Mecanismos que regem o desenvolvimento do olho composto e lóbulo óptico tem sido amplamente estudados em Drosophila melanogaster onde a retina é formada a partir de um disco imaginal anexado com o cérebro e os lóbulos opticos a partir do primórdio óptico externo. Através de histologia comparativa e análise de expressão gênica no desenvolvimento do sistema visual em Apis mellifera nós procuramos elucidar questões sobre plasticidade do desenvolvimento subjacente a fortes diferenças sexo- e casta-específico no olho assim como contribuir com aspectos evo-devo. O desenvolvimento dos lóbulos ópticos ocorre por dobramento neuroepitelial a partir de um centro de diferenciação no cérebro larval. Deste centro, a medula, lamina e lóbula surgem ao mesmo tempo em operárias e zangões. Dois passos marcam a diferenciação da lâmina (i) sua origem a partir da diferenciação de neuroblastos da camada mais externa da medula, isso coincidindo com o primeiro pico de expressão de roughest, e (ii) 24 horas mais tarde o aparecimento dos omatideos hexagonais coincidindo com o segundo pico de expressão de roughest. Com a inclusão de genes candidatos relacionados com o desenvolvimento do olho e lóbulos ópticos em insetos [small optic lobe (sol), eyes absent (eya), minibrain (mnb), sine oculis (so), embryonic lethal, abnormal vision (elav) e epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr)] nós encontramos distintos picos de expressão para sol, eya, mnb e so em níveis de transcritos e tempo de aparição do pico diferindo entre operárias e zangões. Enquanto estes quatro genes mostraram relativa sincronia durante o desenvolvimento em zangões, o mesmo não ocorreu em operárias. Além disso, em operárias sol é muito mais expresso na pré-pupa do que em zangões. Ambos os sexo mostraram padrões muito similares de expressão de elav, exceto por um atraso em zangões. Em contraste, a expressão de egfr ocorre antes em zangões. Durante a phase chave no desenvolvimento do sistema visual, uma análise global do transcriptoma, por meio de micro-arranjos mostrou vários genes relacionados com ciclo celular entre os diferencialmente expressos. Em conclusão, a relação entre tempo e eventos morfológicos com os padrões de expressão gênica revelou diferenças possivelmente relacionadas com mecanismos subjacentes ao desenvolvimento do sistema visual altamente dimorfico de Apis mellifera. / Developmental mechanisms governing compound eye development in insects have been broadly studied in Drosophila melanogaster, where the retina is formed from an imaginal disc attached to the larval brain. However little is known about eye development in other insects, most of which do not have such imaginal eye discs. Through a comparative histological and gene expression analysis of eye development in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, we intended to elucidate questions about developmental plasticity underlying the marked sex and castespecific differences in eye size, as well as to contribute to evo-devo aspects. Optic lobe development occurs by neuroepithelial folding initiating from a differentiation center in the larval brain. From this center, the medula, lamina and lobula arise at the same time in drones and workers. Two steps mark the differentiation of the lamina (i) its origin from neuroblasts differentiating in the outer layer of the medula, this coinciding with the first peak of roughest expression during the feeding stage of the fifth larval instar, and (ii) 24 hours later, the appearance of hexagonal ommatidia, coinciding with a second peak in roughest expression. Upon including further candidate genes related to insect eye development [small optic lobe (sol), eyes absent (eya), minibrain (mnb), sine oculis (so), embryonic lethal, abnormal vision (elav) and epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr)] we found distinct expression peaks for sol, eya, mnb and so, with timing and relative transcript levels differing between drones and workers. Whereas these four genes showed a relatively synchronous pattern of expression in drones in the fifth larval instar, this was not so in workers. Furthermore, in prepupae sol was higher expressed in workers than the other three genes, and also in comparison to drones. Both sexes showed a strikingly similar expression pattern for elav, except for some delay in drones. In contrast, egfr expression was found to occur earlier in drones. Through a global transcriptom analysis, done at a key step of larval development, several genes were reveled as diffetentially expressed, many of these regulating cell cycle steps. In conclusion, the relationship in the timing of morphological events with gene expression patterns revealed differences possibly related to mechanisms underlying development of the highly dimorphic compound eye in the honey bee.

As folhas das angiospermas sofreram grandes modificações funcionais e estruturais ao longo do tempo, e atualmente apresentam uma ampla diversidade de formas, tamanhos e arranjos. Por exemplo, na tribo Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae), as folhas são geralmente 2-3-folíoladas, e o folíolo terminal é frequentemente modificado em gavinha. As gavinhas dos representantes de Bignonieae apresentam formas variadas (simples, bífidas, trífidas ou multífidas) e estão possivelmente envolvidas na diversificação da tribo. Apesar da importância das gavinhas para as plantas escandentes, pouco ainda é conhecido sobre esses órgãos nas angiospermas. Atualmente, existem dados disponíveis sobre genes que controlam o desenvolvimento de gavinhas foliares apenas para Pisum sativum (ervilha). Embora a maioria das angiospermas tenha o desenvolvimento de suas folhas controlado pelos genes KNOX1, em P. sativum, KNOX1 não é expresso nos primórdios foliares e seu desenvolvimento é regulado por LEAFY/FLORICAULA (LFY/FLO). Esses dados sugerem que folhas com gavinhas em outras espécies de planta também podem ser reguladas exclusivamente por LFY/FLO. O presente estudo investigou a evolução e o desenvolvimento dos diferentes tipos de gavinhas em Bignonieae e visou entender como mudanças na morfogênese foliar geraram os padrões atuais de variação morfológica das mesmas. Analisou-se o padrão de expressão dos genes SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM, gene KNOX1), PHANTASTICA (PHAN) e LFY/FLO durante o desenvolvimento foliar de três espécies de Bignonieae com diferentes tipos de gavinhas (simples, trífidas e multífidas), buscando um melhor entendimento da estrutura geral, origem e base genética do desenvolvimento das gavinhas foliares neste grupo. Nossos resultados demonstraram que as folhas se desenvolvem de maneira acrópeta em Bignonieae, bem como indicaram que gavinhas trífidas são ancestrais na tribo, com a evolução dos outros tipos de gavinhas tendo envolvido mudanças heterocrônicas no padrão de desenvolvimento básico das folhas. Além disso, transcritos do gene STM foram detectados em folhas em desenvolvimento, revelando que as folhas em Bignonieae se desenvolvem de maneira diferente das folhas de P. sativum, embora ambas apresentem gavinhas. Analises anatômicas revelaram que as gavinhas apresentam simetria bilateral e possuem algumas características similares aos folíolos, corroborando indicações previas de que as gavinhas de Bignonieae representariam folíolos modificados. Estas conclusões foram reforçadas pelo padrão de expressão encontrado para o gene PHAN (gene de identidade adaxial), cujos transcritos estavam confinados ao domínio adaxial do primórdio de gavinha em espécies que possuem gavinhas ramificadas, num padrão muito similar ao padrão observado nos primórdios dos folíolos. Em B. callistegioides, espécie que possui gavinhas simples, PHAN é expresso uniformemente por toda a gavinha, indicando que o domínio adaxial não foi corretamente estabelecido. Assim, as diferenças encontradas nos padrões de expressão do gene PHAN entre espécies com diferentes tipos de gavinhas em Bignonieae indica a existência de uma possível correlação entre a expressão do PHAN com a ramificação de gavinhas. Além disso, o padrão de expressão encontrado sugere que PHAN pode ter um papel importante no estabelecimento da polaridade em gavinhas e no surgimento dos vários tipos de gavinha encontrados na tribo. Além disso, o padrão de expressão do LFY/FLO em primórdios foliares nos levou a inferir que LFY/FLO pode ter um papel importante na separação de novos órgãos a partir de zonas meristemáticas. / Angiosperm leaves have undergone major functional and structural modifications over time, and currently exist in a wide diversity of forms, sizes, and arrangements. For example, in the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae), leaves are generally 2-3-foliolated, and the terminal leaflet is often modified into tendrils.These tendrils present varied morphologies (simple, bifid, trifid or multifid) and are thought to have been involved in the diversification of Bignonieae. Despite the importance of tendrils for climbing plants, little is still known about the biology of tendrils in the angiosperms. To date, no data is available on the genes that control tendrilled-leaf development in species other than pea (Pisum sativum). Even though KNOX1 genes control leaf development in the majority of compound-leaved angiosperms, in pea, KNOX1 is completely excluded from the leaf primordium and its development is regulated by LEAFY/FLORICAULA (LFY/FLO). This observation suggests that the development of other tendrilled-leaves might also be exclusively regulated by LFY/FLO as well. This study investigated the evolution and development of tendril types in Bignonieae in order to further understand how changes in leaf morphogenesis led to current patterns of variation in tendril morphology. We further analyzed the expression patterns of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM, KNOX1 gene), PHANTASTICA (PHAN) and LFY/FLO during leaf development in three representatives of Bignonieae with different tendril types in order to better understand the structure, origin and genetic basis of leaf tendrils in this plant clade. Our results demonstrate that leaves in Bignonieae develop acropetally, as well as indicates that trifid tendrils are ancestral in the tribe, with the evolution of other tendril types involving heterochonic shifts in the leaf basic developmental pathway. Furthermore, transcripts of STM were detected in developing leaves, revealing that tendrilled leaves of Bignonieae develop differently from those of pea. The anatomical analysis revealed that tendrils are bilaterally symmetrical and present some characteristics that are similar to leaflets, further corroborating earlier suggestions that tendrils indeed represent modified leaflets. This observation was further reinforced by the expression pattern of PHAN (an adaxial identity gene), as PHAN transcripts were confined to the adaxial domain of the tendril primordia in branched-tendrilled species, in a pattern very similar to that observed in leaflet primordia. In B. callistegioides, a simple-tendrilled species, PHAN was expressed throughout the entire tendril, indicating a certain degree of disruption in the establishment of the adaxial domain. The differences encountered in the expression pattern of PHAN amongst species with different tendril types indicate a possible correlation of the expression of PHAN with tendril branching. Furthermore, it suggests an important role for PHAN in the establishment of tendril polarity and in the rise of the various tendril types encountered in Bignonieae. In addition, the pattern of expression of LFY/FLO in developing leaves has led us to infer that LFY/FLO may present an important role for the separation of new organs from meristematic zones.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T16:53:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 vanessacristinaestevambittencourt.pdf: 4643233 bytes, checksum: f4c1b1d214125b1ed5e1cc2be806cd22 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-11-09T13:53:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vanessacristinaestevambittencourt.pdf: 4643233 bytes, checksum: f4c1b1d214125b1ed5e1cc2be806cd22 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T13:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vanessacristinaestevambittencourt.pdf: 4643233 bytes, checksum: f4c1b1d214125b1ed5e1cc2be806cd22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / Neste trabalho foram preparados, caracterizados e avaliadas as atividades larvicida e citotóxica dos compostos de inclusão formados entre as benzoilfeniluréias (novaluron - NOV e diflubenzuron - DIF) e avermectina (abamectina - ABA) com β-ciclodextrina (βCD). A presença de alterações nos espectros na região do infravermelho e nos perfis térmicos dos compostos de inclusão em relação aos seus precursores e misturas mecânicas sugeriram a ocorrência de interação entre esses compostos e a βCD. Os dados termodinâmicos obtidos por titulação calorimétrica isotérmica permitiram verificar a formação de compostos de inclusão com estequiometria 1:1, sendo os processos espontâneos e com valores bem distintos para as constantes de formação. As análises dos espectros de ressonância magnética nuclear das amostras sugerem que a inclusão ocorre através do grupo 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-trifluoro-metóxietóxi, do grupo fenila ou do anel benzofurânico para compostos de inclusão com NOV, DIF e ABA, respectivamente. Dados de espalhamento de luz dinâmico e potencial zeta demonstram que em todos os compostos de inclusão ocorrem alterações no tamanho das partículas em suspensão em relação aos precursores. Além disso, foi possível verificar através do perfil dos gráficos de solubilização que os compostos de inclusão, com exceção do NOV, apresentam maior solubilização quando comparados com as substâncias puras. Com base nas informações da caracterização em suspensão, o sólido caracteriza-se como um nanoprecipitado hidrofóbico instável com possibilidade de agregação. Com relação aos ensaios biológicos foi observado que em todas as análises os valores de dose letal a 50% das larvas de Aedes aegypti (DL50) ou porcentagem de inibição de emergência em 50% de sua população (% IE50) foram menores que 1 ppm, demonstrando a elevada ação inseticida desses compostos. A avaliação da atividade larvicida nos estádios L4 para a benzoilfenilureias e seus compostos de inclusão demonstrou-se pouco efetiva, porém sugeriu a possibilidade de maior atividade larvicida do composto de inclusão com NOV em relação ao seu precursor. Além disso, o teste de inibição de emergência para as benzoilfenilureias possibilitou confirmar o mecanismo de ação desses compostos durante o ciclo de vida do mosquito, verificar a relação direta entre dose e mortalidade, observar atraso no desenvolvimento das fases do mosquito nas amostras tratadas em relação ao controle e constatar a redução do valor de %EI50 para os compostos de inclusão. Nos experimentos nos estádios L1 e L4 para ABA e seu composto de inclusão foi verificada maior fragilidade do estádio L1 em relação ao L4 e a redução da DL50 para o composto de inclusão em todos os experimentos. Esses dados demonstram a maior atividade larvicida dos compostos de inclusão em relação às substâncias livres. Na avaliação de toxicidade através do ensaio do MTT em células de fibroblastos WI26UA4, foi confirmada que NOV e DIF e seus compostos de inclusão apresentaram baixa toxicidade, enquanto que a ABA e seu composto de inclusão apresentaram moderada toxicidade. Também foi verificado que os valores nos quais se observam elevada citotoxicidade em humanos são bem superiores aos necessários para causar a mortalidade das larvas, demonstrando a seletividade e segurança dessas nanocomposições. Desta forma, a estratégia de preparar os compostos de inclusão resultou em um aumento da atividade larvicida em todas as situações testadas, demonstrando que esta pode ser uma alternativa promissora no controle do mosquito Aedes aegypti. / In this work the inclusion compounds formed between benzoylphenylureas (novaluron - NOV and diflubenzuron - DIF) and avermectin (abamectin - ABA) with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) were prepared, characterized and evaluated their larvicide and cytotoxic activities. Changes in the infrared spectra and thermal profiles of the inclusion compounds in relation to mechanical mixtures and precursors suggested the occurrence of interaction between those compounds and the βCD. Thermodynamic data obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry allowed verifying the formation of inclusion compounds with stoichiometry 1: 1, and the spontaneous processes and distinct values for the formation constant. The analysis of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the samples suggests that inclusion via 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethoxy- ethoxy group, the phenyl group, or benzofuran ring for inclusion compounds with NOV, DIF and ABA, respectively. The dynamic light scattering and zeta potential data from inclusion compounds demonstrated changes in the size of the particles in suspension in relation to precursors. Moreover, it was possible to verify by solubilization curves that inclusion compounds have greater solubility compared with the pure substances, except of NOV. Based on suspension data, the solid is characterized as an unstable hydrophobic nanoprecipitated with possibility of aggregation. In relation to biological assays, the lethal dose values to 50% of the larvae of Aedes aegypti (LD50) or emergency inhibition percentage at 50% of its population (% IE50) were less than 1 ppm for all compounds, demonstrating the high insecticidal activity of them. The evaluation of larvicidal activity in the L4 stage to benzoylphenylureas and their inclusion compounds proved to be ineffective, suggesting a probable increase in the larvicidal activity of the inclusion compound with NOV compared to its precursor. Furthermore, the emergence inhibition assay for benzoylphenylureas allowed to confirm the mechanism of action of these compounds during the mosquito’s life cycle, to verify direct relationship between dose and mortality; to observe the delay in the development stage of mosquitoes in the samples treated compared to control, and, to verify the reduction in % EI50 values for inclusion compounds. In the experiments realized in L1 and L4 stadia for ABA and its inclusion compound, it was verified a more fragility L1 stadium with respect to L4 and a reduction of LD50 values for the inclusion compounds in all experiments. These data demonstrate the highest larvicidal activity of inclusion compounds in relation to the free substances. In the evaluation of toxicity using the MTT assay WI26UA4 fibroblast cells it was confirmed that NOV and DIF and their inclusion compounds showed low toxicity, while the ABA and its inclusion compound showed moderate toxicity. It was also observed that the values to generate cytotoxicity in humans are much higher than those required to cause larval mortality, demonstrating the selectivity and safety of nano composition. Thus, the strategy for preparing the inclusion compound resulted in an increase in larvicidal activity in all situations tested, demonstrating that this may be a promising alternative for the control of Aedes aegypti.

Orientador: Pedro Paulo Corbi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T01:00:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva_RaphaelEnoqueFerrazde_M.pdf: 15807547 bytes, checksum: e13f0a8a3bbde08ba558ac7cdb13c9a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Complexos metálicos têm sido estudados quanto as suas propriedades medicinais há décadas. Neste trabalho, dois complexos inéditos de Ag(I) e Pt(II) foram sintetizados com o anti-inflamatório nimesulida (NMS), e avaliados como agentes antibacterianos e antitumorais. O complexo Ag-NMS (AgC13H11N2O5S) apresenta o ligante em uma coordenação bidentada à prata pelos átomos de N e O do grupo sulfonamida. A estrutura proposta foi confirmada por DFT. Devido à baixa solubilidade em água, foi preparado um complexo de inclusão de Ag-NMS em b-CD, pelo método de co-evaporação. Utilizando o método de Scatchard, foi determinado o valor de Ka = 370 2 L mol. Estudos de RMN por correlação H-H através do espaço mostram que a inclusão ocorre pelo grupo fenoxi da NMS. Já o complexo Pt-NMS (PtC26H22N4O10S2) apresenta dois ligantes, coordenados pelos átomos de N e O do grupo sulfonamida, para cada Pt(II). A DFT indica que o isômero N, O trans é o mais estável. O complexo Ag-NMS apresentou valores de MIC na faixa de 15,0-120 mmol L sobre cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia col e Staphylococcus aureus. O CE-[(Ag-NMS)·b-CD], embora mais solúvel em água do que o Ag-NMS, não apresentou atividade antibacteriana nas concentrações testadas. Os complexos Ag-NMS e Pt-NMS mostraram-se citotóxicos sobre células normais (Balb/c 3T3) e tumorais (SK-Mel 103 e Panc-1), porém o Pt-NMS foi significativamente mais seletivo contra as linhagens tumorais. Os ensaios de intercalação com EtBr e a avaliação da estrutura do DNA por dicroísmo circular indicam que o DNA não é um alvo biológico para o complexo Pt-NMS, indicando um mecanismo de ação diferente da cisplatina / Abstract: Metal complexes have been studied regarding its medicinal properties for decades. In this work, novel complexes of Ag(I) and Pt(II) with the anti-inflammatory nimesulide were synthesized and evaluated regarding their antibacterial and antitumoral properties. The Ag-NMS complex (AgC13H11N2O5S) shows the ligand in a bidentate coordination mode, bound to silver through the N and O atoms of the sulfonamide group. The proposed structure was confirmed by DFT. Due to its poor solubility in water, the Ag-NMS complex was included in b-CD, by co-evaporation. The Ka = 370 2 L mol was determined using the Scatchard method. Studies by H-H NMR correlation through space shows the inclusion of NMS by the fenoxi group. The Pt-NMS complex (PtC26H22N4O10S2) contain two ligands, coordinated through the N and O atoms of the sulfonamide group, for each Pt(II). DFT studies indicate that the N,O trans isomer is the most stable. The Ag-NMS complex presents MIC values in the range 15.0-120 mmol L over Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. The inclusion complex CE-[(Ag-NMS)·b-CD], although more soluble in water than Ag-NMS, shows no antibacterial activity in the tested concentrations. Both complexes were cytotoxic against normal (Balb/c 3T3) and tumor (SK-Mel 103 and Panc-1) cells, but the Pt-NMS complex was significantly more selective against tumor cells. The EtBr competitive intercalation assay and the evaluation of CT-DNA structure using circular dichroism show that DNA is not a biological target for the Pt-NMS complex, indicating a mechanism of action different of the cisplatin one / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Edson Tomaz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T01:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ponczek_Milena_M.pdf: 3719180 bytes, checksum: efe8192ba2f868976819b64f089b973c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Compostos orgânicos voláteis, ou COV, são uma importante classe de poluentes do ar comumente encontrados na atmosfera ao nível do solo, nos centros urbanos e industriais. O tratamento de COV provenientes de fontes industriais através da fotocatálise heterogênea é uma técnica eficiente para a degradação de baixas concentrações de uma grande gama de compostos orgânicos diferentes (hidrocarbonetos, aromáticos, alcóois, cetonas, etc) operando em condições ambientes. Um dos problemas que ainda impede sua aplicação industrial é a desativação do catalisador e por isso muitos grupos de pesquisa têm se dedicado ao estudo desta técnica na tentativa de melhorá-la e solucionar estes entraves. A atividade fotocatalítica do TiO2 pode ser melhorada pela adição de metais na sua superfície. Neste trabalho, preparou-se catalisadores de TiO2 por impregnação de Pt (1% m/m). A platina foi reduzida com NaBH4, fazendo-se posteriormente caracterização por DRX, XPS, UV ¿Vis, BET, Quimissorção de H2 e MEV/EDS para a validação do método de síntese. Todas as técnicas confirmaram que o método de redução com NaBH4 não modifica estruturalmente o TiO2, mantendo a sua cristalinidade e a razão de anatase/rutilo. A técnica de XPS indicou a presença de metal em estado de oxidação reduzido. Para o estudo da influência da impregnação de Pt no óxido titânio, foram realizados experimentos de fotocatálise em um reator recoberto com TiO2puro, e em um reator recoberto com TiO2/Pt variando-se a concentração de entrada (de 50 à 500 ppmv) ou o tempo de residência (de 10 à 50 s) para os COV n-octano, iso-octano, n-hexano e ciclohexano. Utilizou-se reatores tubulares com volume interno de 1160 ml com os catalisadores, dióxido de titânio puro ou modificado, imobilizados na parede interna dos reatores. A fonte de radiação UV foi uma lâmpada do tipo germicida de 100W de potência, caracterizada por comprimentos de onda de 254 nm (banda de emissão UV-C). As concentrações na entrada e na saída do reator foram analisadas através de um monitor contínuo de hidrocarbonetos do tipo FID. A adição de platina ao TiO2 gera uma melhoria na eficiência fotocatalítica nas reações de oxidação de COV; a conversão dos COV utilizando o catalisador impregnado com platina atingiu 99 % de conversão, enquanto que TiO2 puro atingiu, no máximo 93% / Abstract: Volatile organic compounds, or VOC, are an important class of air pollutants commonly found in the atmosphere at ground level in urban and industrial centers. The treatment of VOC from industrial sources by oxidative photodegradation is presented as a good alternative. These systems are promising as pollution control technology, since they can decompose low concentrations of VOC efficiently and in ambient conditions. The recombination of electrons and holes formed on the surface of TiO2 is a factor that limits the photocatalytic efficiency. For this reason, many efforts have been made to maximize the separation of charges, in order to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. A proposed alternative is to add noble metals to TiO2 structure. This work aims to study the degradation of volatile organic compounds by heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation using ultraviolet light, bare TiO2 and TiO2 impregnated with 1% w/w platinum as catalysts. TiO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnating Pt on TiO2 structure by reduction method with NaBH4. The photocatalysts were characterized using analytical techniques like XRD, XPS, UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance, BET, H2 Chemisorption and SEM/EDS to validate the method of synthesis. All analysis confirmed that the reduction method with NaBH4 do not structurally modify TiO2, keeping its crystallinity and the ratio of anatase/rutile. XPS indicates the presence of metal in reduced oxidation state. To study the influence of the impregnation of platinum on titania, after synthesis and characterization, the study of gas-solid heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of some VOC was carried out at room temperature with annular plug flow reactors (1160 ml), one coated with pure TiO2 and another coated with TiO2/Pt, the catalysts were immobilized on reactor¿s internal walls. The photocatalystic tests were performed for n-octane , iso-octane, n-hexane and ciclohexane varying the inlet concentration (from 50 to 500 ppm) or residence time (from 10 to 50 s). The light source was an UV lamp (100 W, wavelengths with a maximum intensity at 254 nm. Reactants and products concentrations were analyzed using a continuous monitoring with a total hydrocarbon analyzer with flame ionization detector (FID). The addition of platinum to TiO2 improves photocatalytic efficiency of oxidation of VOC; conversion of the VOC using impregnated catalyst reached 99%, whereas pure TiO2 was at most 93%. No título do trabalho, a fórmula TiO2 deve vir com o "2" em subscrito, pois trata-se da fómula química da substância / Mestrado / Processos em Tecnologia Química / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Flow mechanisms of compound meandering channels are recognised to be far more complicated than compound straight channels. The compound meandering channels are mainly characterised by the continuous variation of mean and turbulent flow parameters along a meander wavelength; the existence of horizontal shear layer at the bankfull level and the presence of strong helical secondary flow circulations in the streamwise direction. The secondary flow circulations are very important as they govern the advection of flow momentum, distort isovels, and influence bed shear stress, thus producing a complicated and fully three-dimensional turbulent flow structures. A great deal of experiments has been conducted in the past, which explains flow mechanisms, mixing patterns and the behaviour of secondary flow circulations. However, a complete understanding of secondary flow structures still remains far from conclusive mainly because the secondary flow structures are influenced by the host of geometrical and flow parameters, which are yet to be investigated in detail. The three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and continuity equations were solved using a standard Computational Fluid Dynamics solver to predict mean velocity, secondary flow and turbulent kinetic energy. Five different flow cases of various model scales and relative depths were considered. Detailed analyses of the measured and predicted flow variables were carried out to understand mean flow mechanisms and turbulent secondary flow structures in compound meandering channels. The streamwise vorticity equation was used to quantify the complex and three-dimensional behaviour of secondary flow circulations in terms of their generation, development and decay along the half-meander wavelength. The turbulent kinetic energy equation was used to understand energy expense mechanisms of secondary flow circulations. The strengths of secondary flow circulations were calculated and compared for different flow cases considered. The main findings from this research are as follows. The shearing of the main channel flow as the floodplain flow plunges into and over the main channel influences the mean and turbulent flow structures particularly in the crossover region. The horizontal shear layer at the inner bankfull level generates secondary flow circulations. As the depth of flow increases, the point of generation of secondary flow circulations moves downstream. The secondary shear stress significantly contributes towards the generation of streamwise vorticity and the production of turbulent kinetic energy. The rate of turbulence kinetic energy production was found to be higher than the rate of its dissipation in the crossover region, which demonstrates that the turbulence extracts more energy from the mean flu\\' than what is actually dissipated. This also implies that, in the crossover region, the turbulence is always advected downstream by the mean and secondary flows, The strength of geometry induced secondary flow circulation increases with the increase in the relative depth.

A central area of research in linguistics is the study of changes in vocabulary over time, be it over historical time periods or faster changes within generations. One contributing factor driving such fast changes could be “fashion cycles”, as this is a very general cultural phenomenon. Here, results are reported from a corpus study investigating trends over time in the use of cyber as the first part of compound nouns, and of alternatives which carry a similar meaning, such as e- as short for electronic. It is found that cyber was commonly used in the time period 1995-2004. Usage then strongly declined, but there was a new peak in popularity in the last year of available data (2012). Interestingly, cyber was initially used in positively charged or neutral contexts (e.g. cyberspace), but in recent years mostly in negatively charged words such as cyberbullying or cyber warfare. The hypothesis that cyber has been replaced with e- was partially supported (in particular in the case of e-mail, but e-books is another prominent example of a recent rising trend in vocabulary). However, in most other contexts usage of e- actually peaked a few years before the last years of the available corpus data. In general, results were consistent with “fashion cycles” in that the popularity of using cyber or e-, and in particular of specific words including these compound noun parts, seems to come and go rapidly over time. Interestingly use of cyber was seen mostly in negative contexts during later time periods. No such change was apparent in the use of e-. An emerging hypothesis partially supported by the data is that words in commercial contexts (e.g. cyber-business, e-business) rapidly lose their positive charge as they become common and are replaced by other, more novel and more fashionable words. Corpus linguistics is a very powerful tool for investigating such patterns of change in the popularity of words, and the processes behind them.

This thesis investigates the word formation processes of the neologisms in the Harry Potter books by JK Rowling. The aim is to find the frequencies of these processes and then discuss why the frequency looks this way. By collecting and analysing the neologisms with the help of the classification of Plag (2003) and Ljung (2003), the frequencies of the different formation processes is established. The reasons why the distribution of word formation processes looks this way is then discussed and compared to the background information about the author. The conclusion is that compound is the most frequent word formation of this sample. The arguments why the distribution looks this way could be that the semantic meaning of the Harry Potter words is important and that many of the neologisms are based on humour, mythology and folklore.

Les complexes polyazaaromatiques de ruthéniumII, et en particulier le [Ru(bpy)3]2+, ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études fondamentales en photochimie et photophysique. Du fait de ses propriétés photophysiques, et entre autres grâce à son temps de vie de luminescence relativement long, le [Ru(bpy)3]2+ est devenu un composé modèle en photophysique. Dès les années 1970, et principalement grâce aux travaux de T.J. Meyer, la photophysique du [Ru(bpy)3]2+ a été étudiée en détail afin de permettre l’élaboration d’un modèle photophysique qui peut être valablement étendu aux autres complexes polyazaaromatiques de RuII. La caractérisation du complexe [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ et de ses interactions avec l’ADN a, elle, promu l’étude des complexes de RuII en présence de biomolécules et a encouragé la recherche pour l’utilisation de complexes de ruthénium comme photosondes en biochimie.<p>Dans ce cadre, le laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie de l’ULB s’est attaché au développement de complexes polyazaaromatiques de ruthéniumII se caractérisant par leur capacité à photoréagir avec certaines biomolécules. Ces complexes se caractérisent par l’utilisation de ligands fortement π-déficients, comme le 1,2,4,5,8-tétraazaphénanthrène (TAP). Nettement plus photooxydant que les complexes analogues au [Ru(bpy)3]2+, ces complexes photooxydants sont capables, sous irradiation, de donner lieu à un transfert d’électron depuis la base guanine de l’ADN vers le complexe excité. Les deux entités radicalaires ainsi formées peuvent ensuite réagir entre elles pour former un photoadduit au sein duquel un lien covalent lie irréversiblement un ligand TAP du complexe à la guanine.<p><p>Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrivent dans la poursuite de la recherche effectuée au sein du laboratoire autour de cette photoréaction. Deux axes majeurs ont été développés. Un premier axe de recherche a été dédié à l’étude fondamentale des propriétés photophysiques et photochimiques du photoadduit obtenu suite à la photoréaction du [Ru(TAP)3]2+ avec une base guanine. Cette étude photophysique fondamentale de l’adduit [Ru(TAP)2(TAP-GMP)] (présentée dans le deuxième chapitre) vise à caractériser sa photophysique afin de comprendre comment, sous irradiation, des biadduits entre un complexe de ruthénium et deux guanines sont observés, alors que les premières études réalisées sur les photoadduits indiquent que ceux-ci ne sont pas luminescents. Le second axe de recherche consiste en la mise au point de systèmes élaborés à base des complexes de ruthénium visant à contrôler leur photoréactivité dans un milieu biologique. Pour ce faire, les complexes de ruthénium photoréactifs ont été ancrés sur des molécules biologiques. D’une part, les complexes ont été conjugués sur des OAS, oligonucléotides anti-sens, afin de conférer aux conjugués résultants la possibilité de cibler une partie précise de l’ADN ou d’ARN, et mener, in fine, au blocage de l’expression d’un gène particulier. Ces conjugués ont déjà été étudiés par le passé dans notre laboratoire. Les résultats présentés ici (chapitre 3) permettent à la fois de mieux comprendre la photochimie des Ru-OAS en présence de leur cible spécifique, ainsi que de démontrer in vivo la validité de la stratégie de gene silencing envisagée depuis quelques années. D’autre part, des complexes de ruthénium ont été conjugués à des peptides ou plateformes en vue de leur permettre de pénétrer à l’intérieur des cellules (chapitre 4). Les complexes ne pouvant normalement pas traverser les membranes cytoplasmiques, nous avons démontré que l’ancrage de ceux-ci au peptide transvecteur TAT permet de les vectoriser dans le cytoplasme. Cette incorporation se fait vraisemblablement par endocytose. Lors de ces études, l’importance de la localisation finale du complexe au sein de la cellule a été mise en évidence. Afin de conférer une sélectivité de vectorisation dans des cellules données (pénétration active et selon la présence de récepteurs spécifiques à la surface membranaire), les complexes ont été ancrés sur une plateforme RAFT(RGD)4. Dans ce cas, nous avons démontré qu’une internalisation spécifique dans des cellules sur-exprimant l’intégrine αvβ3 est possible pour les conjugués Ru-RAFT(RGD)4. Finalement, des études ont été réalisées sur les complexes ancrés sur plateforme calixarènique. Les résultats présentés permettent de caractériser ces conjugués Ru-Calix afin d’orienter leur développement avant les études de vectorisation cellulaire. Grâce aux résultats obtenus, un design permettant aux complexes de conserver leur photoréactivité a pu être établi et servira pour les développements futurs. En sus de ces deux axes de recherche principaux, le premier chapitre de résultats et discussions porte quant à lui sur l’étude fondamentale des complexes [Ru(TAP)3]2+ et [Ru(TAP)2(phen)]2+ ;plus précisément, une étude complète du complexe [Ru(TAP)2(phen)]2+ dans l’acétonitrile et le butyronitrile en présence d’un composé calixarènique (développé dans l’équipe du Pr. Ivan Jabin) est présentée. Il appert que l’utilisation du calixarène permet de mettre en évidence des processus photophysiques et photochimiques complexes, qui n’avaient pas été détectés auparavant. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce travail de thèse se propose de déterminer la distribution de vitesse dans des canaux composés à travers une étude expérimentale et numérique. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, deux approches sont suivies répondant chacune à des enjeux scientifiques et techniques et sous la contrainte de verrous scientifiques. La première approche est une étude expérimentale dont le but est de combler le manque de connaissances sur la distribution de vitesse dans des canaux type réseaux. Une série d’expérimentations est effectuée dans le hall expérimental de l’équipe mécanique des fluides du laboratoire ICube. La deuxième approche est la modélisation 3D où il s’agit de modéliser les travaux de (Proust et al., 2013) pour en déduire la distribution de vitesse dans une section transversale. Cette deuxième approche a pour but de développer une méthodologie de modélisation 3D du champ de vitesse en canaux composés. En plus des modèles de turbulence classiques (Kepsilon, K-oméga, RSM …); la simulation des grandes échelles est utilisée. Les résultats obtenus numériquement seront ensuite comparés à des données expérimentales. Les deux approches suivies dans cette thèse s’autoalimentent : l’étude expérimentale construit une base de données servant à valider le modèle numérique alors que l’étude numérique permet d’étendre les résultats des expérimentations à d’autres géométries. / Compound channels are characterized by a main channel and a floodplain. Their hydraulic behavior has important applications in rivers and flood control but also in sewer system management. Two approaches are followed in this study. The first one is an experimental study that aims to fulfill the lack of data concerning velocity distribution in narrow and deep compound channels. The experiments were carried out in a 16m long and 0.6m wide compound channel located in the experimental hall of ICube laboratory. The second approach is a numerical one. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for numerical modelling of velocity distribution in compound channels. To do the experimental data of (Proust et al., 2013) were modelled compared to the experimental data in order to determine the most suitable model to reproduce velocity distribution. In addition to this comparison, the large eddy simulation method were also utilized for two experiments of (Proust et al., 2013) and (Nezu et al., 1990). Two specific boundary conditions were implemented in order to compare the efficiency of each method.