groupe grâce à l’utilisation du ligand chiral de type dioxaborolane. Des conditions douces et reproductibles ont été développées, notamment grâce à la synthèse d’un pré-catalyseur de type Buchwald. Les chapitres suivants ont été consacrés à la synthèse de motifs cyclopropaniques substitués de manière plus directe en utilisant des composés diazoïques portant les groupements à introduire. Des diazoalcanes semi-stabilisés (portant des groupements possédant des liaisons π proximales tels que des aryles ou des alcènes) ont tout d’abord été employés. L’utilisation d’une porphyrine de fer a permis de réaliser des cyclopropanations d’aryldiazométhanes générés in situ à partir de 2-nosylhydrazones dans des conditions douces, ce qui a permis d’élargir la gamme de composés diazoïques semi-stabilisés utilisables en cyclopropanation. Nous avons par la suite envisagé de réaliser des cyclopropanations de dialkyldiazoalcanes générés in situ à partir d’arylsulfonylhydrazones. Des gem-diméthyl cyclopropanes, motifs d’intérêt pour l’industrie pharmaceutique, ont été synthétisés avec succès et ce sans nécessiter la présence d’un catalyseur métallique. De hautes températures ont cependant été nécessaires. À cause de ces conditions très dures, nous nous sommes tournés vers une autre stratégie pour la synthèse de composés diazoïques non-stabilisés. Nous avons alors envisagé d’oxyder des hydrazones libres, ce processus pouvant se dérouler à basses températures et générant moins de déchets. Après l’achèvement d’un projet initié par d’autres membres du groupe employant une quantité stœchiométrique d’un oxydant métallique, nous nous sommes tournés vers l’utilisation de l’iodosylbenzène. Cet oxydant organique a permis la génération de nombreux composés diazoïques aliphatiques et a été compatible avec une réaction de cycloaddition [3+2] in situ de divers accepteurs de Michael. Alors que les conditions réactionnelles ne permettaient pas la conversion spontanée de toutes les 1-pyrazolines générées en cyclopropanes, un processus de photolyse en chimie en flux continu a été développé afin d’induire ces contractions de cycle. Des dérivés d’amino acides non naturels ainsi que des gem-diméthyl cyclopropanes ont été obtenus avec de hauts rendements. En immobilisant l’iodosylbenzène dans un réacteur à garnissage et en utilisant la technologie en flux continu, nous avons par la suite généré des solutions relativement pures de phényldiazométhane. Cependant, la génération de composés diazoïques non-stabilisés en utilisant ce processus s’est avérée plus complexe en raison de diverses incompatibilités. Enfin, la synthèse de cyclopropanes substitués par des groupements amino, alkoxy ou aryloxy a été envisagée via l’utilisation de composés diazoïques substitués par ces hétéroatomes. Lors de l’initiation de ces travaux, un faible rendement en aminocyclopropane a été obtenu, indiquant néanmoins la génération et cyclopropanation du composé diazoïque déstabilisé désiré. / The cyclopropane moiety is present in a large number of bioactive molecules as its incorporation usually improves their physicochemical properties. As a result, the development of new methodologies allowing the synthesis of various substituted cyclopropanes have become of significant interest. In order to access stereoenriched 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropanes, we first developed a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 2,3-disubstituted halocyclopropanes synthesized in the group using a chiral dioxaborolane ligand. Mild and highly reproducible reaction conditions were developed, especially thanks to the synthesis of a Buchwald type pre-catalyst. The next chapters were devoted to the synthesis of substituted cyclopropanes using diazo compounds bearing the groups to introduce. Semi-stabilized diazoalkanes (bearing π-system-containing groups such as aryl or alkene moieties) were first employed. The use of an iron porphyrin allowed the cyclopropanation of aryldiazomethanes generated in situ from 2-nosylhydrazones under mild conditions, enabling a broader scope of semi-stabilized diazo compounds that can be used in cyclopropanation reactions. Then, we investigated the cyclopropanation of dialkyldiazoalkanes generated in situ from arylsulfonylhydrazones. Gem-dimethyl cyclopropanes, motifs of particular interest in medicinal chemistry, were synthesized under metal-free conditions. However, high temperatures were needed to decompose the diazo precursors. Because of these harsh reaction conditions, we moved to another strategy enabling the synthesis of non-stabilized diazo compounds. We envisioned the oxidation of free hydrazones, being a more atom economical process that typically requires lower temperatures. After the completion of a project initiated by other group members employing stoichiometric amounts of a metallic reagent, we investigated the use of an organic oxidant. Iodosylbenzene allowed the generation of numerous aliphatic diazo compounds and was compatible with the in situ [3+2] cycloaddition of various Michael acceptors. Conversion of the 1-pyrazolines into the corresponding cyclopropanes was not always spontaneous under these reaction conditions, and therefore a photolysis process using continuous flow was developed in order to induce the ring contractions. Unnatural amino acids and gem-dimethyl cyclopropanes were synthesized in high yields using methodology. Immobilizing the iodosylbenzene in a packed bed reactor using a continuous flow set up allowed us to rapidly generate clean solutions of phenyldiazomethane. However, the production of non-stabilized diazo compounds using this process turned out to be more complicated due to numerous incompatibilities. Finally, the syntheses of amino-, alkoxy- or aryloxycyclopropanes were attempted by generating heteroatom-substituted diazo compounds from the corresponding free hydrazones. An aminocyclopropane was obtained during the initial investigation of this reaction. Although in low yield, this result showed the feasibility of each and every step.

Orientador: João Antonio Galbiatti / Coorientador: Márcio José Santana / Banca: Américo Iorio Ciociola Júnior / Banca: Haroldo Silva Vallone / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Rogério Teixeira de Faria / Resumo: Na produção de hortaliças é fator determinante a adubação aplicada nas dosagens corretas e a reposição de água no solo em quantidades ideais. A adubação com compostos orgânicos pode diminuir o custo da produção e proporcionar aumento da produtividade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar os efeitos das reposições de água de irrigação na produtividade, e a dosagem do composto de lixo a ser utilizada na cultura do pimentão quando cultivada em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa modelo arco com 280 m2. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 24 tratamentos em esquema fatorial de 6 x 4 (formas de adubação e reposição de água no solo, respectivamente). Quanto à adubação, foram seis formas: adubação mineral e adubação com composto de lixo orgânico (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 16 t ha-1), mais uma testemunha sem adição de adubos. Quanto às reposições de água no solo foram de 70%, 100%, 130% e 160% da lâmina necessária para elevar o solo à capacidade de campo. Foram determinados o número de frutos, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, eficiência do uso da água e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os resultados, verificou-se que quando a reposição de água no solo foi efetuada integralmente (100% de reposição) a produtividade foi similar entre as adubações com composto de lixo orgânico de 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 8 t ha-1 / Abstract: In vegetables production, the correct dosages of applied fertilizer and replacement of water in the soil in optimal amounts is a determining factor. The fertilization with organic compounds can decrease the production cost and provide increased productivity. This study aimed to: determine the effects of different replacement of irrigation water in crop yield, and optimal dosage of organic compound to be used in sweet pepper when grown in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a bow model greenhouse with 280 m2. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with 24 treatments in a factorial arrangement of 6 x 4 (types of fertilization and water replacement in the soil, respectively). As for fertilization, it's used six forms: fertilization with mineral fertilizer and organic compound (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 16 t ha-1) and one as control, without addition of fertilizers. For the water replacement in the soil, it's used 70%, 100%, 130% and 160% of the blade to raise the soil at field capacity. It was determined the number of fruits, plants height, stalk diameter, efficiency of water use and crop productivity. Among the results, it was found that when the replacement of water in the soil was made in full (100% replacement) the productivity was similar between the fertilizer with organic waste compound of 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 8 t ha-1 / Doutor

Manufacturing of Mechanical Supporting Foamed Sheets by processing Free Flowing Phenolic Molding Compounds with the Foam Extrusion and its Characterization

The R2PdSi3 (R = heavy rare earth) have been synthesized first in 1990 in the search for materials with unusual electronic properties. The availability of single crystals was the starting point for several investigations of the magneto-crystalline anisotropy, also in applied magnetic fields. The results of the observed properties in resistivity, magnetization and susceptibility lead to the summary that these compounds range from interesting to exotic and that their magnetic properties are low dimensional, spin-glass like and altogether “novel”. The focus of this thesis is the careful analysis of the magnetic properties and magnetic structures of single crystalline R2PdSi3 (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm). The investigation of macroscopic properties uses magnetization and ac-susceptibility measurements. Resulting from these investigations are magnetic phase diagrams. Neutron and resonant X-ray diffraction measurements elucidate the magnetic structure for the investigated compounds. The phase diagram of Tb2PdSi3 is the starting point of a detailed neutron diffraction study in applied magnetic fields up to 6.5 T and in the temperature range from 0.05 K to 100 K on this compound. Key to the understanding of the R2PdSi3 is the strong coupling of crystallographic structure to the magnetic properties. Thus the established framework of exchange interaction and magneto-crystalline anisotropy allows a collective description instead of a “novel” behavior. / Die R2PdSi3 (R = schwere seltene Erde) sind erstmals 1990, im Rahmen der Suche nach Materialien mit ungewöhnlichen elektronischen Eigenschaften, synthetisiert worden. Die Verfügbarkeit von Einkristallen war der Startpunkt für eine Vielzahl von Untersuchungen, auch in angelegten Magnetfeldern, der magneto-kristallinen Anisotropie. Das Ergebnis der untersuchten Eigenschaften Widerstand, Magnetisierung und Suszeptibilität führte zu dem Schluss, dass diese Verbindungen interessant bis exotisch und das ihre magnetischen Eigenschaften niedrig dimensional, spin-glas ähnlich und insgesamt “neuartig“ sind. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Dissertation ist die genaue Analyse der magnetischen Eigenschaften und Magnetischen Strukturen von einkristallinen R2PdSi3 (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm). Magnetisierungs- und Suszeptibilitäts-Messungen werden zur Untersuchung der makroskopischen Eigenschaften benutzt. Resultat dieser Untersuchungen sind magnetische Phasendiagramme. Neutronen und resonante Röntgendiffraktrometrie klären die magnetische Struktur der untersuchten Verbindungen auf. Das Phasendiagramm von Tb2PdSi3 ist der Startpunkt einer detaillierten Neutronendiffraktionsuntersuchung dieser Verbindung in Magnetfeldern bis 6.5 T und im Temperaturbereich von 0.05 K und 100 K. Der Schlüssel zum Verständnis der R2PdSi3 ist die starke Kopplung der kristallografischen Struktur und der magnetischen Eigenschaften. Dadurch erlaubt das etablierte System aus Austauschwechselwirkung und magneto-kristalliner Anisotropie eine gemeinsame Beschreibung anstatt „neuartigem“ Verhalten.

The dissertation explores the opportunities and limits of implementing constructivist elements into Czech language education. While in didactics of mathematics and sciences the perspective of constructivism has been dynamically developing, in language didactics it is an area which has not been satisfactorily dealt with. The effectiveness of a designed constructivist teaching strategy in contrast with a traditional one has been tested on a selected part of content matter of Czech syntax (relations in compound sentences) in the terrain of two classes of higher-secondary school. Constructivist teaching utilizes students' conceptions; therefore before the experiment itself, students' conceptions of the content matter were researched on one selected subject. The outcomes were then taken into account when creating the experimental strategy. It is necessary for teaching Czech that it makes use of the students' preconceptions and their natural language competence, and that teaching has a semantic- functional, or communication approach to the language phenomena taught. The results of the research suggest that it is possible to implement constructivist features into Czech language teaching successfully, and that their effectiveness in certain aspects might be higher than it is with traditional strategies. In any...

Dhana ya usarufishaji, kama Kamusi ya Isimu na Lugha inavyoeleza, ni ubadilishaji wa neno huru ama mofimu huru yenye maana ya kisemantiki na kuifanya mofimu funge na yenye maana ya kisarufi zaidi. Tunaposema kuhusu usarufishaji, mara nyingi tunamaanisha hasa ubadilishaji wa neno huru liwe mofimu. Miongoni mwa aina zote za maneno, ambazo zinaweza kusarufishwa, zile zinazotumika mara nyingi zaidi ni nomino na vitenzi. Ningetaka kujibu swali juu ya kazi ya kisarufi ya leksimu mwana: baada ya kuzichunguza maana zake za kisarufi inawezekana kutilia mkazo kwamba katika lugha ya Kiswahili tunashuhudia mwanzo wa kuibadilisha nomino huru mwana iwe kiambishi awali cha uundaji wa maneno mapya yanayotaja watu mbalimbali kutokana na kazi, shughuli zao, kuwepo katika vyama n.k. Inawezekana kwamba maneno ambatani yanayoanzia na mwana yanaunda ngeli maalum ya nomino (sawa na ngeli ya 1a/2a ya lugha nyingine za Kibantu).

The original purpose of this study was to compare initial resuscitation of hemorrhagic hypotension after traumatic brain injury (TBI) with saline and shed blood. Based on those results, the protocol was modified and saline was compared to a blood substitute, diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb). Two series of experiments were performed in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated (FiO2 = 0.4) pigs (35-45 kg). In Series 1, fluid percussion TBI (6-8 ATM) was followed by a 30% hemorrhage. At 120 min post-TBI, initial resuscitation consisted of either shed blood (n = 7) or a bolus of 3x shed blood volume as saline (n = 13). Saline supplements were then administered to all pigs to maintain a systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) of >100 mmHg and a heart rate (HR) of <110 beats/min. In Series 2, TBI (4-5 ATM) was followed by a 35% hemorrhage. At 60 min post-TBI, initial resuscitation consisted of either 500 mL of DCLHb (n = 6) or 500 mL of saline (n = 5). This was followed by saline supplements to all pigs to maintain a SAP of >100 mmHg and a HR of <110 beats/min. In Series 1, most systemic markers of resuscitation (e.g., SAP, HR, cardiac output, filling pressures, lactate, etc.) were normalized, but there were 0/7 vs. 5/13 deaths within 5 h (P = 0.058) with blood vs. saline. At constant arterial O2 saturation (SaO2), mixed venous O2 saturation (SvO2), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cerebral venous O2 saturation (ScvO2) were all higher, intracranial pressure (ICP) was lower, and CO2 reactivity was preserved with blood vs. saline (all P < 0.05). In Series 2, SAP, ICP, CPP, and lactate were higher with DCLHb vs. saline (all P < 0.05). Cardiac output was lower even though filling pressure was markedly elevated with DCLHb vs. saline (both P < 0.05). Neither SvO2 nor cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity were improved, and ScvO2 was lower with DCLHb vs. saline (P < 0.05). All survived at least 72 h with neuropathologic changes that included sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, midline cerebellar necrosis, and diffuse axonal injury. These changes were similar with DCLHb vs. saline. Thus, whole blood was more effective than saline for resuscitation of TBI, whereas DCLHb was no more, and according to many variables, less effective than saline resuscitation. These experimental results are comparable to those in a recent multicenter trial using DCLHb for the treatment of severe traumatic shock. Further investigations in similar experimental models might provide some plausible explanations why DCLHb unexpectedly increased mortality in patients.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze how post-nominal of-phrases are translated from English to Swedish in a non-fiction text about the musician Dave Grohl and his band Foo Fighters. The analysis is both quantitative and qualitative. The of-phrases are categorized according to Keizer’s (2007) categories, and the results show that most of-phrases are translated to prepositional phrases, although it differs which prepositions are used, depending on the type of ofphrase. For of-phrases of the possession-type, i is the most common preposition, and for compound-like of-phrases, av is the most common preposition. Of-phrases of possession-type are also frequently translated into genitive constructions, especially if the possessor is animate or syntactically light. Other structural changes also occur in the translation, although no pattern was found for this strategy in the analysis.